In the Matter of the Marriage of Julia Ann Homburg and Richard Wayne Homburg v. the State of Texas

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: December 5, 2024
• Docket: 13-22-00614-CV
• Status: Published

Opinion

NUMBER 13-22-00614-CV

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG

IN THE MATTER OF THE MARRIAGE OF JULIA ANN HOMBURG AND RICHARD WAYNE HOMBURG

ON APPEAL FROM THE 170TH DISTRICT COURT OF MCLENNAN COUNTY, TEXAS

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Justices Longoria, Tijerina, and Peña Memorandum Opinion by Justice Peña

Appellant Julia Ann Homburg appeals the trial court’s order denying her petition

for enforcement and request for reimbursement against appellee Richard Wayne Homburg. 1 In three issues, Julia 2 argues that the trial court abused its discretion by:

(1) modifying the divorce decree’s division of property; (2) denying Julia’s request for

reimbursement; and (3) denying Julia’s request for prejudgment interest and attorney’s

fees. We reverse and remand.

I. BACKGROUND

Julia and Richard divorced in 2009. The parties’ final decree of divorce

incorporated the terms of a marital property agreement. The decree provided in relevant

part that Julia would receive as a division of the community property:

All sums, whether matured or unmatured, accrued or unaccrued, vested or otherwise, together with all increases thereof, the proceeds therefrom, and any other rights related to or as a result of [Richard’s] service in the United States Air Force, including any accrued unpaid bonuses, disability plan or benefits, Thrift Savings Plan, or other benefits existing by reason of or as a result of [Richard’s] past, present, or future employment; [Richard] waives all right to [Richard’s] military retirement.

The decree further provided:

IT IS ORDERED that any payments received by [Richard] as a result of [Richard’s] service in the United States Air Force shall belong to [Julia]. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that [Richard] is designated a constructive trustee to receive any said payments for [Julia], and [Richard] shall endorse and forward the checks or payments, along with any explanation thereof, to [Julia] within three days of receiving them. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that [Richard] is designated as a constructive trustee to receive any information regarding the amount of said pension and shall forward any and all information he receives about his military retirement to [Julia].

1 This case is before the Court on transfer from the Tenth Court of Appeals in Waco pursuant to a

docket equalization order issued by the Supreme Court of Texas. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001. 2 We refer to the parties by their first name as they share a surname.

2 Finally, the decree provided that Richard “will reimburse [Julia] the amount taken out of

the military retirement for his coverage” for medical and dental insurance and that Richard

“shall pay said reimbursement to [Julia] each month.”

In 2022, Julia filed a petition for enforcement of property division. Julia alleged that

Richard had not paid the full amount of his military retirement since 2010 and that he had

reduced the monthly payment of his military retirement to Julia by fifty percent since

December 4, 2021. Julia also alleged that Richard failed to forward information

concerning his military retirement. In the alternative, Julia requested clarification of the

2009 decree. Julia requested to be awarded a money judgment, attorney’s fees, and

judgment interest.

Richard filed an answer generally denying Julia’s allegations and asserting as an

affirmative defense that the 2009 decree requires clarification because the award of 100

percent of his military retirement benefits was unlawful. 3 Richard later filed a petition for

declaratory judgment requesting that the court declare whether the award of all of

Richard’s military retirement to Julia is unlawful in light of the Uniformed Services Former

Spouses’ Protection Act (USFSPA), which provides in relevant part that “[t]he total

amount of the disposable retired pay of a member payable under all court orders . . . may

not exceed 50 percent of such disposable retired pay.” 10 U.S.C. § 1408(e)(1).

At the hearing, the trial court orally denied Richard’s petition for declaratory

judgment. Richard then testified that he initially paid Julia his full monthly military

retirement benefits following deductions for taxes and insurance. In December 2021,

Richard reduced the amount of the payment to fifty percent of his military retirement

3 Richard’s live pleading is his first amended answer.

3 benefits after taxes and insurance, and he did not pay Julia any of the disability benefit.

Richard explained, “I’m not making near the money I used to, and I have to keep

something back; so I kept my 50 percent of my pension and my VA disability.”

