NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-5468-16T1
IN THE MATTER OF THE DENIAL OF THE OUTDOOR ADVERTISING APPLICATION NUMBER 75708, NEW JERSEY TURNPIKE (I-95) E. ALIGNMENT E/S, MILEPOST 113.8 N.R.D. SECAUCUS TOWN, HUDSON COUNTY. ________________________________
Argued November 8, 2018 – Decided June 18, 2019
Before Judges Ostrer and Mayer.
On appeal from the New Jersey Department of Transportation.
D. Mark Leonard argued the cause for appellant Hartz Mountain Industries, Inc. (Horowitz Rubino & Patton, attorneys; D. Mark Leonard, of counsel and on the briefs).
Jennifer R. Jaremback, Deputy Attorney General, argued the cause for respondent Department of Transportation (Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney; Melissa Dutton Schaffer, Assistant Attorney General, of counsel; Jennifer R. Jaremback, on the brief).
PER CURIAM Hartz Mountain Industries, Inc. (Hartz) applied for a permit to erect a
multi-message digital billboard visible to vehicles travelling south on the New
Jersey Turnpike, I-95. Hartz proposed to place the sign on an existing structure
that currently displays a sign facing northbound traffic. The New Jersey
Department of Transportation (DOT) denied the application because the
proposed billboard would be less than 500 feet from an interchange, as defined,
contrary to N.J.A.C. 16:41C-8.1(d)(2). On appeal, Hartz claims the regulatory
scheme violates its First Amendment rights to free speech. Hartz contends that
DOT's regulations governing outdoor advertising are facially unconstitutional
because they treat on-premise signs differently from off-premise signs, like
Harz's proposed billboard. Hartz also argues that the regulation is
unconstitutional as applied, because Hartz's proposed billboard, based on its
particular location, poses no threat to aesthetics and traffic safety.
We conclude that Hartz lacks standing to raise its facial challenge. As for
its as-applied challenge, we remand for development of a factual record to help
determine whether the distance restriction applied to Hartz's proposed billboard
promotes traffic safety.
A-5468-16T1 2 I.
A.
The billboard structure that Hartz identified in its February 2015 permit
application lies on the Turnpike's Eastern Spur near milepost 113.8 in Secaucus.
Southbound motorists would need to look to their left, across the northbound
lanes, to view the proposed billboard, which is located on the northwest corner
of a Walmart property. The structure is also located north of Exit 17, which
provides access to I-495 and the Lincoln Tunnel to New York City. To
accommodate exiting traffic, the three south-bound lanes expand to five lanes,
374 feet south of the proposed billboard. Around 1900 feet from the pavement
widening, the two added lanes split off and exit the highway.
DOT denied Hartz's application because the proposed billboard would be
closer than 500 feet from the interchange at Exit 17. DOT measures distance
from an interchange two ways: (1) from the "point of gore," that is, "the point
where the main-traveled way and a ramp or another highway come together,"1
N.J.A.C. 16:41C-2.1, and (2) from the point of pavement widening. N.J.A.C.
16:41C-8.1(d)(2). An "off-premise sign" may not be located within 500 feet of
1 In other words, the "point of gore" is the point of the angle or vertex, formed by exit lanes separating from the main roadway. A-5468-16T1 3 either the point of gore or the point of pavement widening, or any point between
those two 500-foot zones. Ibid. If there is no pavement widening, a sign shall
not be located within 1000 feet of the point of gore. N.J.A.C. 16:41C-
8.1(d)(2)(i).
DOT's regulations implement state and federal statutory standards, as well
as a federal-state agreement: the Roadside Sign Control and Outdoor
Advertising Act (RSCOAA), N.J.S.A. 27:5-5 to -32; Agreement for Carrying
Out National Policy Relative to Control of Outdoor Advertising in Areas
Adjacent to the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways and the
Federal-Aid Primary System (Agreement) (December 29, 1971); the Federal
Highway Beautification Act of 1965 (HBA), 23 U.S.C. § 131; and federal
implementing regulations, 23 C.F.R. 750.701 to .713.
The HBA conditions ten percent of a state's Federal-aid highway funds on
the state's compliance with federal restrictions on outdoor advertising. 23
U.S.C. § 131(b). The statute requires "effective control" of signs within 660
feet of the right-of-way of all interstate and primary system highways. Ibid. In
non-urban areas, the HBA also requires "effective control" beyond that 660-foot
A-5468-16T1 4 limit, if the sign is visible from the roadway and erected with that visibility in
mind. Ibid.2
However, the HBA permits signs within 660 feet of the interstate and
primary system highways in "zoned . . . or . . . unzoned industrial or commercial
areas as may be determined by agreement" between a state and the United States
Secretary of Transportation. 23 U.S.C. § 131(d); see also 23 C.F.R.
