5 F.3d 86
62 USLW 2295, 24 Bankr.Ct.Dec. 1232,
Bankr. L. Rep. P 75,468
In the Matter of T-H NEW ORLEANS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, Debtor.
T-H NEW ORLEANS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, Appellee,
v.
FINANCIAL SECURITY ASSURANCE, INC., Appellant.
In the Matter of T-H NEW ORLEANS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, Debtor.
T-H NEW ORLEANS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, Appellant,
v.
FINANCIAL SECURITY ASSURANCE, INC., Appellee.
Nos. 92-3941, 92-3942, 92-3959 and 92-3983.
United States Court of Appeals,
Fifth Circuit.
Oct. 7, 1993.
Rehearing Denied in Nos. 92-3941 and 92-3942 Nov. 3, 1993.
Eugene R. Preaus, T. Rose Young, Preaus, Roddy & Krebs, New Orleans, LA, for Financial Sec. Assur., Inc.
Rudy J. Cerone, B. Franklin Martin, III, McGlinchey, Stafford, Lang, New Orleans, LA, for T-H New Orleans Ltd. Partnership.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.
Before EMILIO M. GARZA and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges, and ZAGEL, * District Judge.
DeMOSS, Circuit Judge:
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In 1988, T-H New Orleans Limited Partnership (T-H NOLP), a hotel partnership, acquired its major asset, the Days Inn Hotel on Canal Street in New Orleans, Louisiana (the Hotel). In 1989, T-H NOLP sought to restructure the underlying mortgage debt on the hotel through a mortgage bond financing transaction. To achieve that end, T-H NOLP and six other hotel partnerships, all controlled by Monty Hundley and Stanley Tollman, obtained separate but cross-collateralized and cross-guaranteed first mortgage loans, which were secured by the hotels, in the amount of $87,000,000 from a newly created business trust (the issuer). With the execution of the Mortgage Note and Loan Agreement, T-H NOLP executed a Collateral Mortgage Note, a Collateral Real and Collateral Chattel Mortgage and Assignment of Leases and Rents, a Pledge of Collateral Mortgage Note (the Pledge), and a General Assignment of Accounts Receivable. T-H NOLP also executed a Nonrecourse Guarantee, which guaranteed the payment of the six other borrowers under the loan transaction. T-H NOLP's maximum liability under the Guarantee is limited to the greater of T-H NOLP's net worth on the date of execution of the Guarantee, which was stipulated to be $18,425,000, or the net worth of T-H NOLP when the Guarantee is enforced.
To raise the necessary money to make the mortgage loans to T-H NOLP, the issuer issued $87,000,000 in bonds, the payment of which was guaranteed by a surety bond issued by Financial Security Assurance Incorporated (FSA). In return, the issuer of the bonds assigned to FSA all its rights and interest in the security agreements, and authorized FSA to be the "controlling party" and their attorney-in-fact to take whatever actions FSA deemed necessary to exercise its rights under the mortgage loans and related collateral.
By 1990, T-H NOLP and the six other partnerships were in default on the loans. After the parties were unable to reach a settlement, FSA accelerated the Mortgage Note and demanded payment of all amounts due under the Loan Agreement and Guarantee. T-H NOLP filed for bankruptcy soon thereafter.
In the bankruptcy court, FSA filed a motion for relief from the automatic stay under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 362(d)(1) and (2); and a motion for adequate protection or that the hotel revenues be segregated. On March 19, 1992, the bankruptcy court granted FSA's relief from the stay on the grounds that FSA had shown that the secured property was not necessary to a successful reorganization. That ruling was based on the bankruptcy court's decision that T-H NOLP's plan of reorganization was unconfirmable, which was based on the findings that (1) the plan did not permit FSA to bid the full amount of its debt on the proposed sale of the hotel, (2) the plan made no provision for FSA's unsecured debt, and (3) T-H NOLP had improperly classified creditors in its plan. The bankruptcy court also granted FSA's motion for adequate protection or segregation of hotel revenues. T-H NOLP appealed to the district court, which affirmed the bankruptcy court's order granting FSA relief from the stay, but reversed the bankruptcy court's order granting FSA's motion for adequate protection or segregation of hotel revenues because it held that FSA did not have a security interest in such revenues, 148 B.R. 456. T-H NOLP and FSA now appeal to this court.
II. DISCUSSION
The bankruptcy court's findings of fact are reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard. In re Missionary Baptist Foundation of America, 818 F.2d 1135, 1142 (5th Cir.1987). The bankruptcy court's conclusions of law are "freely reviewable on appeal." Id.