Julia testified that she is seeking reimbursement for the taxes and insurance

withheld from Richard’s payments to her since their divorce as well as Richard’s fifty

percent reduction in military retirement payments and the full disability payments

beginning in December 2021. Julia presented an exhibit purporting to show that she is

entitled to a total of $82,132.46. Julia also stated that Richard has not provided her with

monthly retirement statements in accordance with the divorce decree. Julia’s attorney

then testified regarding reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees, and the trial court

admitted his billing records as an exhibit. The trial court also admitted two of Richard’s

military retirement account statements.

The trial court signed an order denying Julia’s request for reimbursement, requiring

that Richard’s military retirement benefits be split “fifty-fifty,” and awarding disability

benefits to Richard. This appeal followed.

II. ENFORCEMENT

In her first issue, Julia argues that the trial court abused its discretion in modifying

the divorce decree.

A. Standard of Review & Applicable Law

We review the trial court’s ruling on a post-divorce motion for enforcement or

clarification of a divorce decree under an abuse-of-discretion standard. LeBlanc v.

LeBlanc, 676 S.W.3d 703, 706 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2023, no pet.) (citing Riley v. Riley,

No. 03-21-00051-CV, 2022 WL 17981970, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 29, 2022, no

4 pet.) (mem. op.)). “A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts unreasonably, arbitrarily,

or without reference to any guiding rules or principles.” Id.

A final, unambiguous divorce decree that disposes of all marital property bars re-

litigation. S.C. v. M.B., 650 S.W.3d 428, 441 (Tex. 2022); Pearson v. Fillingim, 332 S.W.3d

361, 363 (Tex. 2011). A party may not collaterally attack a divorce decree by seeking an

order that alters or modifies the decree’s property division. See Hagen v. Hagen, 282

S.W.3d 899, 902 (Tex. 2009) (recognizing that a court may not “amend, modify, alter, or

change the division of property” originally set out in the decree); see also TEX. FAM. CODE

ANN. § 9.007(a), (b). However, the trial court that renders a divorce decree retains

jurisdiction to clarify and to enforce the decree’s property division. Perry v. Perry, 512

S.W.3d 523, 527 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, no pet.).

“[A] subsequent order may clarify a divorce decree to correct an ambiguity so that

the parties can then comply with its terms.” Watret v. Watret, 623 S.W.3d 555, 561 (Tex.

App.—El Paso 2021, no pet.); see TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 9.008. “But a clarification order

cannot be used to make a substantive change in a divorce decree after it becomes final,

even if it contains substantive legal error.” In re W.L.W., 370 S.W.3d 799, 803 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2012, orig. proceeding) (citing Shanks v. Treadway, 110 S.W.3d 444,

449 (Tex. 2003)). “Errors other than lack of jurisdiction over the parties or the subject

matter render the judgment voidable and may be corrected only through a direct appeal.”

Hagen, 282 S.W.3d at 902 (citing Reiss v. Reiss, 118 S.W.3d 439, 443 (Tex. 2003)).

Among other enforcement remedies, the court may render a judgment for the

amount of unpaid payments to which a party is entitled. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 9.010

(“Reduction to Money Judgment”); see also In re Marriage of Pyrtle, 433 S.W.3d 152,

5 162–65 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, pet. denied) (holding that § 9.010 authorized the trial

court to render a money judgment for damages caused by husband’s failure to comply

with provision of decree’s property division). The trial court may also award reasonable

attorney’s fees as costs in a proceeding to enforce a decree’s property division. See TEX.

FAM. CODE ANN. § 9.014. A party may recover prejudgment interest where it is provided

for in a contract, by an enabling statute, or through common law. De la Garza v. De la

Garza, 185 S.W.3d 924, 927 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.); see Banker v. Banker,

517 S.W.3d 863, 881 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2017, pet. denied) (“As a

general rule, parties are required to plead for pre-judgment interest sought at common

law as an element of damages, whereas statutory or contractual interest may be

predicated on a prayer for general relief.”).

B. Modification

Julia maintains that the divorce decree unambiguously awards Richard’s entire

military retirement benefit to Julia and that the trial court’s order improperly modified the

award to only fifty percent. Richard responds that the application of 10 U.S.C.

§ 1408(e)(1) renders the divorce decree’s award unlawful, unenforceable, and

ambiguous, necessitating clarification.