750.704(a)(4), (5) (permitting such signs); 23 C.F.R. 750.706(a) (providing that
a state, "by law or regulation shall, in conformity with its agreement with the
Secretary, set criteria for size, lighting and spacing of outdoor advertising signs"
in commercial or industrial areas).
2 "Effective control" means that only signs in five categories are permitted: (1) "directional and official signs and notices, [including those] . . . pertaining to natural wonders, scenic and historical attractions, which conform to federal standards on size, number, spacing and other requirements;" (2) advertisements for "the sale or lease of property" upon which the sign is located; (3) so-called "on-premise signs," that is, "signs, displays, and devices . . . advertising activities conducted on the property on which they are located;" (4) certain historic signs that existed on October 22, 1965; and (5) signs by non-profit groups advertising free coffee. 23 U.S.C. § 131(c); see also 23 C.F.R. 750.154 (setting standards for directional signs including that they may not be within 2000 feet of an interchange "measured along the Interstate or freeway from the nearest point of the beginning or ending of pavement widening at the exit from or entrance to the main traveled way"); 23 C.F.R. 750.704(a)(1), (2), (3), (6) (addressing the first four categories in 23 U.S.C. 131(c)); 23 C.F.R. 750.709 (setting standards for permissible "on-property or on-premise advertising"). A-5468-16T1 5 Under its 1971 Agreement with the federal government, New Jersey
agreed to "effectively control" off-premise signs in industrial and commercial
areas through regulation, or, in the absence of regulations, criteria i n the
agreement. Agreement, § III. The Agreement provided that outside of
municipalities with a population over 40,000, signs may not be located within
500 feet of an interchange, intersection at grade, or rest area, as measured "from
the beginning or ending of pavement widening at the exit from or entrance to
the main-traveled way." Ibid.
However, the principal sources of New Jersey's restrictions on outdoor
advertising are the RSCOAA and the implementing state regulations. The
Legislature expressly intended that the RSCOAA and its implementing
regulations balance and promote multiple goals, including the travelling public's
safety, aesthetics, economic development, and free speech. N.J.S.A. 27:5-6(a);
see also N.J.S.A. 27:5-18(b). Subject to implementing regulations, the
RSCOAA authorized permits for signs in zoned and unzoned commercial and
industrial areas, as well as on-premise signs, that is, "[s]igns advertising
activities conducted on the property on which they are located." N.J.S.A. 27:5-
11(a). Permits are not required for signs advertising the sale or rent of the
A-5468-16T1 6 property on which the sign is located and on-premise signs that are not adjacent
to the interstate or primary system highways. N.J.S.A. 27:5-12.
As noted, an "off-premise sign" "shall [not] be located within 500 feet of
an interchange, intersection at grade, or safety rest area." N.J.A.C. 16:41C-
8.1(d)(2). An off-premise sign is defined as anything that is not an "on-premise
sign," which is "a sign that identifies the proper name of the business or place
where the sign is located or which identifies an actual bona fide and principal
activity, product or service . . . of the property on which the sign is located."
N.J.A.C. 16:41C-2.1. An otherwise on-premise sign will be deemed an off-
premise sign if it (1) generates "compensation to the property owner or to the
sign owner"; or (2) principally advertises a brand or trade name that is only
incidental to the premise's principal activity. Ibid.
Notwithstanding N.J.S.A. 27:5-11(a), the regulation dispenses with
permits for on-premise signs. N.J.A.C. 16:41C-1.2(c). Also, the regulation
imposes no distance requirements on on-premise signs. Thus, a qualified on-
premise sign may exist within 500 feet of interchanges, intersections at grade,
and safety service areas. DOT charges application fees of up to $200 and annual
permit fees of up to $635 for each off-premise billboard. N.J.A.C. 16:41C-7.1,
-7.2.
A-5468-16T1 7 Consistent with 23 C.F.R. 750.154, the New Jersey regulation provides
that "directional signs" must not be "within 2000 feet of an interchange or
intersection at grade along a limited access highway." N.J.A.C. 16:41C-8.2(f).
Although the regulation does not expressly identify how to measure the 2000-
foot distance, we infer it is from the point of pavement widening, as in 23 C.F.R.
