USCA4 Appeal: 23-1312 Doc: 31 Filed: 02/28/2024 Pg: 1 of 7
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 23-1312
IN THE MATTER OF THE COMPLAINT OF UNDER THE BRIDGE WATERSPORTS, LLC, as owner of the 2001 Godfrey Marine Company 22’ 0” pontoon vessel, seeking exoneration from or limitation of liability,
Plaintiff – Appellee,
v.
JENNIFER TRESSLER; CONNOR TRESSLER; LOGAN TRESSLER; LUKE TRESSLER; DAMON SCHORR; CHRISTINA DORRIS; NATHANIEL DORRIS; MELINA DORRIS; MICHAEL DORRIS,
Claimants – Appellants.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore. George L. Russell, III, District Court Judge. (1:20-cv-01111-GLR)
Submitted: January 23, 2024 Decided: February 28, 2024
Before DIAZ, Chief Judge, and KING and HEYTENS, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Heytens wrote the opinion, which Chief Judge Diaz and Judge King joined.
ON BRIEF: George A. Michak, Lemoyne, Pennsylvania; Christopher D. Buck, LAW OFFICES OF CHRISTOPHER D. BUCK, Annapolis, Maryland, for Appellants. David A. Skomba, Miranda D. Russell, FRANKLIN & PROKOPIK, P.C., Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee. USCA4 Appeal: 23-1312 Doc: 31 Filed: 02/28/2024 Pg: 2 of 7
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
2 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1312 Doc: 31 Filed: 02/28/2024 Pg: 3 of 7
TOBY HEYTENS, Circuit Judge:
After being injured in a boating accident, nine people filed claims against the
company that rented them the boat. A district court concluded the rental company is not
liable and also awarded the company attorneys’ fees for this litigation. Seeing no reversible
error, we affirm.
This case stems from an accident on the Isle of Wight Bay in Maryland. A large
group—the nine claimants and various family members—rented a pontoon from Under the
Bridge Watersports (UTB). While the group was on the Bay a few hours later, the boat’s
motor failed, and the boat collided with a bridge and capsized.
Several months later, lawyers for the claimants sent two letters to UTB asserting
claims arising from the boating accident. UTB responded by filing an action under the
federal Limitation of Liability Act, which allows owners of maritime vessels to limit their
liability for accidents. 46 U.S.C. §§ 30523(a), 30529(a). An owner does so by filing “a civil
action in a district court of the United States” “within 6 months after a claimant gives the
owner written notice of a claim.” § 30529(a). Once a vessel’s owner files such an action,
“all claims and proceedings against the owner related to the matter in question shall cease,”
§ 30529(c), and no others may be filed, see Pickle v. Char Lee Seafood, Inc., 174 F.3d 444,
449 (4th Cir. 1999). Instead, any claimants must bring their claims in the limitation court.
Id. Barring certain exceptions, the Act caps a vessel owner’s liability at the vessel’s value
after the accident. See id. (stating that, when the Act applies, “the fund against which the
claimants must make their claim is equal to the value of the ship after the voyage on which
the incident occurred”). UTB requested a judgment that it was “not liable for any losses,
3 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1312 Doc: 31 Filed: 02/28/2024 Pg: 4 of 7
damages, or injuries . . . for any claim arising” from the ill-fated voyage, or, in the
alternative, that “its liability be limited” to $0—the value of the now-destroyed pontoon.
JA 18.
The district court then ordered “all persons claiming damages for any and all losses,
damages, or injuries occasioned by or resulting from” the accident to file claims with the
court. JA 37. The claimants did so. The district court granted summary judgment to UTB.
The court also interpreted a clause in the rental contract as requiring the claimants to pay
UTB’s attorneys’ fees.
We agree with the district court’s conclusion that UTB has no liability to the
claimants. The central question is whether the claimants can show the accident resulted
from UTB’s negligence. That question is relevant in two ways. First, the claimants can
avoid the Act’s limitations on liability if they show the accident was caused by “acts of
negligence” of which UTB had “actual knowledge” or which “could have been discovered
through reasonable diligence.” Empresa Lineas Maritimas Argentinas S.A. v. United
States, 730 F.2d 153, 155, 157 (4th Cir. 1984). If the claimants fail to do so, their recovery
is capped at the pontoon’s current value (that is, $0). Second, the claimants all signed
documents stating that they:
voluntarily release, forever discharge, and agree to indemnify and hold harmless [UTB] from any and all claims, demands, or causes of action, which are in any way connected with [their] participation in this activity or [their] use of [UTB’s] equipment or facilities, including any such claims which allege negligent acts or omissions of [UTB].
4 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1312 Doc: 31 Filed: 02/28/2024 Pg: 5 of 7
JA 265. Under Maryland law—which the claimants concede applies here—that
exculpatory clause is enforceable unless the claimants can show the accident resulted from
an “extreme form[] of negligence.” Wolf v. Ford, 644 A.2d 522, 525 (Md. 1994).