1. Relief from Stay
T-H NOLP contends that the bankruptcy court misinterpreted its plan of reorganization and its disclosure statement, which led the court to erroneously conclude that T-H NOLP did not have a reasonable probability of a successful reorganization within a reasonable period of time. Specifically, T-H NOLP contends that the bankruptcy court erred when it interpreted the plan to provide that FSA would be limited to bidding in the secured amount of its claim, as opposed to the full amount of its claim, when the hotel was sold. Because of that alleged erroneous conclusion, T-H NOLP contends, the bankruptcy court improperly determined that FSA was entitled to relief from the automatic stay to commence foreclosure proceedings against the hotel.
The provisions of 11 U.S.C. Sec. 362(a) provide an automatic stay against foreclosure proceedings when a debtor files a bankruptcy petition. Relief from the stay is warranted under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 362(d)(2) if:
(A) the debtor does not have an equity in such property; and
(B) such property is not necessary to an effective reorganization.
11 U.S.C. Sec. 362(d)(2).
T-H NOLP concedes that it has no equity in the hotel. The only disputed issue is whether the hotel is necessary to an effective reorganization. The term "necessary to an effective reorganization" has been interpreted to mean that the debtor has a reasonable probability of a successful reorganization within a reasonable period of time. United Savings Association of Texas v. Timbers of Inwood Forest Associates, Ltd., 484 U.S. 365, 375, 108 S.Ct. 626, 632, 98 L.Ed.2d 740 (1988).
In its memorandum opinion, the bankruptcy court found that T-H NOLP owed $16,954,983 to FSA, and that the appraised value of the hotel was $12,200,000, leaving FSA with a under-secured nonrecourse deficiency claim for approximately $4,754,983.
T-H NOLP's plan proposed to deal with FSA's claim under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1111(b)(1)(A)(ii), which provides in pertinent part:(A) A claim secured by a lien on property of the estate shall be allowed or disallowed under section 502 of this title the same as if the holder of such claim had recourse against the debtor on account of such claim, whether or not such holder has such recourse, unless-- ... (ii) such holder does not have such recourse and such property is sold under section 363 of this title or is to be sold under the plan.
11 U.S.C. Sec. 1111(b)(1)(A)(i).
Section 1111(b)(1)(A) effectively provides under-secured nonrecourse creditors, such as FSA, an opportunity to elect to have their claims treated as recourse claims if their debtors retain the secured property. In re Tampa Bay Associates, Ltd., 864 F.2d 47, 50 (5th Cir.1989). Under subsection (ii), however, a nonrecourse deficiency claim is not treated as a recourse obligation when there is a sale of the collateral at which a creditor may credit bid up to the full amount of its claim. Id. However, subsection (ii) may only be utilized when a creditor is entitled to credit bid up to the full amount of its claim, not just the amount of its secured claim. Id.; In re National Real Estate Ltd. Partnership II, 104 B.R. 968, 974 (Bankr.E.D.Wis.1989).
FSA's claim against T-H NOLP is a nonrecourse claim; FSA's recourse on its claim is limited solely to the collateral for the debt--the hotel. The bankruptcy court decided that T-H NOLP's plan did not provide for the treatment of FSA's entire debt because it did not address FSA's nonrecourse deficiency claim of $4,754,983; therefore it held that application of subsection (ii) was improper. Accordingly, the bankruptcy court held that the plan was unconfirmable, in that no reasonable prospect for a successful reorganization existed within a reasonable time, and lifted the automatic stay.
We disagree with the bankruptcy court's reading of the plan. Under the plan, T-H NOLP was to retain the hotel for up to two years, during which time it would "actively market the hotel and ... use its best efforts to procure a purchaser ... for the highest possible purchase price," and if it could not do so it would deed the hotel to FSA. If a purchaser was found, the plan provided that FSA would be entitled to "credit bid the full allowed amount of its finally allowed claim." Additionally, T-H NOLP's disclosure statement provided:
[s]ince the Trustee [FSA] is an under-secured, nonrecourse creditor and since the Plan provides for, the abandonment and/or sale of the Trustee's collateral security, with the Trustee being permitted to credit bid its entire nonrecourse claim prior to any sale, the Trustee will not be permitted to make any election under Sec. 1111(b) of the Code.
Disclosure Statement at 13.
