NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1716-23
IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF EMILIE L. PETTY, deceased. ____________________________
Submitted April 2, 2025 – Decided June 27, 2025
Before Judges Paganelli and Torregrossa-O'Connor.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Warren County, Docket No. P-20- 000522.
Lanza & Lanza LLP, attorneys for appellant Gregory Petty (John E. Lanza and Robyn D. Wright, on the briefs).
Russo Law Offices, LLC, attorneys for respondents Irene Dalton and Eric Dalton (Brad M. Russo, on the brief).
PER CURIAM Appellant Gregory Petty1 filed an order to show cause (OTSC) and
verified complaint, seeking to invalidate his mother's July 2020 and August 2020
wills, claiming undue influence and diminished capacity. Appellant appeals
from the trial court's January 16, 2024 order denying his fee application made
pursuant to Rule 4:42-9(a)(3). Because we determine there was no abuse of
discretion in the court's finding appellant lacked a reasonable basis to challenge
decedent's wills and was therefore not entitled to attorney's fees from decedent's
estate (the estate), we affirm.
I.
A.
Background of the Petty Estate
The following facts and procedural history relevant to our review of the
fee determination are derived from the record. Decedent Emilie L. Petty owned
approximately thirty acres of land in Phillipsburg, which she purchased in 1975
with her husband. In 1988, decedent gifted parcels of that land to her eldest son,
Peter Petty (Peter). Appellant and Peter had a long history of tension
surrounding who would farm certain portions of the thirty-acre land. Appellant
1 As certain parties share a common last name and intending no disrespect, we refer to them in this opinion by their first names. A-1716-23 2 testified at his deposition regarding the tumultuous history, stating he argued
with his brother "[e]ssentially every night, every interaction [they] had,"
beginning when his family purchased the farm.
This tension culminated in appellant's filing a lawsuit against Peter in
1988 when a dispute arose in which Peter allegedly "kill[ed] [appellant's] cattle,"
after which, appellant's family, including decedent, stopped speaking to
appellant. Days after filing the lawsuit, appellant shot and killed Peter. The
parcel of land that Peter received from decedent was eventually sold after his
death.
Appellant pled guilty to the homicide and served seven years in prison
after being sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment. According to appellant,
decedent visited him in prison, although he could not recall their discussing the
homicide.
In 2001, decedent gifted appellant and his wife approximately seven acres
of land, on which appellant built a house within walking distance of decedent's
house. Although appellant testified that he "had a very good relationship" with
decedent after returning home from prison, he admitted that he never assisted
her with grocery shopping, cooking, or maintaining the yard in the last year of
her life.
A-1716-23 3 In 2009, decedent and her husband executed mutual wills (the 2009 will),
leaving their land equally to appellant, appellant's son Scott, Peter's daughter
Sueanne L. Dugan, and decedent's granddaughter Sarah.
Sueanne moved in with decedent in 2013 and approximately one year
later, decedent's husband died. According to Sueanne, she had no knowledge
that she was "a [twenty-five] percent beneficiary of [decedent's estate]" pursuant
to the 2009 will.
July 2020 Will
Appellant testified that in the year prior to decedent's death decedent
requested that he come to her house to have a conversation, as "she was
bedridden," and when they spoke, she advised appellant "she was thinking of
leaving [her] house to Sueanne." He recalled saying, "You can leave it to
whoever you like. . . . I would hope that you would let me have the land." He
did not remember what decedent said in response. Appellant testified that
decedent also advised "[his] brother Peter told her that if the [w]ill goes as it
is, . . . the barn w[ould] have to be sold because nobody w[ould] be able to afford
to buy the others out." Appellant recalled responding, "My brother Peter has
been dead for over [thirty] years, mom."
A-1716-23 4 Nancy Russo, the attorney for decedent's estate, testified at her deposition
that in early 2020, decedent contacted her by phone and advised "she wanted to
transfer her property to Sueanne," in fee simple. Russo further testified the
phone call "about the potential change to her will" lasted approximately ten
minutes, and she recalled taking notes from their conversation, but could not
recall what happened to the notes.