The divorce decree awards Julia “[a]ll sums . . . related to or as a result of

[Richard’s] service in the United States Air Force, including . . . disability plan or

benefits . . . by reason of or as a result of [Richard’s] past, present, or future employment.”

Neither party contends that the words of the decree are ambiguous in awarding Julia 100

percent of Richard’s military retirement benefits. However, Richard maintains that the

application of federal law creates a latent ambiguity. A latent ambiguity occurs when a

6 provision is unambiguous on its face, but when applied is rendered ambiguous due to a

collateral matter. Progressive Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Caltzonsing, 658 S.W.3d 384, 391

(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2022, no pet.) (citing Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of

Pittsburgh, Pa. v. CBI Indus., Inc., 907 S.W.2d 517, 520 (Tex. 1995)); see also Seabron

v. Seabron, No. 04-12-00482-CV, 2013 WL 4685440, at *4 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Aug.

30, 2013, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (concluding that the decree contained a latent

ambiguity because federal law rendered the decree incapable of enforcement).

State courts may divide military retired pay only as authorized by the USFSPA.

See 10 U.S.C.A. § 1408(c)(1); Mansell v. Mansell, 490 U.S. 581, 589 (1989). A state trial

court may treat military retirement pay as marital property subject to division in

accordance with the law of the jurisdiction. 10 U.S.C. § 1408(c)(1); see Havlen v.

McDougall, 22 S.W.3d 343, 345 (Tex. 2000); Cameron v. Cameron, 641 S.W.2d 210,

212–13 (Tex. 1982). The statute provides in relevant part that “[t]he total amount of the

disposable retired pay of a member payable under all court orders . . . may not exceed

50 percent of such disposable retired pay.” 10 U.S.C. § 1408(e)(1). Assuming arguendo

that application of federal law might create a latent ambiguity in some instances, it does

not do so here because, as held by the Texas Supreme Court, this particular provision

“does not limit the amount of military retirement pay which may be characterized and

apportioned as a community asset under our marital property system.” Grier v. Grier, 731

S.W.2d 931, 933 (Tex. 1987). Rather, it is “intended only as a limit on the amount of

disposable retired pay which can be garnished and paid out by the service secretaries

7 pursuant to court orders.” 4 Id. Because the USFSPA does not render the divorce decree

unenforceable, its application does not create a latent ambiguity requiring the trial court

to clarify the decree’s property division. 5 See Watret, 623 S.W.3d at 561. Therefore, we

conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in modifying the property division as set

out in the divorce decree. See LeBlanc, 676 S.W.3d at 706. We sustain Julia’s first issue.

In her second and third issues, Julia argues that the trial court erred in denying her

request for a money judgment for Richard’s underpayment of retirement benefits, as well

as prejudgment interest and attorney’s fees. Julia prays that we remand the case to the

trial court for calculation of these amounts. The trial court did not reach these issues due

to its implicit conclusion that the original divorce decree was latently ambiguous and that

Julia was only entitled to fifty percent of Richard’s military retirement benefits. Therefore,

on remand, the trial court is instructed to consider what amount, if any, to award Julia.

See Cox Media Group, LLC v. Joselevitz, 524 S.W.3d 850, 865 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.) (remanding issue not reached by the trial court which required

the weighing of evidence); Taylor v. Fossett, 320 S.W.3d 570, 578 (Tex. App.—Dallas

4 When a trial court awards more than fifty percent, as here, “the military spouse is a constructive

trustee for the benefit of the nonmilitary spouse to the extent the awarded benefits exceed the fifty percent limit.” § 10.13. Military Retirement Benefits, 38 Tex. Prac., Marital Property and Homesteads § 10.13.

5 Due to our conclusion, we need not address Julia’s contention that Richard brings an

impermissible collateral attack on the divorce decree by asserting a non-jurisdictional, substantive legal error. See Shanks v. Treadway, 110 S.W.3d 444, 449 (Tex. 2003); In re W.L.W., 370 S.W.3d 799, 803 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, orig. proceeding).

8 2010, no pet.) (remanding to trial court to determine award of attorneys’ fees in the first

instance). We sustain Julia’s second and third issues.

III. CONCLUSION

We reverse the trial court’s judgment, and we remand the cause for further

proceedings consistent with this appeal.

L. ARON PEÑA JR. Justice

Delivered and filed on the 5th day of December, 2024.