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MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-08-00453-CV
IN THE MATTER OF J.A.P.
From the 386th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas Trial Court No. 2008-JUV-01211 Honorable Laura L. Parker, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Marialyn Barnard, Justice
Sitting: Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice Marialyn Barnard, Justice
Delivered and Filed: March 18, 2009
AFFIRMED
In this appeal, J.A.P. challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress asserting
that no probable cause supported his arrest for disorderly conduct. We affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
BACKGROUND
Officer Marcos Serda received a complaint from the president of a homeowner’s association
about middle school students remaining in the street and creating a traffic hazard by not allowing
vehicles to pass. Officer Serda testified that it is a violation of the law to walk on the street when
a sidewalk is present. In response to the complaint, Officer Serda personally observed a group of
students standing in the middle of the street, and “as a vehicle attempted to pass them or honk their 04-08-00453-CV
horns, or something like this, they [the students] would say something to them.” At that time,
Officer Serda was in a marked vehicle approximately half a block away.
Just after school dismissed one afternoon, Officer Serda approached the area in an unmarked
truck. Because the windows were darkly tinted, no one could see inside the vehicle. Officer Serda
once again observed the students blocking the street. Because the students refused to move from the
street, Officer Serda observed another vehicle go around the students by driving on a grassy
easement. Officer Serda drove up to the students in the street. J.A.P. and another male student
turned around. Officer Serda observed J.A.P. mouth, “What the f—?” Officer Serda partially rolled
his window down, and heard J.A.P. again say, “What the f—? What the f—?” Officer Serda was
ten feet from J.A.P., and he described J.A.P. as being aggressive, defensive, and making gestures.
Officer Serda demonstrated for the trial court the gestures J.A.P. was making. Officer Serda called
for backup because he knew he would not be able to control all of the students in the group. Eight
of the female students in the group told J.A.P., “Hey, hey, behave.” Numerous other cars were
parked along the street where parents were waiting for their children. Officer Serda observed several
of the people waiting for the children become frustrated at the language being used.
When Officer Serda exited his truck, J.A.P. saw his uniform for the first time and said, “Oh,
what the f— dawg?” The backup officers arrived almost immediately, and another officer arrested
J.A.P. while Officer Serda tried to control the other male student. Officer Serda testified that he had
to control the other student who “was getting more belligerent with me at the time. I had to control
him. I had him against the fence.” While Officer Serda was attempting to control the other male
student, J.A.P. “was, again, being more aggressive and getting closer to [him].”
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In denying the motion to suppress, the trial court found J.A.P. was in the street in violation
of the law. The trial court also found that Officer Serda had probable cause to arrest J.A.P. for
disorderly conduct. In a search conducted incident to the arrest, Officer Serda discovered J.A.P. was
in possession of marijuana. After the trial court denied his motion to suppress, J.A.P. pled true to
engaging in delinquent conduct by committing the offense of possession of marijuana.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
In reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we apply a mixed standard of
review, deferring to the trial court’s findings of historical facts but determining de novo whether
those facts support the trial court’s conclusion under the correct law as applied to the facts. See In
re R.J.H., 79 S.W.3d 1, 6-7 (Tex. 2002); In re E.P., 257 S.W.3d 523, 526 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2008, no pet.); State v. Rivenburgh, 933 S.W.2d 698, 700 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, no pet.).
The trial court is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their
testimony. Rivenburgh, 933 S.W.2d at 700.
DISCUSSION
A police officer may arrest a juvenile offender without a warrant for any offense committed
in his presence or within his view. TEX . FAM . CODE ANN . 52.01(a)(2),(3)(A) (Vernon 2008); TEX .
CODE CRIM . PROC. ANN . art. 14.01(b) (Vernon 2005); In re E.P., 257 S.W.3d at 526; Rivenburgh,
933 S.W.2d at 701. “In order to justify a warrantless arrest, the officer need not determine whether
an offense has in fact been committed, but rather the State need only prove that probable cause
existed.” Rivenburgh, 933 S.W.2d at 701. Probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances
within the officer’s knowledge and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information are sufficient
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to warrant a prudent man to believe that the arrested person has committed or was committing an
offense. In re E.P., 257 S.W.3d at 526-27; Rivenburgh, 933 S.W.2d at 701.
A person commits the offense of disorderly conduct if he intentionally or knowingly uses
abusive, indecent, profane, or vulgar language in a public place, and the language by its very
utterance tends to incite an immediate breach of the peace. TEX . PEN . CODE ANN . § 42.01(a)(1)
(Vernon Supp. 2008). In order to constitute an offense, the words must amount to “fighting words.”
Ross v. State, 802 S.W.2d 308, 314-15 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1990, no pet.); see also Rivenburgh,
933 S.W.2d at 701. Fighting words are those words which by their very utterance inflict injury or
tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace. Ross, 802 S.W.2d at 315. Fighting words include
profane, obscene, and threatening words. Id. “Language which is merely harsh and insulting does
not generally rise to the level of ‘fighting words;’ derisive or annoying words only rise to such level
when they plainly tend to excite the addressee to a breach of the peace.” Rivenburgh, 933 S.W.2d
at 701. The test is what men of common intelligence would understand would be words likely to
cause an average addressee to fight. Ross, 802 S.W.2d at 315.