750.154. A "directional sign" contains "directional information about publicly
owned places, natural phenomena, historic, cultural, scientific, educational, and
religious sites; or areas of natural scenic beauty or naturally suited for outdoor
recreation, deemed, by the Commissioner, to be in the interest of the traveling
public." N.J.A.C. 16:41C-2.1; see also N.J.A.C. 16:41C-8.2(a). These signs are
significantly smaller than billboards and are limited in number and distance from
the destination described. N.J.A.C. 16:41C-8.2. They are exempt from fees.
N.J.A.C. 16:41C-7.2(d).
The regulation also addresses a separate category of off-premises signs,
"service club and religious signs," which are "signs whose erection is authorized
by law, relating to the meetings of nonprofit service clubs or charitable
associations or religious services." N.J.A.C. 16:41C-2.1.3 These signs must be
3 The parties have not identified a source of separate legal authority for erecting service club and religious signs. A-5468-16T1 8 even smaller than directional signs and are also limited in number and distance
from the organization described. N.J.A.C. 16:41C-8.3(a), (b). Like directional
signs, they may not be within 2000 feet of an interchange or intersection at
grade. N.J.A.C. 16:41-8.3(c). The regulation expressly states that the 2000 feet
is measured from the pavement widening. Ibid. Also, like directional signs,
they are not subject to fees. N.J.A.C. 16:41C-7.2(d).
B.
Hartz appealed DOT's initial permit denial on two principal grounds.
First, Hartz claimed that the regulatory scheme was arbitrary and capricious "as
applied" to it for not considering the unique characteristics of the road and sign.
Relying on an expert's opinion, Hartz argued that the proposed billboard would
not significantly degrade traffic safety or aesthetic values. Hartz also argued
that since the pavement widening continued for roughly a third of a mile, the
500-foot distance restriction should have been measured from the point of gore
instead of the pavement widening. Second, Hartz claimed that the regulatory
scheme violated its First Amendment right to free speech because the scheme
treated signs differently based on content – a facial-constitutional challenge.
Hartz also argued that a proper factual record was needed to decide the
constitutional questions.
A-5468-16T1 9 The ALJ granted DOT's motion for summary decision, and recommended
denial of Hartz's application. 4 The Commissioner adopted the initial decision
with modifications.5 The Commissioner approved the ALJ's finding that this
court, and not the agency, is the appropriate forum for Hartz's constitutional
challenge. Nonetheless, the Commissioner rejected Hartz's facial constitutional
challenge to the regulatory scheme, in particular, the disparate treatment of on-
premise and off-premise signs. The Commissioner held that this argument was
rejected in Metromedia, Inc. v. City of San Diego, 453 U.S. 490, 511 (1981).
Furthermore, citing Advantage Media, LLC v. City of Eden Prairie, 456 F.3d
793 (8th Cir. 2006), the Commissioner held that Hartz lacked standing to
challenge the constitutionality of regulatory provisions that did not apply to its
conduct.
The Commissioner noted that the regulations were presumptively valid,
and Hartz's challenge to the efficacy of the 500-foot limit should have been
raised during notice and comment. No factual hearing was needed. The
4 Hartz v. N.J. Dep't of Transp., 2017 N.J. AGEN LEXIS 207 (OAL Dkt. No. TRP 02196-16) (Initial Decision Jan. 23, 2017). 5 In re Denial of the Outdoor Advertising Application Number 75708, New Jersey Turnpike (I-95) E. Alignment E/S, Milepost 113.8 N.R.D. Secaucus Town, Hudson Cty., 2017 N.J. AGEN LEXIS 1368 (OAL Dkt. No. TRP-02196- 16) (Final Decision June 29, 2017). A-5468-16T1 10 Commissioner rejected Hartz's claim that its deviation from the 500-foot limit
was de minimis. He also rejected Hartz's newly minted request to reopen the
record so it could demonstrate that the 500-foot limit was inconsistently
enforced. The Commissioner noted that Hartz should have raised the issue in
opposition to DOT's summary decision motion; Hartz did not present substantial
evidence of such inconsistent enforcement; and the OAL hearing was not the
proper place to conduct discovery into the alleged inconsistent enforcement.
On its appeal to this court, Hartz renews and amplifies the arguments
presented to the agency. Hartz contends that as applied to its permit application,
the regulation's distance requirement violates Hartz's free speech rights, because
it does not substantially further traffic safety or aesthetic values. Alternatively,
Hartz asks for a remand at which DOT would be required to demonstrate that its
regulation passes constitutional scrutiny. Hartz also contends the regulatory
scheme is unconstitutional on its face, because it draws content-based
distinctions that cannot survive strict scrutiny. Finally, Hartz contends that a
remand is necessary to explore the alleged inconsistent enforcement of the
regulations, claiming that DOT has tolerated the erection of other off-premise
signs within 500 feet of an interchange. Hartz contends this demonstrates the
agency acted arbitrarily and violated its right to equal protection.
