RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-3246-19
IN THE MATTER OF THE CIVIL COMMITMENT OF J.A.G. ________________________
Argued April 26, 2021 – Decided May 12, 2021
Before Judges Fasciale and Susswein.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Gloucester County, Docket No. GLCC- 000143-20.1
Carol J. Sands, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, argued the cause for appellant J.A.G. (Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney; Carol J. Sands, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM
1 In an August 3, 2020 letter, counsel that appeared in lieu of County Counsel on behalf of the State informed this court that because the subject of the appeal is the same as the motion for reconsideration below, which the State did not oppose, the State is not participating in this appeal and takes no position in this matter. J.A.G. appeals from a February 25, 2020 order involuntarily committing
her (just over an hour before she was administratively discharged) for two
weeks, seeking to have the order of involuntary commitment removed from her
record. J.A.G. asserts—and it is undisputed on appeal—that the judge violated
her due process rights by ordering her involuntary commitment without clear
and convincing evidence that she posed a danger to herself, others, or property,
improperly shifting the burden of proof onto her, pressing the case for the State,
preventing cross-examination of the expert witness, and disregarding expert
witness testimony while crediting net opinion. We emphasize this appeal is
unopposed. We agree and reverse.
On February 7, 2020, Northbrook Behavioral Health Hospital (NBHN)
admitted J.A.G. The next day, the judge entered a temporary order for
commitment and scheduled a February 25, 2020 hearing to address the issue of
involuntary commitment.
At the February 25, 2020 hearing, counsel for J.A.G. and Dr. Thomas
Campo were present, but County Counsel was not. The judge swore Campo in
and admitted his expert report into evidence. In his expert report, Campo
recommended that J.A.G. be involuntary committed for four weeks. However,
at the hearing, counsel for J.A.G. informed the judge that J.A.G. "was under the
A-3246-19 2 impression that there was a discharge plan that was worked out with the
treatment team . . . and there might be discharge relatively soon." The judge
asked Campo whether there was a discharge plan put in place. Campo explained
that J.A.G. would be discharged to the care of her father.
Counsel for J.A.G. asked Campo whether there was a time frame for
discharge. Campo confirmed J.A.G.'s understanding, testifying that she would
be discharged in "[t]wenty-eight minutes or so," assuming nothing happened the
night before that would jeopardize the discharge plan, such as J.A.G.
"throw[ing] a chair or attempt[ing] suicide." The judge then interjected, stating
"[w]ell, but [Campo] can do that with any patient at any time." At this point,
the judge began questioning Campo regarding J.A.G.'s status prior to admission
to NBHN and where she would reside after being discharged. Campo explained
that J.A.G.'s "primary issue" was poor self-care. Counsel for J.A.G. attempted
to reiterate that J.A.G. believed she was being discharged that day, and as a
result counsel did not discuss her post-discharge living situation with her. The
judge responded "[w]ell, maybe. There's no report that says that."
The judge issued an order involuntarily committing J.A.G. for two weeks.
Counsel for J.A.G. again explained that J.A.G. believed that she would be
discharged that same day, to which the judge responded he "would ascribe that
A-3246-19 3 to delusional behavior." The hearing concluded at 9:03 a.m. On the same day,
at 10:21 a.m., NBHN administratively discharged J.A.G..
In March 2020, J.A.G. filed a motion for reconsideration and included
documentation showing NBHN discharged her on the same day of the hearing.
After the judge failed to respond to the motion for reconsideration for five
weeks, J.A.G. filed this appeal. In April 2020, J.A.G. sent a letter to the judge
notifying him that the State was no longer opposing J.A.G.'s motion for
reconsideration and asked if he wanted to schedule a hearing on the motion for
reconsideration. The judge did not respond.
In May 2020, counsel appearing in lieu of County Counsel on behalf of
the State provided a letter stating that the State was not opposing J.A.G.'s motion
for reconsideration. As of the filing of J.A.G.'s brief in this matter, there has
been no response to the motion for reconsideration.
