MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Nov 29 2018, 6:52 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Karen E. Wrenbeck Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Monroe County Public Defender’s Office Attorney General of Indiana Bloomington, Indiana Katherine A. Cornelius Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In the Matter of R.F. (a Child in November 29, 2018 Need of Services) Court of Appeals Case No. 18A-JC-1394 Appeal from the Monroe Circuit Z.F. (Father), Court Appellant-Respondent, The Honorable Stephen R. Galvin, Judge v. Trial Court Cause No. 53C07-1710-JC-822 The Indiana Department of Child Services, Appellee-Petitioner.
Bailey, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JC-1394 | November 29, 2018 Page 1 of 16 Case Summary [1] Following fact-finding and dispositional hearings and orders, Z.F. (“Father”)
appeals1 the trial court’s order adjudicating his child, R.F. (“Child”), to be a
Child in Need of Services (“CHINS”). He raises one issue on appeal: whether
there was sufficient evidence to support the determination that Child is a
CHINS.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [3] Father and Mother are the parents of Child, who was born on April 20, 2016.
From a previous marriage to R.B., Mother also has another child, O.B., born
March 8, 2013. Mother and R.B. had a history of committing domestic
violence in front of O.B. and entered into an Informal Adjustment Agreement
(“IAA”) with the Indiana Department of Child Services (“IDCS”) to address
domestic violence issues in 2013. However, the IAA was ultimately closed
after Mother and R.B. consistently failed to participate in services.
[4] After Child was born, she, Mother, Father, and O.B. began living together. In
January 2017, IDCS received, assessed, and substantiated a report against
Mother and Father for engaging in domestic violence in the presence of Child
1 J.S. (“Mother”) does not participate in this appeal.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JC-1394 | November 29, 2018 Page 2 of 16 and O.B. In March of 2017, Father and Mother entered into an IAA under
which Mother was to receive services and Father was ordered to “immediately
report to the Family Case Manager any attempts by [Mother] to have access to
or communicate with [Father].”2 Ex. 4 at 90. Child resided with Father, and
Father obtained a protective order that forbade Mother to come into contact
with Father. Father obtained sole custody of Child in July 2017.
[5] Despite the protective order, in the summer of 2017, Father allowed Mother to
move back into the home with Father and Child. On October 24, 2017, Mother
and Father again engaged in domestic violence in the presence of Child. On
October 25, 2017, IDCS filed a petition3 alleging Child and O.B. were CHINS.
Specifically, the CHINS petition asserted that Mother and Father engaged in
domestic violence in the presence of Child and O.B.,4 thus placing the children
in danger, and that Father “was observed by DCS to be impaired as he was
irate, violent, and smelled of alcohol[, and h]e made homicidal and suicidal
threats in the presence of [Child].” Verified Petition Alleging Children to be
Children in Need of Services, Cause No. 53C07-1710-JC-822.
2 Thus, Father is incorrect when he asserts that the IAA did not order him “to do anything.” Appellant’s Br. at 15. 3 Neither party to this proceeding provided in the record a copy of the CHINS petition. However, we were able to access that document through the court’s electronic case management system, and we take judicial notice of that document pursuant to Indiana Rule of Evidence 201(a). See, e.g., Horton v. State, 51 N.E.3d 1154, 1161-62 (Ind. 2016). 4 The CHINS petition related to both Child and O.B. However, the CHINS finding as to O.B. is not at issue in this case.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JC-1394 | November 29, 2018 Page 3 of 16 [6] The court conducted a fact-finding hearing on February 7, February 21, and
March 19, 2018, at which IDCS introduced as Exhibit 8 the mental health and
substance use evaluation of Father conducted by Cornerstone in January 2018.
In that evaluation, Father denied ever engaging in domestic violence and said
Mother was the only one who engaged in such violence. Father also stated
“that he has never been violent in his entire life,” and he denied any history of
intending to hurt others. Exhibit 8 at 125-27.