A-5468-16T1 11 II.
Although we deferentially review agency action, we will reverse a
decision that, among other things, is "arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable" or
"offend[s] the State or Federal Constitution." Univ. Cottage Club of Princeton
v. Dep't of Envtl. Prot., 191 N.J. 38, 48 (2007). Although agency regulations
are presumptively valid if they are within the agency's properly delegated
authority, Med. Soc. of N.J. v. N.J. Dep't of Law & Pub. Safety, 120 N.J. 18,
25-26 (1990), we shall overturn them if they violate the Constitution. However,
"[n]o court should decide constitutional issues in a vacuum, in the absence of a
well-developed record isolating the essential factual questions at their basis and
including findings of fact." Jones v. Dep't of Cmty. Affairs, 395 N.J. Super.
632, 635 (App. Div. 2007). "When an agency's decision is not accompanied by
the necessary findings of fact, the usual remedy is to remand the matter to the
agency to correct the deficiency." In re Issuance of Permit, 120 N.J. 164, 173
(1990).
As our Supreme Court observed, "Different types of speech are afforded
different levels of protection, and some forms of expression are beyond the
A-5468-16T1 12 scope of the First Amendment." E & J Equities, LLC v. Bd. of Adjustment of
the Twp. of Franklin, 226 N.J. 549, 568 (2016).
Commercial speech – "expression related solely to the economic interests
of the speaker and its audience" or "speech proposing a commercial transaction"
– enjoys less protection than non-commercial speech. Id. at 569 (quoting Cent.
Hudson Gas & Elec. Corp. v. Pub. Serv. Comm'n of N.Y., 447 U.S. 557, 561-62
(1980)). In assessing a First Amendment challenge to a commercial speech
regulation, a court must determine whether the First Amendment protects the
commercial speech. Id. at 570. The First Amendment does not protect speech
that is misleading or concerns unlawful activity. Ibid. Second, the court must
determine "whether the governmental interest is substantial." Ibid. (quoting
Cent. Hudson, 447 U.S. at 566). "If both inquiries yield positive answers, [a
court] must determine whether the regulation directly advances the
governmental interest asserted, and whether it is not more extensive than is
necessary to serve that interest." Ibid. (quoting Cent. Hudson, 447 U.S. at 566).
A State may regulate the content of protected commercial speech only if it meets
that test. Cent. Hudson, 447 U.S. at 566.
A similar intermediate-scrutiny evaluation of governmental ends and
means applies to State regulations of the time, place or manner of speech. E &
A-5468-16T1 13 J Equities, 226 N.J. at 570-72. Such regulations may limit non-commercial as
well as commercial speech, so long as the regulations are content-neutral and
"narrowly tailored to serve a significant governmental interest, and . . . leave
open ample alternative channels for communication of the information." Ibid.
(quoting Clark v. Cmty. For Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 293 (1984)).
A regulation is narrowly tailored if the interest "would be achieved less
effectively absent the regulation" and it does not "burden substantially more
speech than is necessary." Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 799
(1989).
"Government regulation of speech is content-based if a law applies to
particular speech because of the topic discussed or the idea or message
expressed." Reed v. Town of Gilbert, Ariz., 135 S. Ct. 2218, 2227 (2015). In
other words, to ascertain whether a regulation is content-based, a court must
consider "whether a regulation of speech 'on its face' draws distinctions based
on the message a speaker conveys." Ibid. Facial content-based distinctions may
"defin[e] regulated speech by particular subject matter" or, more subtly,
"defin[e] regulated speech by its function or purpose." Ibid.6 A regulation may
6 The Reed Court held that a regulation may be content-based on its face, even absent any governmental disagreement or ill-motive. Id. at 2228-29. The Court
A-5468-16T1 14 be neutral with respect to viewpoints, but still be content-based. Id. at 2230
(stating "it is well established that '[t]he First Amendment's hostility to content -
based regulation extends not only to restrictions on particular viewpoints, but
also to prohibition of public discussion of an entire topic'") (quot ing
Consolidated Edison Co. of N.Y. v. Public Serv. Comm'n of N.Y., 447 U.S. 530,
537 (1980)). Also, restrictions that favor some speakers over others may
constitute content-based regulation when used to control content. Id. at 2230.