On appeal, J.A.G. raises the following points for this court's
consideration2:
2 Although J.A.G. has been discharged and is no longer subject to involuntary commitment, her challenge to the order extending her involuntary commitment is not moot. If the February 25 order is allowed to remain on J.A.G.'s record, it could affect J.A.G.'s status if she were to be committed again. N.J.S.A. 30:4 - 27.5(b) (requiring that "[i]f a person has been admitted three times . . . at a short- term care facility during the preceding [twelve] months, consideration shall be given to not placing the person in a short-term care facility"). A-3246-19 4 POINT I
THE [JUDGE'S] FAILURE TO PROVIDE A FAIR HEARING, AND ITS ORDER OF INVOLUNTARY COMMITMENT IN DISREGARD OF THE TESTIMONY THAT [J.A.G.] WAS GOING TO BE DISCHARGED WITHIN TWENTY-EIGHT MINUTES OF COURT, CONSTITUTED AN EGREGIOUS VIOLATION OF [J.A.G.'S] CONSTITUTIONAL DUE PROCESS RIGHTS.
POINT II
THE [JUDGE] VIOLATED [J.A.G.'S] PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS RIGHTS BY CONDUCTING DIRECT EXAMINATION, INTERRUPTING CROSS- EXAMINATION AND ACTING AS OPPOSING COUNSEL IN ITS CONDUCT OF THE CASE.
POINT III
THE [JUDGE] IMPERMISSIBLY SHIFTED THE BURDEN OF PROOF FROM THE STATE TO [J.A.G.], FAILING TO APPLY THE CLEAR AND CONVINCING STANDARD OF PROOF OF MENTAL ILLNESS AND DANGEROUSNESS.
POINT IV
[J.A.G.] MAY SUFFER SERIOUS HARM DUE TO THE [JUDGE'S] IMPROPER RULING.
Our review of a judge's determination to commit an individual is
"extremely narrow," In re D.C., 146 N.J. 31, 58 (1996), and it may only be
modified where "the record reveals a clear mistake," In re Civil Commitment of
A-3246-19 5 R.F., 217 N.J. 152, 175 (2014). A judge's determination should not be disturbed
if the judge's findings are "supported by 'sufficient credible evidence present in
the record." Ibid. (quoting State v. Johnson, 42 N.J. 146, 162 (1964)).
"Involuntary commitment to a mental hospital is state action which
deprives the committee of important liberty interests and, as such, triggers
significant due process requirements." In re Commitment of Raymond S., 263
N.J. Super. 428, 431 (App. Div. 1993). As a result, our Legislature and Supreme
Court have promulgated N.J.S.A. 30:4-27.1 to -27.23 and Rule 4:74-7 "to ensure
that no person is involuntarily committed to a psychiatric institution without
having been afforded procedural and substantive due process." Ibid. An adult
is considered "in need of involuntary treatment" if they are
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-3246-19
IN THE MATTER OF THE CIVIL COMMITMENT OF J.A.G. ________________________
Argued April 26, 2021 – Decided May 12, 2021
Before Judges Fasciale and Susswein.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Gloucester County, Docket No. GLCC- 000143-20.1
Carol J. Sands, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, argued the cause for appellant J.A.G. (Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney; Carol J. Sands, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM
1 In an August 3, 2020 letter, counsel that appeared in lieu of County Counsel on behalf of the State informed this court that because the subject of the appeal is the same as the motion for reconsideration below, which the State did not oppose, the State is not participating in this appeal and takes no position in this matter. J.A.G. appeals from a February 25, 2020 order involuntarily committing
her (just over an hour before she was administratively discharged) for two
weeks, seeking to have the order of involuntary commitment removed from her
record. J.A.G. asserts—and it is undisputed on appeal—that the judge violated
her due process rights by ordering her involuntary commitment without clear
and convincing evidence that she posed a danger to herself, others, or property,
improperly shifting the burden of proof onto her, pressing the case for the State,
preventing cross-examination of the expert witness, and disregarding expert
witness testimony while crediting net opinion. We emphasize this appeal is
unopposed. We agree and reverse.
On February 7, 2020, Northbrook Behavioral Health Hospital (NBHN)
admitted J.A.G. The next day, the judge entered a temporary order for
commitment and scheduled a February 25, 2020 hearing to address the issue of
involuntary commitment.
At the February 25, 2020 hearing, counsel for J.A.G. and Dr. Thomas
Campo were present, but County Counsel was not. The judge swore Campo in
and admitted his expert report into evidence. In his expert report, Campo
recommended that J.A.G. be involuntary committed for four weeks. However,
at the hearing, counsel for J.A.G. informed the judge that J.A.G. "was under the
A-3246-19 2 impression that there was a discharge plan that was worked out with the
treatment team . . . and there might be discharge relatively soon." The judge
asked Campo whether there was a discharge plan put in place. Campo explained
that J.A.G. would be discharged to the care of her father.