[7] On April 17, 2018, the trial court issued Findings of Fact and Conclusions of
Law which stated in relevant part:
Findings of Fact
***
5. In June, 2016, [Child] was two months old. [Mother] and [Father] engaged in an altercation when [Father] came home intoxicated. [Mother] was holding [Child]. [Father] grabbed [Mother] so violently that her head bumped into [Child]’s. [Mother] almost dropped [Child]. Fortunately, the child was unhurt. [Mother] did not report this incident to law enforcement.
6. In October or November, 2016, [Mother] became upset with [Father]. [Father] had stolen [Mother]’s money to buy drugs. [Father] attacked [Mother]. [Mother] smashed [Father]’s guitar on the concrete.
7. On January 25, 2017, [Mother] threatened [Father] with a knife, punched him, and tried to strangle him. [Father] had a black eye. [O.B.] witnessed this altercation.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JC-1394 | November 29, 2018 Page 4 of 16 8. [Mother] was charged with Domestic Battery in the Presence of a Child less than l6 years old. The case is still pending. [Mother] admits that [O.B.] witnessed an altercation between herself and [Father]. However, she characterizes her actions as self-defense. She admits that there is a history of physical violence between the two. She believes [Father] is an alcoholic.
9. [Father] obtained an Order of Protection against [Mother] on February 14, 2017. The Order prohibits [Mother] from having contact with [Father].
10. On April 26, 2017, [Mother] violated the Protective Order by going to [Father]’s home in an attempt to take [Child]. [Father] called the police. [Mother] was arrested for Invasion of Privacy.
11. As a result of the altercation in the presence of [O.B.], [Mother] and [Father] entered into an Informal Adjustment Agreement with the DCS. The Informal Adjustment was approved by the Court on May 23, 2017.
12. On July l3, 2017, [Father] was granted sole legal and physical custody of [Child]. The Court noted that [Father] was providing [Child] with a safe and stable environment. [Mother]’s inability to control her anger was characterized as “troubling and not conducive to appropriate parenting.”
13. Despite the Protective Order and Custody Order, [Father] allowed [Mother] to return to his home. He allowed her to live in the home off and on prior to October 24, 2017. Predictably, another altercation occurred on October 24, 2017. During the altercation, [Mother] grabbed [Father] by the neck and scratched him. He was bleeding from the elbow when Sheriff’s Deputies arrived. When discussing the incident with DCS caseworker
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JC-1394 | November 29, 2018 Page 5 of 16 Dennis Martin, [Father] began yelling. He threatened suicide. He also threatened a Family Case Manager. [Child] was in the room at the time.
14. [Father] became very aggressive. He was screaming and incoherent. [Father] was detained by the Deputies and taken to Bloomington Hospital. He was admitted on a 72 hour hold for psychiatric evaluation. He was very belligerent to the ambulance staff. He smelled of alcohol.
15. [Mother] denied staying with [Father]. She stated that [Father] was drunk and assaulted her. She stated that [Father] dragged her into the home where [Child] was present. [Child] was hitting [Father] in an attempt to get him to stop. During the altercation, [Mother] inadvertently kicked [Child] in the head. [Mother] had damage to her lip. [O.B.] was in the car when [Father] dragged her into the home. [Mother] stated that [O.B.]’s face was cut when [Father] broke a window in her vehicle. [Mother] had injuries to her arm and face.
16. The investigating officer made no arrests because he could not determine who was at fault. He did note that [O.B.] was visibly distraught and had glass in his hair. Based on his observations, the officer felt the children were in danger because of the actions of the parents.
l7. [Father] suffers from clinical depression. He attempted suicide in May, 2016.
l8. [Father] completed a psychological evaluation in January, 2018, at Centerstone, the local mental health center. He was diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder, Moderate. Intensive outpatient treatment (IOP) and individual therapy were recommended. A psychiatric assessment might be appropriate once he is engaged in individual therapy.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JC-1394 | November 29, 2018 Page 6 of 16 The evaluator noted that he might be a good candidate for the SoberLink program.
21. [Father] recently pled guilty to Operating while Intoxicated, a Level 6 Felony.
22. [Mother] participated in individual therapy in 2017 and 2018. The therapy did not prevent her from engaging in acts of domestic violence in the presence of her children.