If regulation of non-commercial speech is content-based, then it is
"presumptively unconstitutional," and subject to "strict scrutiny," that is, it "may
be justified only if the government proves that [it is] narrowly tailored to serve
compelling state interests." Id. at 2226-27. In Reed, the Supreme Court
characterized as "content-based" a local sign code that exempted from a general
rejected the Court of Appeals' view that Ward suggests "that a government's purpose is relevant even when a law is content based on its face." Id. at 2228. But see E & J Equities, 226 N.J. at 571 (stating, without reference to Reed, "'[t]he principal inquiry in determining content neutrality . . . is whether the government has adopted a regulation of speech because of disagreement with the message it conveys'" and "[w]hen courts assess content neutrality, '[t]he government's purpose is the controlling consideration'") (quoting Ward, 491 U.S. at 791). On the other hand, the Reed Court held that "facially content neutral" laws will be considered content-based if they "cannot be 'justified without reference to the content of the regulated speech,' or . . . were adopted by the government 'because of disagreement with the message [the speech] conveys.'" Reed, 135 S. Ct. at 2227 (quoting Ward, 491 U.S. at 791). A-5468-16T1 15 sign prohibition ideological, political, and temporary directional signs, among
others. Id. at 2224-25. The local code defined those categories of signs on the
basis of their content, and then regulated temporary directional signs more
restrictively than ideological and political signs. Id. at 2224-25, 2227. Applying
strict scrutiny, the Supreme Court invalidated the ordinance largely because it
was underinclusive. Id. at 2231. Assuming the government had a compelling
interest in promoting traffic safety and aesthetics, the government failed to show
that "limiting temporary directional signs is necessary . . . but that limiting other
types of signs is not." Id. at 2232.7
C.
Not surprisingly, Hartz attempts to cast DOT's regulatory scheme as a
content-based regulation of non-commercial speech, so as to implicate strict
scrutiny. Arguably, aspects of the regulations are content-based. But, Hartz
lacks standing to object to those provisions, and we do not decide the matter.
The only regulation that Hartz may challenge is the provision that bars its
7 In other contexts, a regulation of speech may fail strict scrutiny because it is "over-inclusive." See, e.g., Brown v. Ent. Merchs. Ass'n, 564 U.S. 786, 805 (2011) (stating that "when they affect First Amendment rights" governmental interests "must be pursued by means that are neither seriously underinclusive nor seriously overinclusive"). A-5468-16T1 16 proposed off-premise sign because it is less than 500 feet from the point of
pavement widening.
On-premise signs are exempt from the 500-foot distance restriction and
do not require permits. If that were the only distinction between the two, the
different treatment would apparently not offend the First Amendment,
notwithstanding that the regulation distinguishes between speakers. See id. at
2233 (Alito, J., concurring) (stating that "[r]ules distinguishing between on-
premises and off-premises signs" "would not be content based");8 see also GEFT
Outdoor LLC v. Consol. City of Indianapolis, 187 F. Supp. 3d 1002 (S.D. Ind.
2016) (post-Reed, upholding disparate treatment of on-premise and off-premise
signs that applied only to commercial speech).
However, on-premise signs in the DOT regulation are defined in part by
their content. The regulations dictate that an on-premise sign must pertain to
the "principal activity, product or service . . . of the property on which the sign
is located." N.J.A.C. 16:41C-2.1. If not, it will be deemed an off-premise sign.
Thus, the State must consider the content of a sign to determine whether it
qualifies as an on-premise sign.
8 Justice Alito wrote for himself and Justices Kennedy and Sotomayor. Without those three, the opinion of the Court by Justice Thomas, joined by Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Scalia, lacked a majority. A-5468-16T1 17 The court in Thomas v. Schroer, 248 F. Supp. 3d 868, 879-80 (W.D. Tenn.
2017) concluded that such a regulation triggered strict scrutiny, because it
"requires one to assess the sign's content to determine if it is exempt."9 For
example, under such a regulation, the owner of a qualifying premise may not
erect an on-premise sign to endorse a political candidate (unless the premises
were the candidate's campaign headquarters). See Auspro Enters., LP v. Tex.
Dep't of Transp., 506 S.W. 3d 688 (Ct. App. Tex. 2016) (invalidating a
restriction that prevented a party from maintaining a Ron Paul 2012 election
sign on its property), vacated as moot, No. 17-0041, 2018 Tex. LEXIS 298 (Apr.
6, 2018). A sign with political or ideological content unrelated to the premise's
activity, product or service would be deemed an off-premise sign, even if it is
actually located on the owner's premises. It would then be subject to the permit
requirements, and the distance restrictions applicable to off-premise signs.