On July 31, 2020, Russo and her legal secretary, Geraldine Light, went to
decedent's house, at decedent's request, and reviewed a will prepared by Russo
in advance based on their earlier conversation. Decedent executed the will,
bequeathing her home to Sueanne and splitting the remaining land in five equal
shares between appellant, Scott, Sueanne, Sarah, and decedent's daughter-in-
law, Elisa Beers. With respect to decedent's condition at the time, Russo
testified decedent appeared "fine," was "responsive to [Russo's] questions," and
did not appear "sick."
Russo testified that she reviewed the draft will with decedent and after
reviewing and reading the entire document, decedent signed the first and second
page in Russo's and Light's presence. Russo and Light executed the will as
witnesses, and decedent paid Russo by way of a check for her legal services.
According to Russo, Sueanne was at the house caring for children in another
A-1716-23 5 room and "was coming in and out of the" kitchen where decedent and Russo
were reviewing the will.
By contrast, appellant testified at his deposition that in "[t]he last few
months of [decedent's] life, she never left her bedroom." He described her as
incontinent and unable to "talk very coherently. She rambled on and on about
stuff that didn't make sense."
August 2020 Will
Russo testified that approximately one month later, decedent contacted
her by phone to report a typographical error in Elisa's surname as it appeared in
the will. This prompted Russo to draft a new will, with all provisions remaining
identical, correcting only the misspelled name.
On August 28, 2020, Russo and Light returned to decedent's house to
review the new will (the August 2020 will). Russo testified that decedent was
in bed when they arrived, and she appeared "[t]ired," but responsive to her
questions. She did not recall Sueanne's being present at the house on August
28, contrary to Sueanne who testified that she was present, in the room when
Russo met with decedent. Sueanne also testified that she "h[eld] the form for
[decedent] to sign," and indicated that decedent's signature appeared different
from her signature on the July 2020 will due to decedent's "hand tremor" and
A-1716-23 6 Sueanne's "not standing straight" while holding the form. She acknowledged
that Light signed as a witness to the August 2020 will, although she could not
recall whether Light was in the room at the time the will was signed.
Russo recalled reviewing the correction with decedent and explained the
entire meeting lasted approximately fifteen minutes. This was the last
interaction Russo had with decedent before decedent suffered a stroke on
September 2, 2020, and died a week later.
Sueanne testified that decedent had heartburn, diabetes, depression,
anxiety, and high blood pressure and took medication, including "Metformin[,]
Lisinopril," "Prozac, Prilosec, Xanax as needed, and Zofran." However,
Sueanne testified that she "never thought [decedent's] health was failing," until
she suffered the stroke on September 2.
Decedent's sister, Irene M. Dalton, co-executor of the estate, prepared a
certification describing her conversations with decedent regarding appellant and
decedent's condition prior to her death. She stated that despite appellant's living
"a mere [200] to [300] feet from [decedent], [appellant] only stopped by to visit
his mother infrequently," and she recalled decedent expressing "that she did not
want [appellant] to have the family house and farmland," but rather, "wanted to
leave her home and farmland to . . . Sueanne."
A-1716-23 7 Irene explained that she and her son Eric J. Dalton, co-executor of the
estate, "ha[d] no financial interest in the [e]state" and that decedent "wanted
[her] and Eric . . . to serve as [c]o-[e]xecutors for the sole purpose of defending
her [e]state against a contest by [appellant]." With respect to decedent's
condition prior to her death, Irene certified that decedent "was of sound mind,"
noting that although "she had difficulty ambulating," decedent "was still reading
several books a week and completing word scrambles on her Kindle. Her
memory was also very sharp."
B.
The Estate Litigation
Approximately five months later, appellant filed an OTSC and verified
complaint, seeking to invalidate his mother's July 2020 and August 2020 wills.
Appellant alleged Sueanne unduly influenced decedent, and decedent's
"physical and mental condition impaired her to the point that she was not a
person of sound mind capable of disposing of her estate." Appellant sought to
have the August 2020 will set aside and requested a formal accounting of the
estate.
The Surrogate entered an OTSC on February 8, 2021. Co-
executors/defendants Irene and Eric filed an answer on behalf of the estate.
