IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 13-1497 Filed June 10, 2015
IN THE MATTER OF E.L., Alleged to be Seriously Mentally Impaired
E.L., Respondent-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Mary E. Chiccelly
(involuntary commitment) and Sean M. McPartland (writ of habeas corpus),
Judges.
A respondent challenges his involuntary commitment under Iowa Code
chapter 229 (2013). AFFIRMED.
Kelly D. Steele, Cedar Rapids, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Gretchen Witte Kraemer, Assistant
Attorney General, Jerry Vander Sanden, County Attorney, and Matt Kishinami,
Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Tabor and Mullins, JJ. 2
TABOR, J.
E.L. contends the district court wrongly determined he was seriously
mentally impaired and required involuntary hospitalization. Specifically, he
argues the State did not present evidence of recent overt acts sufficient to show
he posed a danger to himself or others as required by Iowa Code section
229.1(17) (2013). Because we find substantial evidence in the record to support
the finding E.L. was assaultive and threatening before his involuntary
commitment, we affirm.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
E.L. arrived in Iowa in the spring of 2013, according to the staff at the
Abbe Center Transitional Living Program in Cedar Rapids. Area shelters
referred E.L. to the Abbe Center due to his disruptive behavior and delusions.
The Abbe Center set him up with an apartment. But the apartment manager
complained to Abbe Center staff that E.L. was screaming, swearing, and
threatening others in the parking lot. Witnesses also saw E.L. throwing items off
a second floor deck because he believed they were “possessed.”
On August 15, 2013, Abbe Center staff members sought to have E.L.
involuntarily committed because they believed he was a danger to himself and
others. Staff member Carmen Johnson filed an affidavit in support of the
application for an order of involuntary hospitalization. The affidavit said E.L. had
become “increasingly psychotic” over the previous two weeks. E.L.’s behavior
included “yelling vulgarities at the staff,” “grabbing himself (sexually) in public
while screaming about rapists,” and “screaming racial slurs, threats, etc.” to staff, 3
neighbors, and strangers. Neighbors expressed their fear of E.L. Police were
called to avoid escalation.
Psychiatrist Jeffrey Wilharm admitted E.L. into St. Luke’s Hospital on
August 16, 2013. Dr. Wilharm noted E.L. engaged in assaultive and threatening
behavior on the day before the hospitalization. On August 21, 2013, the
hospitalization referee found E.L. needed to be involuntarily committed because
he was “assaultive & threating.” E.L. appealed that ruling and filed a writ of
habeas corpus. The district court held a hearing on September 9, 2013.
At the hearing, Dr. Wilharm testified he had seen E.L. previously in May
2013. E.L. had a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Dr. Wilharm testified E.L. “can get
disoriented, and at times can get very suspicious and formulate thoughts and
patterns of behavior that aren’t based on reality.” The psychiatrist further testified
E.L. could “get paranoid at times” and when he acted on his paranoia it led to his
“hospitalization situations.”
Dr. Gregory Keller also testified at the hearing. Dr. Keller took over E.L.’s
care on August 23, 2013, at the Clarinda Mental Health Facility. In a report
admitted as an exhibit at the hearing, Dr. Keller stated E.L. had been treated in
the past for schizo-affective disorder, bipolar type and paranoid schizophrenia.
Dr. Keller also concluded E.L. was likely to injure himself or others. The report
included the question “What overt acts have led you to conclude [E.L.] is likely to
physically injure himself or others?” Dr. Keller responded, “If he were to go
untreated . . . his thinking, mood and behaviors would rapidly decompensate,
leading to events similar to those that brought him to the hospital, which included 4
episodes of yelling at this apartment complex and at local businesses disturbing
many people that were around him.”
E.L. also took the stand, testifying he did not injure anyone and did not
pose a danger to himself.
On September 10, 2013, the district court affirmed the finding of the
hospitalization referee. The court held: “E.L.’s threatening and assaultive
behavior presents a danger to people around him.” The court also denied E.L.’s
petition for writ of habeas corpus.
E.L. filed another petition for writ of habeas corpus, which was denied at a
hearing on December 16, 2013, when the parties agreed he was receiving
outpatient therapy and not confined for the purposes of Iowa Code section
229.37.1 E.L. now appeals his involuntary hospitalization, claiming the record did
not support the conclusion that he was a danger to himself or others.