Conclusions of Law
1. Mother has engaged in a pattern of domestic violence in the presence of her children. Treatment and intervention by the DCS has not been effective. This pattern includes the following:
i. Although [Father] knew that he and [Mother] had a history of domestic violence in the presence of the children, he allowed [Mother] to move back into his home. Predictably, on October 24, 2017, another incident of domestic violence occurred. During the altercation, [Mother] grabbed [Father] by the neck and scratched him. He was bleeding from the elbow. [Mother] had injuries to her arm and face. [Mother] stated that [Father] dragged her into his home while Child was present. Child was hitting [Father] in an attempt to get him to stop. [O.B.] was covered in glass when the car window was smashed during the altercation. [O.B.] was visibly distraught and had glass in his hair. The officers at
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JC-1394 | November 29, 2018 Page 7 of 16 the scene felt the children were in danger because of the parents’ actions.
3. [Child] is only two years old. When two months old, her mother bumped her head and almost dropped her during an altercation with [Father]. In October, [Child] was hitting [Father] in an attempt to stop the altercation between [Father] and [Mother]. [Mother] accidentally kicked [Child] in the head during the altercation.
4. These children are being raised in an atmosphere where domestic violence is a regular occurrence. It is only a matter of time before they are injured. During the incidents of domestic violence, the parents utterly fail to offer appropriate care and supervision for their children. They are intent on engaging in their fights and are oblivious to the impact on the children. Clearly, the physical and mental condition of the children is seriously impaired or seriously endangered as a result of the refusal and neglect of the parents to supply the children with necessary supervision.
5. [Mother] has engaged in ongoing individual therapy over the past year. This therapy has been wholly unproductive. She continues to engage in acts of domestic violence. She takes no responsibility for her actions. She has signed two Informal Adjustment Agreements with DCS. She failed to comply with the first Informal Adjustment Agreement and failed to benefit from services offered during the second.
6. [Father] and [Mother] have a history of domestic violence in the presence of the children. Despite that history, [Father] allowed [Mother] to return to his home. This precipitated a new incident of domestic violence in the presence of the children.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JC-1394 | November 29, 2018 Page 8 of 16 [Father] cannot be trusted to enforce the terms of the protective order or the custody order. He cannot ensure that the children will not be exposed to more domestic violence between himself and [Mother].
8. In light of the parents’ lengthy histories of domestic violence in front of the children, and their failure to benefit from services offered by DCS, it is unlikely that they will voluntarily participate in services designed to prevent future domestic violence without the coercive intervention of the Court.
9. The Department of Child Services has proven, by a preponderance of the evidence, that [O.B.] and [Child] are Children in Need of Services.
App. at 8-13.
[8] On May 3, 2018, IDCS filed a Pre-Dispositional Report and addendum
recommending services for both parents, including Father’s participation in a
domestic violence prevention program. The trial court conducted a
dispositional hearing on May 14, 2018, at which Father testified that IDCS had
requested that he engage in domestic violence prevention services, but that his
therapist believed he could address domestic violence through individual
therapy alone. Family case manager (“FCM”) Lindsey McDonald testified that
IDCS recommended domestic battery services for both parents, but that IDCS
intended to work with a local domestic violence service provider and Father’s
therapist to “get a therapeutic opinion” regarding which domestic violence
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JC-1394 | November 29, 2018 Page 9 of 16 services were appropriate for Father. FCM McDonald stated that IDCS would
abide by that therapeutic opinion. Id.
[9] On May 14, 2018, the trial court issued a Dispositional and Review Order in
which it found that Child needs “a safe and stable home, free from domestic
violence and neglect,” and ordered Child to remain in placement with the
paternal grandparents pending further proceedings. App. at 14. This appeal
ensued.