Based on the plain language of the plan and the disclosure statement, we hold that the bankruptcy court erred in holding that the plan was unconfirmable because it did not permit FSA to bid the full amount of its claim and consequently did not provide for FSA's nonrecourse deficiency claim. As an additional ground for its ruling, the bankruptcy court held that the plan improperly gerrymandered classes of creditor's claims so as to manipulate the voting process for the purpose of facilitating a cramdown under 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1129 in violation of this court's opinion in In re Greystone III Joint Venture, 995 F.2d 1274 (5th Cir.1991), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 72, 121 L.Ed.2d 37 (1992).
In Greystone, debtor Greystone, whose only asset was an office building, filed for bankruptcy after its creditor, Phoenix Mutual, who had an $8.8 million non-recourse promissory note, posted the property for foreclosure. When Greystone filed for bankruptcy, it owed Phoenix Mutual $9,325,000, its trade creditors $10,000, and the taxing authorities $145,000. The bankruptcy court valued Phoenix Mutual's secured claim at $5,825,000, which was the estimated value of the office building. Phoenix was left with an unsecured deficiency of $3,500,000, which was the difference between what the debtor owed Phoenix and its secured claim. The debtor's proposed plan separately classified the non-recourse unsecured claim of Phoenix and the unsecured claim of the trade creditors. The trade creditors voted to accept the plan, and the bankruptcy court confirmed it, in spite of Phoenix's objections, under the cramdown provision of 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1129.
On appeal, this court held the plan was nonconfirmable because it improperly gerrymandered the similar claims of Phoenix and the trade creditors. In reaching this result, the court announced in no uncertain terms the one commandment regarding creditor claim classification:
thou shalt not classify similar claims differently in order to gerrymander an affirmative vote on a reorganization plan.
995 F.2d at 1279 (emphasis added).
In the present case, T-H NOLP's proposed plan strays from the teachings of the Greystone commandment. The Tollman-Hundley Management Group is an affiliate of the T-H NOLP; and it had a general unsecured claim for approximately $356,000, which was classified separate and apart from other general trade creditors. The bankruptcy court inferred that T-H NOLP segregated the Tollman-Hundley Management group's unsecured claim so that the Tollman-Hundley group would be able to cast a necessary vote to implement cramdown of the plan over Greystone's objections. The bankruptcy court found that T-H NOLP gave no justification for the separate classification of its affiliate's claim, even though it was "substantially similar" to the claims of other general unsecured creditors; therefore it held the plan to be "unfairly discriminatory and inequitable" and "unconfirmable" as presented. While we concur with this finding of the bankruptcy court regarding improper classification, this finding relates to a defect which T-H NOLP could have cured by amendment. However, the bankruptcy court denied the request of T-H NOLP to file an amended plan. Consequently, we remand the issues of confirmability of the plan and relief from the stay to the district court with instructions to remand these issues to the bankruptcy court so that (1) the bankruptcy court can afford T-H NOLP an opportunity to amend the plan so as to eliminate the improper classification and (2) the bankruptcy court can conduct such further hearings as may be necessary to redetermine whether the amended plan shows "a reasonable prospect for a successful reorganization within a reasonable time." See Timbers of Inwood Forest Associates Ltd., supra.
2. Section 552(b)
FSA contends (and the bankruptcy court held) that the post-petition hotel revenues are its cash collateral and it has a right for such revenues to be segregated for its benefit pursuant to the terms of the Collateral Real and Collateral Chattel Mortgage and Collateral Assignment of Leases and Rents and 11 U.S.C. Sec. 552(b).
Section 552(a) provides the general rule that property acquired by the debtor post-bankruptcy is not subject to a lien created by a security agreement before bankruptcy. Section 552(b), however, provides a significant exception:
if the debtor and an entity entered into a security agreement before the commencement of the case and if the security interest created by such security agreement extends to property of the debtor acquired before the commencement of the case and to proceeds, product, offspring, rents, or profits of such property, then such security interest extends to such proceeds, product, offspring, rents, or profits acquired by the estate after the commencement of the case to the extent provided by such security agreement and by applicable nonbankruptcy law, except to any extent that the court, after notice and a hearing and based on the equities of the case, orders otherwise.
11 U.S.C. Sec. 552(b).
A creditor must meet two requirements under Sec. 552(b) for a security agreement to survive post-bankruptcy:
(1) The security agreement must extend to after-acquired property of the designated categories; and
(2) the after-acquired property must fit within the five enumerated categories of Sec. 552(b).