A-1716-23 8 Sueanne filed an answer as well. Over the next year, written discovery requests
were made, but when appellant retained new counsel in May 2022, no discovery
had been exchanged, and the court entered four case management orders
extending discovery deadlines and held seven case management conferences. In
its August 12, 2022 case management order, the court noted the parties agreed
to extend the discovery deadline to exchange written discovery no later than
September 12.
After four additional case management conferences between September
2022 and January 2023, and an unsuccessful attempt at resolving their dispute
in February 2023, appellant filed a motion to amend his complaint to assert
"scrivener error" and to reopen discovery to complete additional depositions.
The court heard oral argument and granted appellant's motion to reopen
discovery to allow for completion of fact and expert witness depositions.
Appellant's First Motion and Request for Fees
After the completion of depositions, on September 1, 2023, appellant filed
a motion to establish a presumption of undue influence and shift the burden of
proof to defendant to rebut the presumption, asking the court "to find reasonable
cause to challenge [the July 31, 2020 and August 28, 2020] wills under [Rule]
A-1716-23 9 4:42-9(a)(3)." Appellant also sought an "award of attorney[']s[] fees." The
estate opposed the motion.
Appellant argued he had established "a prima facie standard of undue
influence," by demonstrating a confidential relationship existed between
decedent and Sueanne involving "suspicious circumstances." In support of his
claims, he argued decedent was "immobile, . . . reliant, and dependent upon the
people . . . she live[d] with, who happened to benefit from the will change,
which is a drastic departure from a longstanding estate plan." Appellant argued
"the primary beneficiary shoved underneath the [decedent's] hand for her to
sign" "the will . . . submitted for probate," which was the "grossest case of undue
influence you could possibly think of" and there were contradicting statements
made by Russo and Sueanne about whether Sueanne was present at the time
decedent executed the will. Appellant argued these facts "suffice[d] to shift
th[e] burden" and to award counsel fees from the estate to appellant.
Counsel for the estate argued in opposition that it was "undisputed
what . . . decedent's wishes were," citing Irene's certification, Russo's testimony,
and Sueanne's testimony. He further argued the change to the original will was
"not a drastic change," noting the July 2020 will changed appellant's share of
the residual estate from twenty-five percent to twenty percent. Moreover, he
A-1716-23 10 argued the adjustment "[wa]s not in isolation. This [wa]s a woman who had lost
her other son at the hands . . . of [appellant]." He cited appellant's own
testimony regarding the property-related disputes with his brother, appellant's
admission that decedent advised appellant she "want[ed] to leave the house to
Sueanne," and appellant's response, "It's your house, you can do what you want."
Critically, the estate argued that appellant failed to present decedent's medical
records to establish any purported cognitive issues.
With respect to attorney's fees, the estate asserted appellant's motion was
premature and should have been "made after a fully developed record at trial
once the [c]ourt kn[ew] what its decision [wa]s going to be and why," and only
then should the court address the scope of attorney's fees and "equitable
concerns about shifting the attorney fee burden in a matter like this."
Following oral argument on October 2, 2023, the court, by order and
written decision, denied the requested relief without prejudice, concluding a
confidential relationship existed between decedent and Sueanne, finding
"[d]ecedent relied entirely on Sueanne and Elisa . . . to assist her with activities
of daily living." However, the court denied the motion, indicating it engaged in
"a fact-sensitive analysis, . . . taking into account all the evidence presented,"
and found "insufficient grounds to find suspicious circumstances to shift the
A-1716-23 11 burden." The court was "not satisfied that the circumstances or indicia of
circumstances [we]re strong enough to raise a presumption of undue influence."
The court acknowledged Russo provided "less than meticulous legal services"
and that "it was certainly not good practice to have Sueanne . . . hold the August
2020 [w]ill for decedent when she signed it on August 28, 2020," however,
Sueanne could not "be charged with those sloppy practices." The court noted
the evidence demonstrated "decedent's desire to leave her house and real
property to Sueanne . . . was well-known to Irene . . . and even [appellant]."