Counsel for J.A.G. asked Campo whether there was a time frame for
discharge. Campo confirmed J.A.G.'s understanding, testifying that she would
be discharged in "[t]wenty-eight minutes or so," assuming nothing happened the
night before that would jeopardize the discharge plan, such as J.A.G.
"throw[ing] a chair or attempt[ing] suicide." The judge then interjected, stating
"[w]ell, but [Campo] can do that with any patient at any time." At this point,
the judge began questioning Campo regarding J.A.G.'s status prior to admission
to NBHN and where she would reside after being discharged. Campo explained
that J.A.G.'s "primary issue" was poor self-care. Counsel for J.A.G. attempted
to reiterate that J.A.G. believed she was being discharged that day, and as a
result counsel did not discuss her post-discharge living situation with her. The
judge responded "[w]ell, maybe. There's no report that says that."
The judge issued an order involuntarily committing J.A.G. for two weeks.
Counsel for J.A.G. again explained that J.A.G. believed that she would be
discharged that same day, to which the judge responded he "would ascribe that
A-3246-19 3 to delusional behavior." The hearing concluded at 9:03 a.m. On the same day,
at 10:21 a.m., NBHN administratively discharged J.A.G..
In March 2020, J.A.G. filed a motion for reconsideration and included
documentation showing NBHN discharged her on the same day of the hearing.
After the judge failed to respond to the motion for reconsideration for five
weeks, J.A.G. filed this appeal. In April 2020, J.A.G. sent a letter to the judge
notifying him that the State was no longer opposing J.A.G.'s motion for
reconsideration and asked if he wanted to schedule a hearing on the motion for
reconsideration. The judge did not respond.
In May 2020, counsel appearing in lieu of County Counsel on behalf of
the State provided a letter stating that the State was not opposing J.A.G.'s motion
for reconsideration. As of the filing of J.A.G.'s brief in this matter, there has
been no response to the motion for reconsideration.
On appeal, J.A.G. raises the following points for this court's
consideration2:
2 Although J.A.G. has been discharged and is no longer subject to involuntary commitment, her challenge to the order extending her involuntary commitment is not moot. If the February 25 order is allowed to remain on J.A.G.'s record, it could affect J.A.G.'s status if she were to be committed again. N.J.S.A. 30:4 - 27.5(b) (requiring that "[i]f a person has been admitted three times . . . at a short- term care facility during the preceding [twelve] months, consideration shall be given to not placing the person in a short-term care facility"). A-3246-19 4 POINT I
THE [JUDGE'S] FAILURE TO PROVIDE A FAIR HEARING, AND ITS ORDER OF INVOLUNTARY COMMITMENT IN DISREGARD OF THE TESTIMONY THAT [J.A.G.] WAS GOING TO BE DISCHARGED WITHIN TWENTY-EIGHT MINUTES OF COURT, CONSTITUTED AN EGREGIOUS VIOLATION OF [J.A.G.'S] CONSTITUTIONAL DUE PROCESS RIGHTS.
POINT II
THE [JUDGE] VIOLATED [J.A.G.'S] PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS RIGHTS BY CONDUCTING DIRECT EXAMINATION, INTERRUPTING CROSS- EXAMINATION AND ACTING AS OPPOSING COUNSEL IN ITS CONDUCT OF THE CASE.
POINT III
THE [JUDGE] IMPERMISSIBLY SHIFTED THE BURDEN OF PROOF FROM THE STATE TO [J.A.G.], FAILING TO APPLY THE CLEAR AND CONVINCING STANDARD OF PROOF OF MENTAL ILLNESS AND DANGEROUSNESS.
POINT IV
[J.A.G.] MAY SUFFER SERIOUS HARM DUE TO THE [JUDGE'S] IMPROPER RULING.
Our review of a judge's determination to commit an individual is
"extremely narrow," In re D.C., 146 N.J. 31, 58 (1996), and it may only be
modified where "the record reveals a clear mistake," In re Civil Commitment of
A-3246-19 5 R.F., 217 N.J. 152, 175 (2014). A judge's determination should not be disturbed
if the judge's findings are "supported by 'sufficient credible evidence present in
the record." Ibid. (quoting State v. Johnson, 42 N.J. 146, 162 (1964)).