9 According to the court in Thomas, Justice Alito's concurrence in Reed understood the off-premise and on-premise dichotomy in a content-neutral manner. For instance, "a regulation that defines an on-premise sign as any sign within 500 feet of a building is content neutral." Thomas, 248 F. Supp. 3d at 879. This presumption seems at odds with the extensive history of billboard regulations in the country. See, e.g., Metromedia, 453 U.S. at 494 (considering a law that defined onsite signs as those "designating the name of the owner or occupant of the premises upon which the signs are placed, or identifying such premises; or signs advertising goods manufactured or produced or services rendered on the premises upon which such signs are placed").
A-5468-16T1 18 DOT's regulations treat directional, service club and religious signs more
and less favorably than other off-premise signs. The signs are described in terms
of their content. These three kinds of signs are exempt from fees. However,
they are subject to less favorable size and spacing requirements. And they are
subject to more expansive distance restrictions than applies to other off-premise
signs; they must be at least 2000 feet from the point of pavement widening.10
We need not assess whether these restrictions offend the First
Amendment, because they cause Hartz no injury; therefore, Hartz lacks standing
to challenge them. We recognize that New Jersey standing law is more liberal
than federal law. Salorio v. Glaser, 82 N.J. 482, 490 (1980) ("New Jersey State
courts are not bound by the 'case or controversy' requirement governing federal
courts."). Nonetheless, a party asserting standing must show a "sufficient stake
in the outcome of the litigation, a real adverseness with respect to the subject
matter, and a substantial likelihood that the party will suffer harm in the event
10 We reject Hartz's contention that the directional signs may be located within 2000 feet of the point of gore, which would allow their placement closer than signs like Hartz proposed, which would be 500 feet from the pave ment widening, but 2200 from the point of gore. As we discussed above, we conclude – in the absence of an explicit indication of how to measure the 2000 -foot distance from an interchange, intersection at grade, or safety service area – that the 2000-foot distance would be measured from the point of pavement widening, to be consistent with the federal standard, which the State obviously intends to satisfy. See 23 C.F.R. 750.154; N.J.A.C. 16:41C-8.2(f), (g)(2). A-5468-16T1 19 of an unfavorable decision." In re Camden Cty., 170 N.J. 439, 449 (2002); see
also In re Martin, 90 N.J. 295, 308 (1982) (stating that standing to challenge a
statute's constitutionality requires plaintiffs prove "they have been injured by
enforcement of the statute or that the statute substantially deters their
constitutionally protected activity").
Standing must be established for each claim Hartz asserts. See
DaimlerChrylser Corp. v. Cuno, 547 U.S. 332, 352-53 (2006) (stating that "a
plaintiff must demonstrate standing for each claim he seeks to press"). Also,
standing will be denied if the litigant merely asserts the rights of a third party or
asks the court to render an advisory opinion. Goldman v. Critter Control of New
Jersey, 454 N.J. Super. 418, 424 (App. Div. 2018).
We recognize that the First Amendment must have "breathing space" and
may permit a plaintiff to litigate the rights of others whose speech may be chilled
by an overbroad restriction of speech, even if the plaintiff's own speech could
be appropriately restricted under a more narrow statute. See Broadrick v.
Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601, 611-16 (1973); N.J. State Chamber of Commerce v.
N.J. Election Law Enforcement Comm'n, 82 N.J. 57, 68-69 (recognizing
expanded standing in First Amendment cases) (citing Broadrick). Flexibility is
granted because of a "judicial prediction" that "protected speech of others may
A-5468-16T1 20 [otherwise] be muted and perceived grievances left to fester." Broadrick, 413
U.S. at 612. In New Jersey, a "strong public interest" may justify consideration
of a case, even where the plaintiff's private interest is slight. N.J. State Chamber
of Commerce, 82 N.J. at 68-69.
In Metromedia, the Court noted that it had "never held that one with a
commercial interest in speech also cannot challenge the facial validity of a
statute on the grounds of its substantial infringement of the First Amendment
rights of others." 453 U.S. at 504 n.11.
However, in Metromedia, the parties stipulated that the challenged
ordinance would have caused plaintiffs an extreme injury – the elimination of
outdoor advertising in San Diego. Id. at 497. Absent such a far-reaching
stipulation, the plaintiff must demonstrate standing to assert its own claim of
constitutional injury in order to assert infringement of others' rights. See Get
Outdoors, IL LLC v. City of San Diego, 506 F.3d 886, 892 (9th Cir. 2007)
(stating that plaintiff has "standing to challenge only those provisions [of the
sign ordinance] that applied to it"); Midwest Media Prop., LLC v. Symmes
Twp., Ohio, 503 F.3d 456, 463 (6th Cir. 2007) (stating that overbreadth doctrine
"does not excuse a party's failure to 'allege an injury arising from the specific
rule being challenged, rather than an entirely separate rule that happens to appear
A-5468-16T1 21 in the same section of the municipal code'" (quoting Prime Media, Inc. v. City
of Brentwood, 485 F.3d 343, 351 (6th Cir. 2007))); CAMP Legal Defense Fund,
Inc. v. City of Atlanta, 451 F.3d 1257, 1273 (11th Cir. 2006) (requiring a
"plaintiff to establish injury in fact as to each provision").