II. Standard of Review
“We review challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence in involuntary
commitment proceedings for errors at law.” In re B.B., 826 N.W.2d 425, 428
(Iowa 2013). The State must prove the allegations in an involuntary commitment
proceeding by clear and convincing evidence. Id. Clear and convincing
evidence means “there must be no serious or substantial doubt about the
correctness of a particular conclusion drawn from the evidence.” Id. (quoting In
re J.P., 574 N.W.2d 340, 342 (Iowa 1998)). This clear-and-convincing evidence
standard is less onerous that proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 342.
1 On September 3, 2014, the Iowa Supreme Court ordered the appeals combined. E.L. does not raise an issue concerning the writ of habeas corpus in this appeal. 5
III. Mootness
The State argues this appeal is moot and attempts to distinguish B.B., 826
N.W.2d at 431. In that case, our supreme court held, because of the stigma
associated with serious mental impairment, involuntary commitment cases are
not moot even if the person has been released from the commitment. Id. at 430–
31. But B.B. left open the possibility that “a series of recent, successive
involuntary commitments that were either not appealed or upheld on appeal
might effectively remove any stigma resulting from a later involuntary
commitment proceeding.” Id. at 432.
E.L. was discharged from treatment and his commitment was dismissed
on December 3, 2014. The State argues because E.L. was dismissed from his
current commitment and had “several prior recent hospitalizations,” this appeal
should be considered moot.
The record before us does not show E.L. had a succession of prior
involuntary commitments which were not appealed or were upheld on appeal.
The record refers to two hospitalizations earlier in 2013, but gives no context to
those hospitalizations. Accordingly, we cannot find this case stands as an
exception to B.B. See id. As a result, we turn to the merits.
IV. Serious Mental Impairment
For purposes of involuntary hospitalization, a person is seriously mentally
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 13-1497 Filed June 10, 2015
IN THE MATTER OF E.L., Alleged to be Seriously Mentally Impaired
E.L., Respondent-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Mary E. Chiccelly
(involuntary commitment) and Sean M. McPartland (writ of habeas corpus),
Judges.
A respondent challenges his involuntary commitment under Iowa Code
chapter 229 (2013). AFFIRMED.
Kelly D. Steele, Cedar Rapids, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Gretchen Witte Kraemer, Assistant
Attorney General, Jerry Vander Sanden, County Attorney, and Matt Kishinami,
Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Tabor and Mullins, JJ. 2
TABOR, J.
E.L. contends the district court wrongly determined he was seriously
mentally impaired and required involuntary hospitalization. Specifically, he
argues the State did not present evidence of recent overt acts sufficient to show
he posed a danger to himself or others as required by Iowa Code section
229.1(17) (2013). Because we find substantial evidence in the record to support
the finding E.L. was assaultive and threatening before his involuntary
commitment, we affirm.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
E.L. arrived in Iowa in the spring of 2013, according to the staff at the
Abbe Center Transitional Living Program in Cedar Rapids. Area shelters
referred E.L. to the Abbe Center due to his disruptive behavior and delusions.
The Abbe Center set him up with an apartment. But the apartment manager
complained to Abbe Center staff that E.L. was screaming, swearing, and
threatening others in the parking lot. Witnesses also saw E.L. throwing items off
a second floor deck because he believed they were “possessed.”
On August 15, 2013, Abbe Center staff members sought to have E.L.
involuntarily committed because they believed he was a danger to himself and
others. Staff member Carmen Johnson filed an affidavit in support of the
application for an order of involuntary hospitalization. The affidavit said E.L. had
become “increasingly psychotic” over the previous two weeks. E.L.’s behavior
included “yelling vulgarities at the staff,” “grabbing himself (sexually) in public
while screaming about rapists,” and “screaming racial slurs, threats, etc.” to staff, 3
neighbors, and strangers. Neighbors expressed their fear of E.L. Police were
called to avoid escalation.