Before the district court, the claimants offered two theories of negligence, both of
which the court rejected. First, the claimants argued the boat was unseaworthy given that
a portion of the engine failed. But the court noted that the claimants’ own expert testified
that the relevant component could have failed absent any negligence and that the claimants
produced no evidence suggesting a negligent cause for the malfunction. Second, the
claimants asserted that UTB violated its duty of care by allowing too many people and too
much weight on the pontoon. But the court concluded that any wrongdoing in that regard
was not the proximate cause of the accident because the claimants had not produced
“sufficient evidence . . . that the overloading of the [pontoon] contributed to the” accident,
and, even if they had, the engine failure was a “superseding cause.” JA 648.
Before us, the claimants neither challenge nor respond to either of these conclusions.
Instead, they raise a flurry of arguments—based on res ipsa loquitur, spoliation, negligence
per se, and unconscionability—that they failed to raise in the district court. We review
forfeited arguments in civil cases only for “fundamental error,” In re Under Seal, 749 F.3d
276, 285 (4th Cir. 2014), and we see none here. We thus affirm the district court’s
conclusions that the Act limits UTB’s liability to the pontoon’s post-accident value ($0),
and that, by signing the rental agreement, the claimants waived any claims they had against
UTB.
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We also reject the claimants’ challenge to the district court’s attorneys’ fees award.
The rental agreement that each claimant signed states: “Should [UTB,] or anyone acting
on their behalf, be required to incur attorney’s fees and costs to enforce this agreement, I
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USCA4 Appeal: 23-1312 Doc: 31 Filed: 02/28/2024 Pg: 1 of 7
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 23-1312
IN THE MATTER OF THE COMPLAINT OF UNDER THE BRIDGE WATERSPORTS, LLC, as owner of the 2001 Godfrey Marine Company 22’ 0” pontoon vessel, seeking exoneration from or limitation of liability,
Plaintiff – Appellee,
v.
JENNIFER TRESSLER; CONNOR TRESSLER; LOGAN TRESSLER; LUKE TRESSLER; DAMON SCHORR; CHRISTINA DORRIS; NATHANIEL DORRIS; MELINA DORRIS; MICHAEL DORRIS,
Claimants – Appellants.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore. George L. Russell, III, District Court Judge. (1:20-cv-01111-GLR)
Submitted: January 23, 2024 Decided: February 28, 2024
Before DIAZ, Chief Judge, and KING and HEYTENS, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Heytens wrote the opinion, which Chief Judge Diaz and Judge King joined.
ON BRIEF: George A. Michak, Lemoyne, Pennsylvania; Christopher D. Buck, LAW OFFICES OF CHRISTOPHER D. BUCK, Annapolis, Maryland, for Appellants. David A. Skomba, Miranda D. Russell, FRANKLIN & PROKOPIK, P.C., Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee. USCA4 Appeal: 23-1312 Doc: 31 Filed: 02/28/2024 Pg: 2 of 7
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
2 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1312 Doc: 31 Filed: 02/28/2024 Pg: 3 of 7
TOBY HEYTENS, Circuit Judge:
After being injured in a boating accident, nine people filed claims against the
company that rented them the boat. A district court concluded the rental company is not
liable and also awarded the company attorneys’ fees for this litigation. Seeing no reversible
error, we affirm.
This case stems from an accident on the Isle of Wight Bay in Maryland. A large
group—the nine claimants and various family members—rented a pontoon from Under the
Bridge Watersports (UTB). While the group was on the Bay a few hours later, the boat’s
motor failed, and the boat collided with a bridge and capsized.
Several months later, lawyers for the claimants sent two letters to UTB asserting
claims arising from the boating accident. UTB responded by filing an action under the
federal Limitation of Liability Act, which allows owners of maritime vessels to limit their
liability for accidents. 46 U.S.C. §§ 30523(a), 30529(a). An owner does so by filing “a civil
action in a district court of the United States” “within 6 months after a claimant gives the
owner written notice of a claim.” § 30529(a). Once a vessel’s owner files such an action,
“all claims and proceedings against the owner related to the matter in question shall cease,”
§ 30529(c), and no others may be filed, see Pickle v. Char Lee Seafood, Inc., 174 F.3d 444,
449 (4th Cir. 1999). Instead, any claimants must bring their claims in the limitation court.
Id. Barring certain exceptions, the Act caps a vessel owner’s liability at the vessel’s value
after the accident. See id. (stating that, when the Act applies, “the fund against which the
claimants must make their claim is equal to the value of the ship after the voyage on which
the incident occurred”). UTB requested a judgment that it was “not liable for any losses,
3 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1312 Doc: 31 Filed: 02/28/2024 Pg: 4 of 7
damages, or injuries . . . for any claim arising” from the ill-fated voyage, or, in the
alternative, that “its liability be limited” to $0—the value of the now-destroyed pontoon.
JA 18.
The district court then ordered “all persons claiming damages for any and all losses,
damages, or injuries occasioned by or resulting from” the accident to file claims with the
court. JA 37. The claimants did so. The district court granted summary judgment to UTB.
The court also interpreted a clause in the rental contract as requiring the claimants to pay
UTB’s attorneys’ fees.