Ultimately, the court found "[p]laintiff's evidence presented to the court
[wa]s shaky and d[id] not even skim the surface of what would be considered
suspicious circumstances attributable to the proponent of the 2020 [w]ills."
Although it deemed the execution of the corrected August 2020 will "irregular
and less than ideal," the execution of the July 2020 will, making the substantive
changes to the bequests, was "standard." Therefore, the court denied appellant's
motion to shift the burden and application for counsel fees as "premature," citing
Rule 4:42-9(a)(3), concluding "[p]laintiff's application [wa]s not yet ripe," and
"[t]he reasonableness of [appellant's] will contest c[ould] only be determined at
the close of testimony and after documents are moved into evidence."
A-1716-23 12 Appellant did not seek leave to appeal the court's decision, and instead
withdrew his complaint with prejudice, reserving the right to seek attorney 's
fees, which was memorialized in a consent order dated October 24, 2023.
Consequently, the August 2020 will was admitted to probate.
Appellant's Subsequent Motion for Fees
On November 30, 2023, appellant filed a second application for fees.
Specifically, appellant sought $69,535.19 in counsel fees, reiterating the same
arguments he raised in his initial application, but adding that "had this case gone
to trial, [appellant] would have been entitled to an adverse inference" because
Russo's notes related to the will signing no longer existed. He argued reasonable
cause existed to contest the will and the fee request was reasonable based on his
counsel's hourly rate "accepted by courts in th[e] vicinage for years."
Appellant's counsel argued he "was not afforded courtesies that are typically
given to any lawyer [who] does this practice," including having to argue for
extensions of discovery after he substituted in as counsel and that "cost
[appellant] money." Appellant blamed defendants for the two-year delay in
discovery, claiming defendants sought adjournments of the early settlement
panels "most of the time[]."
A-1716-23 13 The estate characterized appellant's claims as self-serving statements
"cultivated by . . . [p]laintiff and presented to the [c]ourt in the light most
favorable to [him]." The estate emphasized that appellant's requests to extend
discovery after two years and appellant's decision "to fire his attorney and bring
in a new attorney" after two years delayed the proceedings.
On January 16, 2024, the trial court issued an order and written decision
denying appellant's motion. The court concluded the facts appellant cited as a
"reasonable basis to challenge the 2020 [w]ills"—namely that (1) decedent was
bedridden; (2) Russo "did not explain the changes to the will to decedent"; (3)
Sueanne was in the room with decedent when she executed the will and held it
while decedent signed; and (4) Light was not in the room or in decedent's home
when decedent executed the August 2020 will, which merely corrected a
typographical error. Therefore, the court found appellant's attempt to "bootstrap
the circumstances of the August . . . 2020 [w]ill signing to the July . . . 2020
[w]ill [wa]s disingenuous and improper." Again, reviewing appellant's
testimony, the court emphasized appellant's claims were limited to having a "'gut
feeling' . . . and nothing more."
The trial court described appellant's complaint as "built on shaky
assumptions that did not have the strength to go to trial ," and found his
A-1716-23 14 "emotional attachment to the property," without more, could not "serve as a
reasonable basis to grant nearly $70,000 in counsel fees, which would drain the
[e]state." It further pointed out that the estate paid executor's counsel
$37,233.11 to defend the will contest leaving only $49,227.63 in available
assets. Therefore, the trial court determined "[t]o force a sale of the property or
pull equity from the property would undermine the undisputed intent of the
decedent as expressed in the 2020 wills."
II.
Appellant appeals from the January 16, 2024 order and seeks a remand "to
determine the amount [p]laintiff should receive," arguing preliminarily that "the
trial court wrongfully denied [his] motion to shift the burden of proof by
resolving factual disputes in [d]efendants' favor, failing to acknowledge
[p]laintiff's evidence of suspicious circumstances, and requiring a higher level
of suspicious circumstances than required under the law, among other issues."
At the outset, we observe that appellant's notice of appeal is confined to
the order denying his second motion seeking attorney's fees. Rule 2:5-1(f)(2)(ii)
provides that the notice of appeal "shall . . . designate the judgment, decision,
action, or rule, or part thereof . . . from . . . which the appeal is taken."