FSA's security agreements satisfy the first requirement. Under the terms of the Collateral Assignment of Leases and Rents, the debtor agreed to:
transfer, pledge, collaterally assign and deliver unto Mortgagee as security for the payment and performance of the Obligations, and grant a security interest in, all of the right, title, and interest of the Mortgagor in and to all of the following:
(a) The Leases;
(b) The Rents;
(c) The Fixtures; and
(d) The Personality.
Agreement at 52.
The document defined Rents as:
[a]ll of the rents, revenues, income, proceeds, profits, security and other types of deposits, and other benefits paid or payable and to become due or payable to Mortgagor by parties to any Leases for using, leasing, licensing, possessing operating from, residing in, selling or otherwise enjoying any portion or portions of the Mortgaged Property, together with all cash and noncash proceeds of any or all thereof.
Agreement at 18.
It defined Leases as follows:
[a]ny and all leases, subleases, licenses, concessions or other agreements written or verbal, now or hereafter in effect, including any FF & E Lease(s), Space Leases (as defined below), Franchise Agreement(s) and license agreement(s) which grant a possessory interest in and to, or the right, license or concession to use, all or any portion of the Mortgaged Property, and all other agreements, such as utility contracts, maintenance agreements, Management Agreement (as defined below) and Service Agreement(s) (as defined below) which in any way relate to the use, occupancy, operation, maintenance, enjoyment, or ownership of all or any portion of such Mortgaged Property, together with any renewal or extension thereof and all leases, subleases, licenses, concessions or other agreements in substitution thereof, together with all cash or noncash proceeds of all or any thereof.
Agreement at 15.
From the above language, it is apparent that FSA's security interest extends to the revenues of the hotel; and, therefore, satisfies the first requirement of Sec. 552(b).
The crux of the dispute between the parties is whether the revenues fall within the classification of "proceeds, products, offspring, rents, or profits" in Sec. 552(b). More specifically, the issue is whether the hotel revenues are "rent."
State law defines "rent" for purposes of Sec. 552(b). See Butner v. United States, 440 U.S. 48, 99 S.Ct. 914, 59 L.Ed.2d 136 (1979). And both parties agree that in the present case Louisiana law controls the issue of whether hotel revenues fit within the classification of rent. Both parties also agree that Pioneer Bank and Trust Co. v. Oeschner, 468 So.2d 1164, 1168 (La.1985), is the dispositive Louisiana case on this issue; however, they interpret it differently.
In Pioneer Bank, Oeschner executed a promissory note and collateral mortgage to Pioneer Bank in connection with his purchase of the Superdome Motor Inn. After Oeschner defaulted on the loan, Pioneer Bank sued him to enforce the collateral mortgage and for a writ of sequestration. Oschner argued that Pioneer Bank did not have a right to sequester the hotel revenues because it had a lien only on the hotel property, not the revenue.
The applicable Louisiana Sequestration statute, La.Code Civ.P. art. 327, provided:
[t]he seizure of the property by the sheriff effects the seizure of the fruits and issues which it produces while under seizure. The sheriff shall collect all rents and revenue produced by property under seizure.
La.Code Civ.P. art. 327.
Therefore, the decisive question was whether the hotel revenues, which Pioneer was attempting to seize, were "rents or revenues" within the meaning of the Louisiana sequestration statute. Pioneer Bank, 468 So.2d at 1168. The Louisiana Supreme Court concluded that the statute allowed Pioneer Bank to have the property seized under a writ of sequestration and to collect the revenues produced by the hotel. In reaching its result, the court reasoned:
the revenues paid into Superdome Motor Inn by its guests are, like rent, paid for the use of the property. In that sense, they, like rent, are produced by the property. Second, the mortgage expressly covers all property, movable and immovable, "used in connection with the operation of the .... property." This combination of facts, i.e., the nature of the revenues and that the mortgage covers all property used in the operation of the property, leads us to conclude that the revenues at issue are "produced by the property."
Pioneer Bank, at 1168 (emphasis added.)
In our view, Pioneer Bank supports our conclusion here that hotel revenues are sufficiently "like rent" under Louisiana law to be included within the term "rents" in Sec. 552(b). Therefore, we hold that FSA is entitled to have the hotel revenues segregated for its benefit.