"Involuntary commitment to a mental hospital is state action which
deprives the committee of important liberty interests and, as such, triggers
significant due process requirements." In re Commitment of Raymond S., 263
N.J. Super. 428, 431 (App. Div. 1993). As a result, our Legislature and Supreme
Court have promulgated N.J.S.A. 30:4-27.1 to -27.23 and Rule 4:74-7 "to ensure
that no person is involuntarily committed to a psychiatric institution without
having been afforded procedural and substantive due process." Ibid. An adult
is considered "in need of involuntary treatment" if they are
an adult with mental illness, whose mental illness causes the person to be dangerous to self or dangerous to others or property and who is unwilling to accept appropriate treatment voluntarily after it has been offered, needs outpatient treatment or inpatient care at a short-term care or psychiatric facility or special psychiatric hospital because other services are not appropriate or available to meet the person's mental health care needs.
[N.J.S.A. 30:4-27.2(m); see R. 4:74-7(f)(1).]
"Mental illness" is defined as "a current, substantial disturbance of thought,
mood, perception, or orientation which significantly impairs judgment, capacity
A-3246-19 6 to control behavior, or capacity to recognize reality," not including "simple
alcohol intoxication, transitory reaction to drug ingestion, organic brain
syndrome, or developmental disability" unless that disability results in the
impairment. N.J.S.A. 30:4-27.2(r).
A judge may not commit a person to a psychiatric facility "without proof
by clear and convincing evidence that the individual has a mental illness, and
the mental illness causes the patient to be dangerous to self, to others, or to
property." Raymond S., 263 N.J. Super. at 431 (citing N.J.S.A. 30:4-27.9(b);
N.J.S.A. 30:4-27.15(a); R. 4:74-7(f)).
If a judge "finds that there is probable cause to believe that [a] person . . .
is in need of involuntary commitment to treatment," the judge "shall issue a
temporary order authorizing the assignment of the person to an outpatient
treatment provider or the admission to or retention of the person in the custody
of the facility." N.J.S.A. 30:4-27.10(g); see R. 4:74-7(c). Commitment must be
"both appropriate to the person's condition and . . . the least restrictive
environment, pending a final hearing." N.J.S.A. 30:4-27.10(g); see R. 4:74-7(c).
Our review of the record leads us to the conclusion that the judge did not
afford J.A.G. the due process rights owed to her as guaranteed by our Legislature
A-3246-19 7 and Supreme Court and did not satisfy the procedural requirements of Rule 1:7-
4(a).
First, the judge improperly shifted the burden of proof from the State to
J.A.G. to show that she was not a danger to herself or others and pressed the
case in favor of involuntary commitment. "The case for involuntary
commitment must be presented by County Counsel." Raymond S., 263 N.J.
Super. at 432 (citing N.J.S.A. 30:4-27.12). The State bears the burden of
establishing that the evidence is so clear and convincing "that the factfinder can
'come to a clear conviction' of the truth without hesitancy." In re Civil
Commitment of R.F., 217 N.J. 152, 173 (2014) (quoting In re Jobes, 108 N.J.
394, 407 (1987)). It is inappropriate for a judge to advance the case for
commitment rather than County Counsel because such conduct "places the judge
in the role of an adversary rather than of a neutral decision maker." Raymond
S., 263 N.J. Super. at 432.
Here, aside from Campo's expert report, which was contradicted by his
hearing testimony, no evidence presented established that J.A.G. was a danger
to herself, others, or property. Instead, the judge insinuated that she failed to
establish that she should be discharged because "[t]here's no report that says
that." The judge also appeared to draw a negative inference against J.A.G. for
A-3246-19 8 not attending the hearing, explaining to counsel for J.A.G. that she "ha[s] to tell
all [her] clients that they should appear in court even if it's for . . . a request from
[Conditional Extension Pending Placement]." See N.J.S.A. 30:4-27.14(b)
(noting that a person subject to an involuntary commitment hearing has the right,
but not the obligation, to be present at the hearing). And when counsel for J.A.G.
reiterated that J.A.G. believed that she would be discharged the same day as the
hearing, the judge stated that he "would ascribe that to delusional behavior."
There was no testimony or evidence presented to suggest that J.A.G. was
delusional.
The judge also pressed the case for the State. County counsel was not
present at the hearing and did not present a case for J.A.G.'s involuntary
commitment. However, the judge questioned Campo regarding how many times
J.A.G. has been hospitalized in the past two years, what her living situation
would be, what the "primary issue" was related to J.A.G.'s commitment, what
J.A.G.'s level of income was, and whether Campo believed J.A.G. was
employable.