Whether particular words constitute fighting words is a question of fact. Coggin v. State, 123
S.W.3d 82, 90 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, pet. ref’d); Rivenburgh, 933 S.W.2d at 701. “This
‘require[s] careful consideration of the actual circumstances surrounding the expression, asking
whether the expression is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to
incite or produce such action.’” Coggin, 123 S.W.3d at 90 (quoting Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397,
409 (1989)).
J.A.P.’s sole complaint is that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress because
the evidence failed to establish that his speech “by its very utterance tend[ed] to incite an immediate
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breach of the peace.” Therefore, J.A.P. asserts that Officer Serda did not have probable cause to
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i i i i i i
MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-08-00453-CV
IN THE MATTER OF J.A.P.
From the 386th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas Trial Court No. 2008-JUV-01211 Honorable Laura L. Parker, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Marialyn Barnard, Justice
Sitting: Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice Marialyn Barnard, Justice
Delivered and Filed: March 18, 2009
AFFIRMED
In this appeal, J.A.P. challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress asserting
that no probable cause supported his arrest for disorderly conduct. We affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
BACKGROUND
Officer Marcos Serda received a complaint from the president of a homeowner’s association
about middle school students remaining in the street and creating a traffic hazard by not allowing
vehicles to pass. Officer Serda testified that it is a violation of the law to walk on the street when
a sidewalk is present. In response to the complaint, Officer Serda personally observed a group of
students standing in the middle of the street, and “as a vehicle attempted to pass them or honk their 04-08-00453-CV
horns, or something like this, they [the students] would say something to them.” At that time,
Officer Serda was in a marked vehicle approximately half a block away.
Just after school dismissed one afternoon, Officer Serda approached the area in an unmarked
truck. Because the windows were darkly tinted, no one could see inside the vehicle. Officer Serda
once again observed the students blocking the street. Because the students refused to move from the
street, Officer Serda observed another vehicle go around the students by driving on a grassy
easement. Officer Serda drove up to the students in the street. J.A.P. and another male student
turned around. Officer Serda observed J.A.P. mouth, “What the f—?” Officer Serda partially rolled
his window down, and heard J.A.P. again say, “What the f—? What the f—?” Officer Serda was
ten feet from J.A.P., and he described J.A.P. as being aggressive, defensive, and making gestures.
Officer Serda demonstrated for the trial court the gestures J.A.P. was making. Officer Serda called
for backup because he knew he would not be able to control all of the students in the group. Eight
of the female students in the group told J.A.P., “Hey, hey, behave.” Numerous other cars were
parked along the street where parents were waiting for their children. Officer Serda observed several
of the people waiting for the children become frustrated at the language being used.
When Officer Serda exited his truck, J.A.P. saw his uniform for the first time and said, “Oh,
what the f— dawg?” The backup officers arrived almost immediately, and another officer arrested
J.A.P. while Officer Serda tried to control the other male student. Officer Serda testified that he had
to control the other student who “was getting more belligerent with me at the time. I had to control
him. I had him against the fence.” While Officer Serda was attempting to control the other male
student, J.A.P. “was, again, being more aggressive and getting closer to [him].”
-2- 04-08-00453-CV
In denying the motion to suppress, the trial court found J.A.P. was in the street in violation
of the law. The trial court also found that Officer Serda had probable cause to arrest J.A.P. for
disorderly conduct. In a search conducted incident to the arrest, Officer Serda discovered J.A.P. was
in possession of marijuana. After the trial court denied his motion to suppress, J.A.P. pled true to
engaging in delinquent conduct by committing the offense of possession of marijuana.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
In reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we apply a mixed standard of
review, deferring to the trial court’s findings of historical facts but determining de novo whether
those facts support the trial court’s conclusion under the correct law as applied to the facts. See In
re R.J.H., 79 S.W.3d 1, 6-7 (Tex. 2002); In re E.P., 257 S.W.3d 523, 526 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2008, no pet.); State v. Rivenburgh, 933 S.W.2d 698, 700 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, no pet.).
The trial court is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their
testimony. Rivenburgh, 933 S.W.2d at 700.
DISCUSSION
A police officer may arrest a juvenile offender without a warrant for any offense committed
in his presence or within his view. TEX . FAM . CODE ANN . 52.01(a)(2),(3)(A) (Vernon 2008); TEX .
CODE CRIM . PROC. ANN . art. 14.01(b) (Vernon 2005); In re E.P., 257 S.W.3d at 526; Rivenburgh,
933 S.W.2d at 701. “In order to justify a warrantless arrest, the officer need not determine whether
an offense has in fact been committed, but rather the State need only prove that probable cause
existed.” Rivenburgh, 933 S.W.2d at 701. Probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances
within the officer’s knowledge and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information are sufficient
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to warrant a prudent man to believe that the arrested person has committed or was committing an
offense. In re E.P., 257 S.W.3d at 526-27; Rivenburgh, 933 S.W.2d at 701.