We have carefully and exhaustively searched the legislative history of Sec. 552(b) for any indication that in using the term "rents" Congress intended to exclude revenues generated by hotels and motels for the use of their lodging rooms by third parties; but we have been unable to locate even a scintilla of such intent. Clearly, in our view, the term "rents" would include revenues generated by apartments, office buildings, shopping centers, and warehouses for the use and occupancy of space within such facilities, and, absent some clear and express indication by the Congress that the word "rents" was not to include revenues from hotels and motels, we see no reason to provide such exclusion by judicial interpretation. To the contrary, given the other broad, generic terms utilized by Congress in Sec. 552(b), we believe a generic interpretation of "rents" as "payments made for the use of property" is most consistent with congressional intent.
T-H NOLP contends that hotel revenues are "accounts receivable" under La.R.S. Sec. 9:3101(1) of the Louisiana Accounts Receivable Act. See e.g., In re Texas Tri-Collar, Inc., 29 B.R. 724 (Bankr.W.D.La.1983). In that statute, "accounts receivable" are defined as follows:
'[a]ccounts receivable' or 'account' means and includes all or any part of any indebtedness owing to the assignor in connection with all or any part of the assignor's business, profession, occupation or undertaking, including but not limited to the sale of goods or the performance of services or the leasing of a movable property subject to the Louisiana Lease of Movables Act. 'Accounts receivable' or 'account' shall not mean or include:
(a) Indebtedness due to or arising out of claims in tort;
(b) Indebtedness evidenced by a promissory note, other than a lease note, or negotiable instrument; or
(c) Indebtedness due to or arising out of the leasing of immovable property.
La.R.S. Sec. 9:3101(1).
According to T-H NOLP, the revenue received by a hotel operator represents the payment by hotel guests on indebtedness owing to the hotel operator in connection with hotel business, not "rent" of the hotel property. T-H NOLP contends that it takes the combined efforts of its numerous skilled and dedicated employees to generate revenues from the hotel, and without the combined efforts of these individuals the "hotel could not generate a dime of revenue." Ultimately, T-H NOLP's premise is that hotel revenues are dependent upon and generated from the service aspect of the hotel, and, as such are in the nature of accounts receivable.
We disagree. First of all, sub-item (c) of the Louisiana statutory definition quoted above expressly eliminates "indebtedness due to or arising out of the leasing of immovable property"; and in our view, revenues received by hotel and motel operators for the use of their rooms fall squarely under this exclusion. Secondly, in our view, the physical condition of the hotel and its location are more essential to the hotel's ability to generate revenue than the services it provides. Take away the land and the bricks and mortar, and there is nothing upon which the collateral services of entertainment, food, recreational activities and laundry and cleaning could exist. The converse is not true, for many chains of motels have been successful in providing "simply a good night's rest at the most economical price." Therefore, we reject the notion that a hotel's revenues are so intertwined and dependent on the hotel's service that one can not conclude the revenues are rent for purposes of Sec. 552(b).
We recognize that several bankruptcy and district court decisions have reached a result contrary to that we reach here. See e.g., In re Punta Gorda Associates, 137 B.R. 535 (Bankr.M.D.Fla.1992); In re GGVXX, Ltd., 130 B.R. 322 (Bankr.D.Colo.1991). However, those decisions involved the interpretation of other states' statutory provisions regarding classification of rent, and thus they are of little significance in the present case, where we are applying Louisiana law. Moreover, we are persuaded by the clear language of the loan documents that the borrower intended and the lender expected that the hotel revenues would stand as security for the loan. The income flow generated by the hotel revenues are an integral part of the value that the lender assigns to the collateralized property. If, as indicated by Pioneer, a lender may reach and control revenues from a hotel for purposes of Louisiana's sequestration remedies, we can see no reason for depriving that same lender of the benefit of his expressly bargained-for-security when the question is application of Sec. 552(b) in bankruptcy. To deprive the lender of what he bargained for at closing, especially when that expectation matches the intent of the borrower, is inequitable and ignores widely accepted lending practices of the business community.
III. CONCLUSION
We reverse the holding of the bankruptcy court that the plan was unconfirmable because it did not permit FSA to credit bid the full amount of its claim. We affirm the holding of the bankruptcy court that T-H NOLP improperly gerrymandered claims in order to cramdown its plan over FSA's objections in violation of this court's holding in Greystone and that the plan was not confirmable as presented. We also hold that the district court erred in reversing the judgment of the bankruptcy court which allowed FSA to segregate the hotel revenues for its benefit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM in part and REVERSE in part, and remand this case to the district court with instructions to remand to the bankruptcy court for further proceedings consistent herewith.
* District Judge of the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.