Psychiatrist Jeffrey Wilharm admitted E.L. into St. Luke’s Hospital on
August 16, 2013. Dr. Wilharm noted E.L. engaged in assaultive and threatening
behavior on the day before the hospitalization. On August 21, 2013, the
hospitalization referee found E.L. needed to be involuntarily committed because
he was “assaultive & threating.” E.L. appealed that ruling and filed a writ of
habeas corpus. The district court held a hearing on September 9, 2013.
At the hearing, Dr. Wilharm testified he had seen E.L. previously in May
2013. E.L. had a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Dr. Wilharm testified E.L. “can get
disoriented, and at times can get very suspicious and formulate thoughts and
patterns of behavior that aren’t based on reality.” The psychiatrist further testified
E.L. could “get paranoid at times” and when he acted on his paranoia it led to his
“hospitalization situations.”
Dr. Gregory Keller also testified at the hearing. Dr. Keller took over E.L.’s
care on August 23, 2013, at the Clarinda Mental Health Facility. In a report
admitted as an exhibit at the hearing, Dr. Keller stated E.L. had been treated in
the past for schizo-affective disorder, bipolar type and paranoid schizophrenia.
Dr. Keller also concluded E.L. was likely to injure himself or others. The report
included the question “What overt acts have led you to conclude [E.L.] is likely to
physically injure himself or others?” Dr. Keller responded, “If he were to go
untreated . . . his thinking, mood and behaviors would rapidly decompensate,
leading to events similar to those that brought him to the hospital, which included 4
episodes of yelling at this apartment complex and at local businesses disturbing
many people that were around him.”
E.L. also took the stand, testifying he did not injure anyone and did not
pose a danger to himself.
On September 10, 2013, the district court affirmed the finding of the
hospitalization referee. The court held: “E.L.’s threatening and assaultive
behavior presents a danger to people around him.” The court also denied E.L.’s
petition for writ of habeas corpus.
E.L. filed another petition for writ of habeas corpus, which was denied at a
hearing on December 16, 2013, when the parties agreed he was receiving
outpatient therapy and not confined for the purposes of Iowa Code section
229.37.1 E.L. now appeals his involuntary hospitalization, claiming the record did
not support the conclusion that he was a danger to himself or others.
II. Standard of Review
“We review challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence in involuntary
commitment proceedings for errors at law.” In re B.B., 826 N.W.2d 425, 428
(Iowa 2013). The State must prove the allegations in an involuntary commitment
proceeding by clear and convincing evidence. Id. Clear and convincing
evidence means “there must be no serious or substantial doubt about the
correctness of a particular conclusion drawn from the evidence.” Id. (quoting In
re J.P., 574 N.W.2d 340, 342 (Iowa 1998)). This clear-and-convincing evidence
standard is less onerous that proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 342.
1 On September 3, 2014, the Iowa Supreme Court ordered the appeals combined. E.L. does not raise an issue concerning the writ of habeas corpus in this appeal. 5
III. Mootness
The State argues this appeal is moot and attempts to distinguish B.B., 826
N.W.2d at 431. In that case, our supreme court held, because of the stigma
associated with serious mental impairment, involuntary commitment cases are
not moot even if the person has been released from the commitment. Id. at 430–
31. But B.B. left open the possibility that “a series of recent, successive
involuntary commitments that were either not appealed or upheld on appeal
might effectively remove any stigma resulting from a later involuntary
commitment proceeding.” Id. at 432.
E.L. was discharged from treatment and his commitment was dismissed
on December 3, 2014. The State argues because E.L. was dismissed from his
current commitment and had “several prior recent hospitalizations,” this appeal
should be considered moot.
The record before us does not show E.L. had a succession of prior
involuntary commitments which were not appealed or were upheld on appeal.
The record refers to two hospitalizations earlier in 2013, but gives no context to
those hospitalizations. Accordingly, we cannot find this case stands as an
exception to B.B. See id. As a result, we turn to the merits.