We reach the same conclusion here. The restriction of non-commercial,
non-premise-related speech by premise owners does not affect Hartz's proposed
billboard application. Hartz suffered no injury here from the allegedly content-
based restriction of on-premise signs, and lifting the limitation on non-premise-
related speech by premise owners would not benefit Hartz. Rather, the
prohibition of non-premise-related speech on what would otherwise qualify as
an on-premise sign might inure to Hartz's benefit. The regulation removes a
competitive source of messages that would otherwise enjoy more favorable
treatment than Hartz's off-premise location.
We also discern no compelling public interest to address the claimed
restriction of the First Amendment rights of on-premise sign owners. Walmart,
for example, which conceivably could erect its own on-premise sign on or near
the site in question, is surely capable of bringing its own challenge. Cf.
Anderson v. Sills, 56 N.J. 210, 220 (1970) (stating "there is good reason to
permit the strong to speak for the weak or the timid in First Amendment
A-5468-16T1 22 matters"). We are also guided by principles of constitutional avoidance.
Donadio v. Cunningham, 58 N.J. 309, 325-26 (1971) ("[A] court should not
reach and determine a constitutional issue unless absolutely imperative in the
disposition of the litigation.").
We reject on the same lack-of-standing grounds, Hartz's facial challenge
to the directional, service club, and religious signs. Directional signs are limited
to certain speakers – operators of qualifying destinations – and the content of
their speech is limited to providing directions to their sites. Similarly, service
clubs and religious organizations are limited to messages related to such entities.
But, Hartz is not injured by the special treatment of these signs.
In sum, we hold that Hartz lacks standing to challenge the allegedly
content-based regulation of on-premises, directional, service club and religious
signs.
D.
We turn to Hartz's challenge to the 500-foot regulation as applied. The
regulation is not a regulation of the content of commercial speech, which would
be governed by the Central Hudson standard. It does not distinguish between
commercial and non-commercial messages on off-premise signs. Rather, it is a
content-neutral time, place or manner restriction – specifically, the place where
A-5468-16T1 23 a sign may be located. The regulation prohibits off-premise signs within 500
feet of pavement widening. It matters not whether the sign carries a purely
commercial message, or a non-commercial one.
Thus, the Ward/Clark intermediate-scrutiny test applies. As we have
discussed, the regulation must serve a significant governmental interest; it must
be narrowly tailored to that interest; and the regulation must preserve ample
alternative means for communicating the information.
DOT has identified a governmental interest in traffic safety. That interest,
(along with aesthetics, which is not an issue here because the proposed billboard
would be on an existing structure), has "long been recognized as a legitimate
and substantial government interest[], particularly related to billboards." E & J
Equities, 226 N.J. at 583; see also Metromedia, 453 U.S. at 507-08 (holding that
traffic safety is a "substantial government goal[]"). However, the State must
also show how the regulation promotes or serves that interest in traffic safety.
"When a governmental entity restricts speech, it must do more than simply
invoke governmental interests that have been recognized over time as
substantial. . . . [T]here must be a modicum of support for the invoked
government interest." E & J Equities, 226 N.J. at 583.
A-5468-16T1 24 To meet the narrow tailoring requirement, DOT must demonstrate that
traffic safety "would be achieved less effectively" without the regulation. Id. at
582 (quoting Ward, 491 U.S. at 799). DOT's regulation "may not substantially
burden more speech than necessary to further the government's legitimate
interests." Ibid. (quoting Ward, 491 U.S. at 799). Identification of a less
restrictive alternative does not doom the regulation. Ibid.
In E & J Equities, the court considered the constitutionality of a township
ordinance that prohibited digital billboards but permitted other billboards in the
same zone. 226 N.J. at 557. The township invoked interests in public safety
and aesthetics. But the Court did not think the "record founded only on
suppositions, fears, and concerns" adequately demonstrated that the speech
restriction promoted those interests. Id. at 585.
Here, the ALJ did not conduct an evidentiary hearing and the
Commissioner did not think one was necessary. The State argues that the
regulations went through notice and comment and thus enjoy a presumption of
validity. Med. Soc. of N.J, 120 N.J. at 25-26. However, "[w]hen the
Government restricts speech, the Government bears the burden of proving the
constitutionality of its actions." United States v. Playboy Ent. Grp., 529 U.S.