Discussion and Decision Standard of Review [10] The juvenile court adjudicated Child to be a CHINS pursuant to Indiana Code
Section 31-34-1-1, which provides:
A child is a child in need of services if before the child becomes eighteen (18) years of age:
(1) the child’s physical or mental condition is seriously impaired or seriously endangered as a result of the inability, refusal, or neglect of the child’s parent, guardian, or custodian to supply the child with necessary food, clothing, shelter, medical care, education, or supervision; and
(2) the child needs care, treatment, or rehabilitation that:
(A) the child is not receiving; and
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JC-1394 | November 29, 2018 Page 10 of 16 (B) is unlikely to be provided or accepted without the coercive intervention of the court.
[11] In reviewing a CHINS determination, we do not reweigh evidence or assess
witness credibility but consider only the evidence in favor of the juvenile court’s
judgment, along with any reasonable inferences arising therefrom. J.M. v. Ind.
Dep’t of Child Serv. (In re N.C.), 72 N.E.3d 519, 523 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017). When
the trial court enters findings of fact and conclusions of law sua sponte, we apply
a two-tiered standard of review to the issues covered by the findings: we
consider, first, whether the evidence supports the findings and, second, whether
the findings support the judgment. Ind. Trial Rule 52(A); In re S.D., 2 N.E.3d
1283, 1287 (Ind. 2014).
[12] However, “we review the remaining issues under the general judgment
standard, under which a judgment will be affirmed if it can be sustained on any
legal theory supported by the evidence.” In re S.D., 2 N.E.3d at 1287.
(quotation marks and citation omitted). Under the general judgment standard
of review, the reviewing court “may look both to other findings and beyond the
findings to the evidence of record to determine if the result is against the facts
and circumstances before the court.” C.B. v. B.W., 985 N.E.2d 340, 344 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. In deference to the trial court’s proximity to the
issues, an appellate court will “disturb the judgment only where there is no
evidence supporting the findings or the findings fail to support the judgment.”
In re Guardianship of B.H., 770 N.E.2d 283, 287-288 (Ind. 2002) (quotations and
citations omitted).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JC-1394 | November 29, 2018 Page 11 of 16 Sufficiency of Evidence that Child is a CHINS [13] A CHINS adjudication under Indiana Code Section 31-34-1-1 requires three
basic elements: “that the parent’s actions or inactions have seriously
endangered the child, that the child’s needs are unmet, and (perhaps most
critically) that those needs are unlikely to be met without State coercion.” In re
S.D., 2 N.E.3d at 1287. That final element “guards against unwarranted State
interference in family life, reserving that intrusion for families where parents
lack the ability to provide for their children, not merely where they encounter
difficulty in meeting a child’s needs.” Id. (quotation marks and citation
omitted).
[14] Courts should consider the family’s condition not only at the time the CHINS
case was filed, but also when the case is heard at the fact-finding hearing. Gr.J.
v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Serv. (In re D.J.), 68 N.E.3d 574, 580 (Ind. 2017); see also,
E.B. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Serv. (In re Des.B.), 2 N.E.3d 828, 836 (Ind. Ct. App.
2014) (quotation marks and citation omitted) (“A CHINS adjudication may not
be based solely on conditions that no longer exist, but the court should consider
the family’s situation at the time the case is heard by the court.”). IDCS has the
burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the child is a
CHINS. See, e.g., J.J. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Serv. (In re K.S.), 78 N.E.3d 740, 744
(Ind. Ct. App. 2017). IDCS may not simply rely upon allegations; rather, it
must gather the facts and the evidence to support its CHINS petition. D.B. v.
Ind. Dep’t of Child Serv. (In re D.B.), 43 N.E.3d 599, 606 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JC-1394 | November 29, 2018 Page 12 of 16 [15] Here, the trial court based its CHINS determination on the parents’ repeated
episodes of domestic violence in the presence of Child.5 And there was
abundant evidence in the record that Father’s and Mother’s violent fights in the
presence of Child endangered her both physically and emotionally. When
Child was only two months old, Father grabbed Mother so hard that her head
struck Child and she almost dropped Child. And right before the CHINS
petition was filed, the parents’ violent fighting caused Mother to accidentally
kick Child and Child to hit Father in an attempt to make him stop fighting.