IV. Serious Mental Impairment
For purposes of involuntary hospitalization, a person is seriously mentally
impaired if he suffers from mental illness,
[A]nd because of that illness lacks sufficient judgment to make responsible decisions with respect to the person’s hospitalization or treatment, and who because of that illness meets any of the following criteria: 6
a. Is likely to physically injure the person’s self or others if allowed to remain at liberty without treatment. b. Is likely to inflict serious emotional injury on members of the person’s family or others who lack reasonable opportunity to avoid contact with the person with mental illness if the person with mental illness is allowed to remain at liberty without treatment. c. Is unable to satisfy the person’s needs for nourishment, clothing, essential medical care, or shelter so that it is likely that the person will suffer physical injury, physical debilitation, or death.
Iowa Code § 229.1(17).
Under this statute the State must prove three elements: (1) the person has
a mental illness and because of that illness, (2) the person lacks sufficient
judgment to make responsible decisions with respect to his hospitalization or
treatment, and (3) is likely to inflict physical injury on the person’s self or others
or is unable to satisfy the person’s physical needs. See J.P., 574 N.W.2d at 343.
E.L. does not dispute he was diagnosed with a mental illness or that
because of the illness he lacked the judgment to make responsible decisions
about his hospitalization and treatment. Instead, he claims there is insufficient
evidence in the record to support a finding he was likely to physically injure
himself or others. He asserts the State did not establish he caused physical
injuries or made threats of a physical nature. He contends references during the
hearing to him “yelling” and “disturbing” people were not sufficient “overt acts” to
undergird the “endangerment” element. According to E.L., “there is no reference
to any threats or acts involving likely physical injury to any person.”
In interpreting section 229.1(17), the term “likely” means “probable or
reasonably to be expected.” In re Oseing, 296 N.W.2d 797, 801 (Iowa 1980).
The statutory provision “requires a predictive judgment, based on prior 7
manifestations but nevertheless ultimately grounded on future rather than past
danger.” Id. The danger a person poses to himself or others must be evidenced
by a “recent overt act, attempt or threat.” See J.P., 574 N.W.2d at 344 (citing In
re Mohr, 383 N.W.2d 539, 542 (Iowa 1986)). Behavior that is socially
unacceptable, standing alone, does not satisfy the overt act requirement. Mohr,
383 N.W.2d at 542. Rather, an “overt act” implies past aggressive behavior or
threats that manifest in the probable commission of a dangerous act upon the
respondent himself or others. In re Foster, 426 N.W.2d 374, 378–79 (Iowa 1988)
(holding verbalized delusions do not constitute the type of overt act necessary to
establish dangerousness).
The State agrees a recent overt act is required to prove the endangerment
element of a civil commitment. The State contends the testimony of E.L.’s
treating physician, Dr. Wilharm, satisfied the requirement to show the respondent
engaged in recent overt acts signaling the likelihood of injury to himself or others.
Dr. Wilharm testified E.L.’s “misinterpretation of reality” led to an assault.
The psychiatrist explained:
I think he felt he was acting on behalf of protecting someone, but it turned out that it became an assault situation. I think at times he has had some comments and made some threats to others as well that certainly I think would be putting both he and the other person at risk of possibly leading to some kind of physical altercation as well.
In his own testimony, E.L. acknowledged being involved in a contentious
interaction with two other people that required police intervention. E.L. denied
assaulting anyone, but acknowledged the police “asked us to stay away from
each other.” 8
The evidence supporting the endangerment element is stronger here than
it was in Foster. In that case, the doctor conceded Foster was not the aggressor
in the incidents at issue and there was not an imminent likelihood he would
become violent. Id. at 379. By contrast, Dr. Wilharm testified E.L. engaged in
“threatening” and “very out-of-the-ordinary bizarre behaviors.” Dr. Keller’s report
indicated without treatment E.L.’s “thinking, mood and behaviors would rapidly
decompensate, leading to events similar to those that brought him to the
hospital.” E.L. was not simply provoking acts of aggression toward himself.
Because of his disorganized thinking, he misunderstood the actions of others and
responded aggressively. In addition, the Abbe Center staff reported recent
incidents where E.L. threw items from a second floor deck believing they were
possessed and screamed about “rapists” while “grabbing himself (sexually) in
public.” E.L. was not confined “simply because [his] conduct was unusual or
bizarre.” See id. His verbal abuse was coupled with intimidating physical
actions. We conclude the evidence was sufficient to support the district court’s
finding that E.L. was likely to physically injure himself or others if released without
treatment.
AFFIRMED.