803, 816 (2000). Although the regulatory history includes pronouncements of
A-5468-16T1 25 DOT's intent to promote traffic safety, DOT points to no evidence in the record
that the 500-foot limit, particularly as applied to a pavement widening roughly
a third of a mile from an exit ramp, contributes to that goal.
We postulate that anywhere a significant number of motorists are prone
to shift lanes or to speed up or slow down, the risk of accidents increases, and
reducing distractions may be important. One such area may be where a roadway
suddenly expands from three to five lanes, and some motorists try, at the same
time, to shift lanes. Thus, Hartz may miss the point in highlighting the distance
of the pavement widening from the point-of-gore. The risk may arise from the
pavement widening itself, not its proximity to the exit ramp.
However, it is not for us to hypothesize the basis for the 500-foot limit
from pavement widenings. To satisfy intermediate scrutiny of DOT's time, place
and manner restriction, DOT is obliged to present evidence that the 500-foot
limit furthers the State's interest in traffic safety. We have little doubt that the
regulation preserves ample alternative means of communicating messages,
inasmuch as off-premise billboards are permitted on extensive areas of the
Turnpike outside the no-sign zones.
We add that DOT's evidence need not necessarily be rigorous or
unchallenged to survive a constitutional challenge. Courts can consider "[a]
A-5468-16T1 26 long history, a substantial consensus, and simple common sense" to show that a
law is necessary to advance the governmental interest. Burson v. Freeman, 504
U.S. 191, 211 (1992). The Metromedia Court did not reject "the accumulated,
common-sense judgments of . . . lawmakers and of many reviewing courts that
billboards are real and substantial hazards to traffic safety" when there was
"nothing . . . to suggest that these judgments [were] unreasonable." 453 U.S. at
509; see Burns v Barrett, 561 A.2d 1378, 1382-84 (Conn. 1989) (affirming trial
court finding that 500-foot restriction advances state interest in traffic safety
based on testimony of State's chief transportation engineer and "accumulated
common-sense judgments" (quoting Metromedia, 453 U.S. at 509)).
We conclude the distance requirement could survive intermediate scrutiny
"so long as whatever evidence the [government] relie[d] upon [was] reasonably
believed to be relevant to the problem that the city addresses," traffic safety.
Interstate Outdoor Advert., LP v. Zoning Bd. of Twp. of Mount Laurel, 706 F.3d
527, 533-34 (3d Cir. 2013) (quoting Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475 U.S.
41, 51-52 (1986) (emphasis omitted)) (considering a local ordinance that
restricted billboard placements).
Nor must DOT justify, with absolute precision, its adoption of a 500-foot
limit, and not, say, a 350-foot limit, particularly in cases like this, where
A-5468-16T1 27 pavement widening begins far from the exit. See Prime Media, Inc. v. City of
Brentwood, 398 F.3d 814, 823-824 (6th Cir. 2005) ("To ask the City to justify a
size restriction of 120 square feet over, say, 200 square feet or 300 square feet
would impose great costs on local governments and at any rate would do little
to improve our ability to review the law . . . ."); Hucul Advert., LLC v. Charter
Twp. of Gaines, 748 F.3d 273, 279 (6th Cir. 2014).
In sum, we remand so that the State can have an opportunity to meet its
burden in a hearing before the Office of Administrative Law (OAL), and show
that the regulation promotes a governmental interest.
E.
Finally, we briefly address Hartz's claim that DOT has allowed, or failed
to enforce the 500-foot distance restriction on numerous other billboards in the
State. Hartz argues that it should be able to present these facts to challenge the
regulation. We agree. Proof of lax enforcement may undermine DOT's
argument that the distance requirement is narrowly tailored to promote the
State's interest in public safety. Also, although Hartz does not amplify the basis
of its equal protection challenge, we understand Hartz to allege a "class-of-one"
claim that DOT has intentionally treated it differently from other sign-owners
without a rational basis for doing so. See, e.g., Radiation Data, Inc. v. N.J. Dep't
A-5468-16T1 28 of Envtl. Prot., 456 N.J. Super. 550, 561-62 (App. Div. 2018) (describing
elements of class-of-one equal protection claim). These facts may and should
be developed before OAL and the agency. See N.J. Dep't of Envtl. Prot. v.
Huber, 213 N.J. 338, 373-74 (2013) (stating that administrative agencies may
address constitutional issues that are relevant and necessary to resolving
questions within its jurisdiction).
Remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.
A-5468-16T1 29