We agree with the district court’s conclusion that UTB has no liability to the
claimants. The central question is whether the claimants can show the accident resulted
from UTB’s negligence. That question is relevant in two ways. First, the claimants can
avoid the Act’s limitations on liability if they show the accident was caused by “acts of
negligence” of which UTB had “actual knowledge” or which “could have been discovered
through reasonable diligence.” Empresa Lineas Maritimas Argentinas S.A. v. United
States, 730 F.2d 153, 155, 157 (4th Cir. 1984). If the claimants fail to do so, their recovery
is capped at the pontoon’s current value (that is, $0). Second, the claimants all signed
documents stating that they:
voluntarily release, forever discharge, and agree to indemnify and hold harmless [UTB] from any and all claims, demands, or causes of action, which are in any way connected with [their] participation in this activity or [their] use of [UTB’s] equipment or facilities, including any such claims which allege negligent acts or omissions of [UTB].
4 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1312 Doc: 31 Filed: 02/28/2024 Pg: 5 of 7
JA 265. Under Maryland law—which the claimants concede applies here—that
exculpatory clause is enforceable unless the claimants can show the accident resulted from
an “extreme form[] of negligence.” Wolf v. Ford, 644 A.2d 522, 525 (Md. 1994).
Before the district court, the claimants offered two theories of negligence, both of
which the court rejected. First, the claimants argued the boat was unseaworthy given that
a portion of the engine failed. But the court noted that the claimants’ own expert testified
that the relevant component could have failed absent any negligence and that the claimants
produced no evidence suggesting a negligent cause for the malfunction. Second, the
claimants asserted that UTB violated its duty of care by allowing too many people and too
much weight on the pontoon. But the court concluded that any wrongdoing in that regard
was not the proximate cause of the accident because the claimants had not produced
“sufficient evidence . . . that the overloading of the [pontoon] contributed to the” accident,
and, even if they had, the engine failure was a “superseding cause.” JA 648.
Before us, the claimants neither challenge nor respond to either of these conclusions.
Instead, they raise a flurry of arguments—based on res ipsa loquitur, spoliation, negligence
per se, and unconscionability—that they failed to raise in the district court. We review
forfeited arguments in civil cases only for “fundamental error,” In re Under Seal, 749 F.3d
276, 285 (4th Cir. 2014), and we see none here. We thus affirm the district court’s
conclusions that the Act limits UTB’s liability to the pontoon’s post-accident value ($0),
and that, by signing the rental agreement, the claimants waived any claims they had against
UTB.
5 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1312 Doc: 31 Filed: 02/28/2024 Pg: 6 of 7
We also reject the claimants’ challenge to the district court’s attorneys’ fees award.
The rental agreement that each claimant signed states: “Should [UTB,] or anyone acting
on their behalf, be required to incur attorney’s fees and costs to enforce this agreement, I
agree to indemnify and hold them harmless for all such fees and costs.” JA 265.
The claimants do not dispute the district court’s conclusion that such clauses are
generally enforceable under Maryland law. See Nova Rsch., Inc. v. Penske Truck Leasing
Co., 952 A.2d 275, 286 (Md. 2008). Rather, they argue that this indemnification clause is
unenforceable because it is “unconscionable,” in part because the rental agreement was a
“contract of adhesion.” Tressler Br. 24, 34, 36. But that argument, too, was never made in
the district court. It is also unconvincing. Unconscionable contracts are characterized by
“one party’s lack of meaningful choice,” and the claimants, of course, “were not forced”
to rent a pontoon. Barrie Sch. v. Patch, 933 A.2d 382, 394 (Md. 2007). To the contrary,
“the record does not suggest that [the rental agreement] was anything but an arm’s-length
business transaction.” Id.
We are also unpersuaded by the claimants’ argument that the indemnification clause
should not be interpreted to apply here because UTB was not—as contemplated by the
contract—“required to initiate this litigation.” Tressler Br. 17. To preserve its rights under
the Limitation of Liability Act, UTB was required to initiate this action within six months
of receiving claimants’ letters. See 46 U.S.C. § 30529(a). Had UTB allowed the statutory
six-month window to pass without initiating this litigation, it could have lost the ability to
contest a challenge to the Act’s coverage or to have the matter litigated in a federal forum.
See Vatican Shrimp Co. v. Solis, 820 F.2d 674, 678 (5th Cir. 1987). After UTB commenced
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this proceeding to assert its entitlement to limit its liability, the claimants continued to
dispute that assertion by filing verified claims seeking almost a million dollars from UTB.
Thus, if UTB had not filed this action and sought to enforce the terms of the rental
agreement, it risked incurring significant liability to the claimants.
For similar reasons, we reject the claimants’ argument that UTB was not “required”
to raise its contractual defenses to liability. If UTB prevailed on its Limitation of Liability
Act argument, say the claimants, any liability would already be functionally precluded
because the Act would have reduced any damages to $0. But once the claimants expressed
an intent to hold it liable for the accident, UTB had no duty to forgo arguments in its own
defense.
The district court’s judgment is
AFFIRMED.