A person commits the offense of disorderly conduct if he intentionally or knowingly uses
abusive, indecent, profane, or vulgar language in a public place, and the language by its very
utterance tends to incite an immediate breach of the peace. TEX . PEN . CODE ANN . § 42.01(a)(1)
(Vernon Supp. 2008). In order to constitute an offense, the words must amount to “fighting words.”
Ross v. State, 802 S.W.2d 308, 314-15 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1990, no pet.); see also Rivenburgh,
933 S.W.2d at 701. Fighting words are those words which by their very utterance inflict injury or
tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace. Ross, 802 S.W.2d at 315. Fighting words include
profane, obscene, and threatening words. Id. “Language which is merely harsh and insulting does
not generally rise to the level of ‘fighting words;’ derisive or annoying words only rise to such level
when they plainly tend to excite the addressee to a breach of the peace.” Rivenburgh, 933 S.W.2d
at 701. The test is what men of common intelligence would understand would be words likely to
cause an average addressee to fight. Ross, 802 S.W.2d at 315.
Whether particular words constitute fighting words is a question of fact. Coggin v. State, 123
S.W.3d 82, 90 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, pet. ref’d); Rivenburgh, 933 S.W.2d at 701. “This
‘require[s] careful consideration of the actual circumstances surrounding the expression, asking
whether the expression is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to
incite or produce such action.’” Coggin, 123 S.W.3d at 90 (quoting Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397,
409 (1989)).
J.A.P.’s sole complaint is that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress because
the evidence failed to establish that his speech “by its very utterance tend[ed] to incite an immediate
-4- 04-08-00453-CV
breach of the peace.” Therefore, J.A.P. asserts that Officer Serda did not have probable cause to
believe that J.A.P. committed the offense of disorderly conduct.
J.A.P. relies on a federal district court decision asserting that speech directed at police
officers is treated “somewhat differently” because police officers “are held to an even higher
standard than the average citizen when evaluating speech to determine if it includes ‘fighting words;’
that is, they are required to endure a greater amount of verbal criticism.” U.S. v. Hazlewood, No.
SA-06-CR-160-XR, 2007 WL 1888883, at *8 (W.D. Tex. June 20, 2007), aff’d on other grounds,
526 S.W.3d 862 (5th Cir. 2008). Even if we were to follow this heightened federal standard, it
would not apply in the instant case. J.A.P.’s speech was not directed at Officer Serda as a police
officer. Instead, his speech was directed at an unknown driver of a vehicle that J.A.P. and his group
were preventing from driving down the street by blocking the driver’s path.
The trial court found that Officer Serda had probable cause to believe that J.A.P.’s words
were “fighting words” tending to incite an immediate breach of the peace. Unlike Jimmerson v.
State, 561 S.W.2d 5, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978), another case relied upon by J.A.P., the record
contained the actual profane language used by J.A.P., and profanity has provided a basis for finding
probable cause that a disorderly conduct offense has been committed. See Collins v. State, Nos. 04-
00-00586-CR & 04-00-00587-CR, 2001 WL 1131413 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Sept. 26, 2001, no
pet.) (not designated for publication). J.A.P.’s language even caused the female students present in
the group to caution him to behave. Because the record can reasonably be viewed as supporting the
trial court’s conclusion when viewed in the light most favorable to that conclusion, the trial court
did not err in finding that a prudent man would believe that J.A.P. had committed the offense of
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disorderly conduct.1 See Ste-Marie v. State, 32 S.W.3d 446, 449 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2000, no pet.) (holding officer could reasonably believe appellant engaged in disorderly conduct by
asking a ten-year-old girl “Hey, b–ch, what are you looking at?” while driving by the girl’s home);
Ross, 802 S.W.2d at 315 (holding words and phrases such as “mother f----r, a–hole, and f–k you”
to be words men of common intelligence would understand to be words likely to cause the average
addressee to fight).
CONCLUSION
The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
Marialyn Barnard, Justice
1 … W e further note that in reviewing a trial court’s decision on a motion to suppress, we are permitted to consider alternative theories of law applicable to the case that support the trial court’s decision, and we must affirm the trial court’s decision if it is correct on any theory of law that finds support in the record. State v. Mercado, 972 S.W .2d 75, 77 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Romero v. State, 800 S.W .2d 539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). “This principle holds true even when the trial judge gives the wrong reason for his decision.” Romero, 800 S.W .2d at 543. Accordingly, even if the trial court erred in finding that Officer Serda had probable cause to arrest J.A.P. for disorderly conduct, we would affirm the trial court’s denial of the motion to suppress on the basis that Officer Serda had probable cause to arrest J.A.P. for the offense of obstructing the street. See T EX . P EN . C O D E A N N . § 42.03(a) (Vernon 2003).
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