This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1471
In the Marriage of: Robert Peter Crowley, petitioner, Respondent,
vs.
Bridget Marie Meyer, Appellant.
Filed October 11, 2016 Affirmed; motion to dismiss granted Bratvold, Judge
Olmsted County District Court File No. 55-FA-09-4712
Steven M. Dittrich, Dittrich & Lawrence, P.A., Rochester, Minnesota (for respondent)
Susan M. Gallagher, Gallagher Law Office, L.L.C., Eagan, Minnesota; and
Scott A. Wilson, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Peterson, Presiding Judge; Hooten, Judge; and Bratvold,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
BRATVOLD, Judge
Appellant Bridget Meyer challenges the district court’s denial of her motions to
modify custody and to remove the parenting-time expeditor for exceeding his authority. Because Meyer did not establish a prima facie case for modification of the existing custody
arrangement, we affirm. Additionally, we grant respondent Robert Crowley’s motion to
dismiss Meyer’s claim regarding the parenting-time expeditor’s authority because she
raises a new issue on appeal.
FACTS
This appeal arises from the parties’ ongoing dispute over the custody of their two
minor children following the dissolution of their marriage. Bridget Meyer and Robert
Crowley married in 1992. Crowley petitioned to dissolve the marriage in June 2009. The
relevant procedural history follows.
In June 2010, consistent with the parties’ stipulation, the district court appointed a
parenting-time expeditor (PTE). In October 2011, the district court bifurcated the
dissolution proceeding by dissolving the marriage and reserving the issues of “custody,
care, and control of the minor children” pending further agreement of the parties or court
order. In June 2012, shortly before trial on the reserved issues, the parties reached an
agreement to share joint legal custody of their children, which was defined as “equal rights
and responsibilities, including the right to participate in major decisions determining the
children’s upbringing, including education, health care, and religious training.” They also
agreed to have joint physical custody of the children “on a schedule of alternating weeks
without further court proceedings.” The district court adopted this agreement, which it
2 entered in its amended judgment and decree as to custody and parenting time in September
2012. 1
In February 2013, Crowley moved for an emergency order to suspend the existing
custody arrangement and for immediate temporary sole “residential and physical custody”
of the children. He additionally requested that the order limit Meyer’s parenting time and
require that she refrain from consuming alcohol. In March 2013, Crowley cited new
concerns with Meyer’s behavior while caring for the children and again requested an
emergency order, which the district court granted, suspending Meyer’s parenting time
pending further court action. In April 2013, Crowley moved for, and received, an ex parte
harassment restraining order against Meyer on behalf of himself and the two children.
In July 2013, the district court ordered that Crowley retain temporary “sole
residential and physical custody” of the children and that Meyer have supervised parenting
time. Following an August 2013 hearing, the district court noted in its resulting order that
Meyer and Crowley were making progress and “each ha[d] exhibited willingness to
compromise in the best interests of the children.” Between the July and August hearings,
Meyer had resumed unsupervised parenting time. Although the district court noted that the
parties’ goal was “to resume joint physical custody of the minor children,” the district court
1 Among other conditions, the judgment and decree stated that, for up to one year from its entry, the PTE “may require that [Meyer] undergo immediate and random alcohol/drug testing during her parenting time and up to 12 hours prior to her parenting time.” Additionally, it stated that Meyer “shall participate on a regular and ongoing basis with concurrent counseling and/or program and she shall follow all recommendations of the counselor or program. The [PTE] shall monitor her compliance.”
3 ordered that Crowley retain temporary sole residential and physical custody. Meyer did not
challenge the August 2013 order.
On January 15, 2015, Meyer moved to reinstate the original joint custody
arrangement set out in the September 2012 amended judgment, to remove the PTE from
the case, to remove a psychologist involved in the case, and to impose parenting-time
conditions. Crowley opposed the motion and submitted a responsive affidavit, in which he
detailed the children’s current status in his home, among other facts. On March 19, 2015,
after a nonevidentiary hearing, the district court denied Meyer’s motion in its entirety.
Among other things, the district court stated that Meyer “failed to set forth any evidence to
set the case for an evidentiary hearing.” Meyer moved for amended findings. On July 15,
2015, the district court denied Meyer’s motion to amend. On July 20, 2015, the district
court discharged the PTE from the case upon his request.