Moreover, there was evidence that neither Father nor Mother had any
compunction about physically assaulting each other in the presence of Child’s
half-sibling, O.B. O.B. witnessed repeated instances of domestic violence,
causing him to be afraid. In the most recent instance, a car window was
shattered due to the parents’ physical altercation, and it caused glass to fall
down onto O.B. while he was sitting in the car. All of that evidence supports
the trial court’s findings that Father and Mother engaged in repeated instances
of domestic violence in the presence of Child and her half-sibling and, in doing
so, seriously endangered Child.6
5 Although the CHINS petition referenced Father’s alcohol use and mental health in addition to the domestic violence, the trial court only based its CHINS decision on the domestic violence in the presence of Child. App. at 12-13, Conclusions 4-8. Therefore, we do not address issues of substance use or mental health. 6 Furthermore, we note that the “CHINS statute does not require the juvenile court and the DCS to wait until a child is physically or emotionally harmed to intervene.” M.W.B. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Serv. (In re K.B.), 24 N.E.3d 997, 1003-04 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015). Rather, IDCS must only show that the parents’ actions seriously endanger the child. I.C. § 31-34-1-1.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JC-1394 | November 29, 2018 Page 13 of 16 [16] And those findings support the trial court’s conclusion that “[d]uring the
incidents of domestic violence, the parents utterly fail to offer appropriate care
and supervision of their children.” App. at 12. Instead, the parents’ repeated
acts of violence against each other put the children’s physical and emotional
safety at great risk. The findings also support the trial court’s conclusion that
the domestic violence in the presence of the children was unlikely to end
without the coercive intervention of the court. Father knew that he and Mother
had a history of committing violence against each other in the presence of
Child, yet he allowed Mother to return to his home even when a protective
order was in place, leading to more violence in Child’s presence. The trial court
did not err in concluding that “[Father] cannot be trusted to enforce the terms of
the protective order or the custody order[,]” nor can he “ensure that the
children will not be exposed to more domestic violence between himself and
[Mother].” Id. at 13.
[17] Father contends that IDCS failed to establish that the condition of domestic
violence had not been remedied at the time of the fact-finding hearing. We
disagree. Even “a single incident of domestic violence in a child’s presence
may support a CHINS finding, and it need not necessarily be repetitive.” M.P.
v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Serv. (Matter of D.P.), 72 N.E.3d 976, 984 (Ind. Ct. App.
2017). But here there was evidence of a pattern of domestic violence in the
presence of Child and her half-sibling. Such a pattern may support a CHINS
finding, even if there have been no further reports of domestic violence at the
time of the fact-finding hearing. M.W.B. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Serv. (In re K.B.),
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JC-1394 | November 29, 2018 Page 14 of 16 24 N.E.3d 997, 1003-04 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (noting that, although there were
no further reported cases of violence when the trial court issued its CHINS
finding, that “by no means proves that … the domestic violence problems had
been solved”). Here, while Father does have a protective order in place, the
evidence established that he has shown a willingness in the past to ignore the
requirements of such an order and to ignore the Informal Adjustment
requirement that he immediately inform IDCS if Mother attempted to contact
him. Father has also exhibited an unwillingness to take responsibility for his
part in the domestic violence, insisting at the Cornerstone evaluation that he
had “never been violent in his entire life.” Ex. 8 at 125. Further, at the time of
the fact-finding hearing, Father had not yet attended domestic violence
prevention services. Thus, it is reasonable to infer that the fact that no further
domestic violence had taken place in front of the children at the time of the
CHINS hearing was only due to the fact that the children had been removed
from Mother’s and Father’s care.
Conclusion [18] The evidence supported the finding that Child was a CHINS. Specifically, the
evidence of the parents’ pattern of engaging in domestic violence in the
presence of Child (and her half-sibling), leading to physical and/or emotional
injury to Child, and Father’s unwillingness to enforce a protective order against
Mother, supported the conclusions that Father’s actions endangered Child and
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JC-1394 | November 29, 2018 Page 15 of 16 that her need for supervision and care were not being met and were unlikely to
be met in the future without the coercive intervention of the court.
[19] Affirmed.
Mathias, J., and Bradford, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JC-1394 | November 29, 2018 Page 16 of 16