Second, the judge prevented counsel for J.A.G. from cross-examining
Campo. A patient is guaranteed the right to cross-examine witnesses at a hearing
determining whether involuntary commitment is appropriate. N.J.S.A. 30:4 -
A-3246-19 9 27.14(d). Our Supreme Court has noted that "cross-examination is the 'greatest
legal engine even invented for the discovery of truth.'" State ex rel J.A., 195
N.J. 324, 342 (2008) (quoting California v. Green, 399 U.S. 149, 158 (1970)).
But the judge only permitted counsel for J.A.G. to ask a single question on cross-
examination, which elicited that J.A.G. was likely to be discharged in "[t]wenty-
eight minutes or so." When counsel for J.A.G. attempted to ask Campo another
question, the judge interjected to note that Campo could discharge any patient
at any time. From there on, the judge directed questions to Campo and counsel
for J.A.G. before ordering J.A.G.'s continued involuntary commitment.
Third, the judge did not place his findings of facts and conclusions of law
on the record or in the February 25 order. "In a nonjury civil action, the role of
the trial [judge] is to find the facts and state conclusions of law." D.M., 313 N.J.
Super. at 454 (citing R. 1:7-4). Whether stated on the record or in a written
opinion, "there must be a weighing and evaluation of the evidence to reach
whatever may logically flow from the aspects of testimony the [judge] accepts."
Slutsky v. Slutsky, 451 N.J. Super. 332, 357 (App. Div. 2017). A judge's failure
to state the relevant factual findings and the corresponding legal conclusions
"constitutes a disservice to the litigants, the attorneys, and the appellate court."
A-3246-19 10 D.M., 313 N.J. Super. at 454 (quoting Curtis v. Finneran, 83 N.J. 563, 570
(1980)).
After questioning Campo, the judge simply stated "[a]ll right. . . . I'll do
two weeks. Doctor was asking for four," and in the February 25 order, the judge
provided no further information aside from the date of the next hearing and the
fact that J.A.G. waived her appearance. The judge did not explain what evidence
he considered or what portions of Campo's testimony he found credible or
incredible, nor did he explain how he reached the conclusion that there existed
clear and convincing evidence that J.A.G. was mentally ill and posed a danger
to herself, others, or property.
Finally, the judge disregarded Campo's expert testimony and instead
presumably credited his net opinion. Evidence demonstrating that a person is
subject to commitment "must necessarily come from the testimony of an expert
witness." Raymond S., 263 N.J. Super. at 432. N.J.R.E. 703 requires that an
expert's opinion or inference be based on facts or data "perceived by or made
known to the expert at or before the proceeding." A judge "must ensure that [a]
proffered expert does not offer a mere net opinion." Satec, Inc. v. Hanover Ins.
Grp., Inc., 450 N.J. Super. 319, 330 (App. Div. 2017) (alteration in original)
(quoting Pomerantz Paper Corp. v. New Cmty. Corp., 207 N.J. 344, 372 (2011)).
A-3246-19 11 The net opinion rule "forbids the admission into evidence of an expert's
conclusions that are not supported by factual evidence or other data." State v.
Townsend, 186 N.J. 473, 494 (2006). A conclusion that is "based merely on
unfounded speculation and unquantified possibilities" is inadmissible.
Townsend v. Pierre, 221 N.J. 36, 55 (2015) (quoting Grzanka v. Pfeifer, 301
N.J. Super. 563, 580 (App. Div. 1997)).
Campo's expert report recommended that J.A.G. be involuntarily
committed for another four weeks. However, Campo's testimony contradicted
this report, explaining that J.A.G. would be discharged in "[t]wenty-eight
minutes or so." Campo noted that he "ha[d] no idea what [J.A.G.] did last night.
She may have thrown a chair or attempted suicide." This statement is
"unfounded speculation," as Campo explicitly stated that he did not know what,
if anything, occurred the night before, and it would be inappropriate for the
judge to rely on such speculation in ordering J.A.G.'s involuntary commitment.3
3 In response to counsel for J.A.G. reiterating that J.A.G. believed that she would be discharged on the day of the hearing, the judge stated "[d]octor indicates probably not." Because the judge did not place his findings of fact and conclusions of law on the record, it is unclear whether this statement is based on Campo's speculation as to something that could have happened the previous night, which would have jeopardized J.A.G.'s imminent discharge. A-3246-19 12 Based on our review of the record, and considering our extremely narrow
standard of review, we conclude that the judge made clear mistakes in ordering
J.A.G.'s involuntary commitment.
Reversed.
A-3246-19 13