A-1716-23 15 Therefore, "only the judgments or orders or parts thereof designated in the notice
of appeal . . . are subject to the appeal process and review." Pressler & Verniero,
Current N.J. Court Rules, cmt. 6.1 on R. 2:5-1 (2024); see also Campagna v.
Am. Cyanamid Co., 337 N.J. Super. 530, 550 (App. Div. 2001).
The estate contends that appellant is "procedurally barred from
collaterally attacking the trial court's October 3, 2024 order denying his motion
to shift the burden at trial," decided prior to his voluntary dismissal of his
complaint with prejudice and subsequent motion seeking attorney's fees, as he
"had a full opportunity to present any and all evidence favorable to him in his
motion to 'shift the burden.'" Therefore, the estate argues "without reconsidering
the denial of his motion to shift the burden or seeking an appeal, . . . [p]laintiff
cannot now dispute the factual and legal findings comprising the October 3[]
[o]rder."
Indeed, appellant never appealed from or sought reconsideration of the
trial court's substantive decision on the motion to shift the burden of proof
regarding undue influence; instead, he voluntarily dismissed his complaint with
prejudice. Accordingly, we decline to review the merits of his procedurally
barred arguments challenging the court's substantive motion decision.
A-1716-23 16 However, because appellant preserved the right to apply for
reimbursement of his counsel fees from the estate, we reference the record and
the motion decision to the extent necessary for review of the court's January 16,
2024 decision denying appellant's motion for attorney's fees.
In a will contest, the award of counsel fees and costs under Rule 4:42-
9(a)(3) is discretionary. See In re Reisdorf, 80 N.J. 319, 327 (1979). The Rule
provides :
In a probate action, if probate is refused, the court may make an allowance to be paid out of the estate of the decedent. If probate is granted, and it shall appear that the contestant had reasonable cause for contesting the validity of the will or codicil, the court may make an allowance to the proponent and the contestant, to be paid out of the estate.
[R. 4:42-9(a)(3).]
"[F]ee determinations by trial [judges] will be disturbed only on the rarest
of occasions, and then only because of a clear abuse of discretion." Packard-
Bamberger & Co. v. Collier, 167 N.J. 427, 444 (2001) (quoting Rendine v.
Pantzer, 141 N.J. 292, 317 (1995)). "While deference will ordinarily be given
to discretionary decisions, such decisions will be overturned if they were made
under a misconception of the applicable law." O'Neill v. City of Newark, 304
A-1716-23 17 N.J. Super. 543, 550 (App. Div. 1997). When the decision turns on a question
of law that flows from established facts, the trial judge's decision is not entitled
to any deference, and appellate review is de novo. See Dempsey v. Alston, 405
N.J. Super. 499, 509 (App. Div. 2009).
"Except in a weak or meretricious case, courts will normally allow counsel
fees to both proponent and contestant in a will dispute." Reisdorf, 80 N.J. at
326. Unsuccessful will challengers are entitled to costs when they show
"reasonable cause" for bringing a probate challenge, defined as a belief that
"rested upon facts or circumstances sufficient to excite in the probate court an
apprehension that the testator lacked mental capacity or was unduly influenced."
In re Will of Caruso, 18 N.J. 26, 35 (1955). This requirement "works no
hardship upon the contestant and affords some protection to the estate from
speculative and vexatious litigation." Ibid. (quoting In re Sebring's Will, 84 N.J.
Eq. 453, 455 (Prerog. Ct. 1915)).
There is a presumption that a will's "testator was of sound mind and
competent when he executed the will." In re Livingston's Will, 5 N.J. 65, 71
(1950). However, if the execution of the will was "tainted by 'undue influence,'"
it may be overturned. Haynes v. First Nat'l State Bank of N.J., 87 N.J. 163, 176
(1981); see also Livingston's Will, 5 N.J. at 76. "[U]ndue influence is a mental,
A-1716-23 18 moral, or physical exertion of a kind and quality that destroys the free will of
the testator by preventing that person from following the dictates of his or her
own mind as it relates to the disposition of assets." In re Est. of Stockdale, 196
N.J. 275, 302-03 (2008). However, "[n]ot all influence is 'undue' influence."
Livingston's Will, 5 N.J. at 73. "It denotes conduct that causes the testator to
accept the 'domination and influence of another' rather than follow his or her
own wishes." Stockdale, 196 N.J. at 303 (quoting Haynes, 87 N.J. at 176).
"Ordinarily, the burden of proving undue influence falls on the will
contestant." Ibid. However, "if the will benefits one who stood in a confidential
relationship to the testator" and that "confidential relationship" is "coupled with
suspicious circumstances, undue influence is presumed and the burden of proof
shifts to the will proponent to overcome the presumption" by a preponderance
of the evidence. Ibid.; see also Haynes, 87 N.J. at 177-78.
Appellant contends the trial court mistakenly rejected his claim of
suspicious circumstances and employed an incorrect legal standard, arguing this
alleged error "influenced its later decision denying attorney's fees on the ground
that [p]laintiff had a weak case." According to appellant, he had "well-founded
doubts that the wills truly reflected his mother's intention, and reasonable cause
for investigation based on . . . all the facts and circumstances."
A-1716-23 19 He further contends the trial court "refused to consider
whether . . . suspicious circumstances surrounding the August 2020 [w]ill
justified reasonable grounds for a will contest, instead treating that will as
irrelevant." Appellant argues the August 2020 will, by itself, justified a will
contest, relying on the uncontested facts that decedent "was so ill that she
remained in bed" when she executed the August 2020 will, "had a hand tremor
when she signed the will," and had a stroke days later resulting in her death. He
also referenced decedent's medications, speculating that "the undisputed facts
support an inference of a much more serious condition." He further contends
the court misapprehended the extent to which the estate distribution changed
pursuant to the July 2020 will.
These arguments, couched in terms of counsel fees, seek to attack the
court's underlying substantive determination that appellant's will contest was
rooted in emotion and speculation. As discussed, that order is not before us.
What is before us is ample evidence supporting the court's denial of counsel
fees.
Appellant's assertions of his mother's immobility and medical ailments,
coupled with Sueanne's presence at the execution of the August 2020 will—
altered only to correct an inconsequential typographical error—do not render the
A-1716-23 20 judge's detailed rejection of appellant's suspicious circumstances claim and
related fee determination an abuse of discretion. We are satisfied the court
conducted a fact-specific analysis of a record the court credited as showing
appellant shot decedent's son Peter over this land, decedent told appellant she
wished to revise her will to leave her home to Sueanne who had cared for her,
both Irene and Russo averred to decedent's sound mental state and desire to
revise her will, and the August 2020 will corrected a quintessential
"typographical error" in the last name of one of the beneficiaries, detected and
raised by decedent herself. The record also contained Irene's sworn certification
that decedent specifically appointed her as executor to defend her wishes should
appellant contest the estate's distribution.
Here, the trial court described its reasons for finding appellant's complaint
was "built on shaky assumptions that did not have the strength to go to trial" and
his "emotional attachment to the property," without more, could not "serve as a
reasonable basis to grant nearly $70,000 in counsel fees, which would drain the
[e]state." The court thoroughly reviewed the deposition testimony, noting
appellant's claim of undue influence was, by his own language, based upon "gut
feeling[s]." Appellant's argument that the August 2020 will, by itself, justified
a will contest, completely disregards the trial court's decision that, even
A-1716-23 21 assuming the August 2020 will was "suspicious," the facts relied upon by
appellant do not apply to the July 2020 will, which was substantively identical
to the August 2020 will, merely correcting a typographical error.
Therefore, we conclude the court did not misuse its discretion in finding
appellant lacked reasonable cause for contesting the validity of decedent's will.
We similarly find the court's denial of counsel fees firmly rested in credible
evidence in the record. The court carefully considered the attorney fee
application, noting the estate paid executor's counsel $37,233.11 to defend
appellant's "meretricious lawsuit," leaving $49,227.63 remaining in the estate.
It correctly applied the law and reasonably concluded that "[t]o force a sale of
the property or pull equity from the property would undermine the undisputed
intent of the decedent as expressed in the 2020 wills."
Affirmed.
A-1716-23 22