Meyer appealed from the district court’s order denying her motions to “reinstate”
joint legal and physical custody and the order denying her motion for amended findings.
In September 2015, this court questioned whether it had jurisdiction over Meyer’s appeal.
In accepting jurisdiction, this court’s special-term panel held that, “the August 21, 2013
order that continued respondent’s temporary sole residential and physical custody of the
children was not a true temporary order, because the award of custody to respondent was
of indefinite duration,” and “it has now been in effect for more than two years.” We
therefore concluded, “in effect, appellant’s motion to reinstate the joint custody
arrangement sought modification of the orders awarding temporary residential and physical
custody to respondent.” Accordingly, the district court’s “March 19, 2015 order is
4 appealable under Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 103.03(h) because the order denies appellant’s
motion to modify the de facto award of permanent physical custody of the children to
respondent.” This court also ruled that, while the July 2015 order denying Meyer’s motion
for amended findings was not independently appealable, it was within this court’s scope of
review on appeal from the March 2015 order. Additionally, this court referred to the merits
panel the question of “whether the arguments raised in section II of appellant’s brief are
properly before this court.”
DECISION
I. Custody Modification
As a preliminary matter, we assess the nature of Meyer’s January 2015 motion
because that assessment will affect our analysis of the district court’s decision on review.
Meyer described the January 2015 motion as one for reinstatement of the joint-custody
arrangement set out in the September 2012 amended judgment and decree. Yet, we are not
bound by the label given to a certain pleading and instead look to the substance. See Dale
v. Pushor, 246 Minn. 254, 261, 75 N.W.2d 595, 601 (1956) (“A label is of course not
necessarily determinative of the purpose and nature of a motion.”).
Meyer’s use of the term “reinstatement” is not accurate. The district court’s multiple
orders in 2013 altered the original custody arrangement to grant Crowley sole residential
and physical custody of the minor children. Meyer took no action in the district court to
challenge these orders, nor did she appeal the orders. Over eighteen months passed before
Meyer challenged the modified custody arrangement. This court’s special-term panel held
that the August 2013 order continuing the temporary award of sole custody to Crowley
5 “was not a true temporary order” because the award “was of indefinite duration.” Thus, the
special-term panel ruled that Meyer’s January 2015 motion was, in effect, a motion to
modify the de facto award of permanent physical custody of the children to Crowley. We
will not alter the special-term panel’s ruling. See In re Estate of Sangren, 504 N.W.2d 786,
788 n.1 (Minn. App. 1993) (declining to consider issue decided by special-term panel),
review denied (Minn. Oct. 28, 1993); Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 140.01 (prohibiting petitions
for rehearing in court of appeals). Given the procedural posture, this appeal seeks review
of the district court’s denial, without an evidentiary hearing, of Meyer’s motion to modify
what was, in effect, a final custody award.
A district court has broad discretion to provide for the custody of the parties’
children. Rutten v. Rutten, 347 N.W.2d 47, 50 (Minn. 1984). To obtain an evidentiary
hearing on a motion to modify custody, the moving party must establish a prima facie case
for modification by showing: (1) a change of circumstances; (2) modification is necessary
to serve the child’s best interests; (3) the child’s present environment endangers the child’s
physical health, emotional health, or emotional development; and (4) the benefits of the
modification outweigh the detriments with respect to the child. Id. The moving party must
submit an affidavit setting forth facts supporting the requested modification. Minn. Stat.
§ 518.185 (2014).
The district court must accept the moving party’s allegations as true. Geibe v. Geibe,
571 N.W.2d 774, 777 (Minn. App. 1997). Other parties may file opposing affidavits, which
the district court may consider if they provide context and are not contrary to the moving
party’s allegations. Minn. Stat. § 518.185; Szarzynski v. Szarzynski, 732 N.W.2d 285, 292
6 (Minn. App. 2007). Whether a district court properly credited a moving party’s affidavit is
a question of law that we review de novo. Boland v. Murtha, 800 N.W.2d 179, 185 (Minn.
App. 2011). But we review the district court’s determination of whether a prima facie case
for modification has been made for an abuse of discretion. Id.
On appeal, Meyer asserts that the March 2013 temporary order initially granting
Crowley sole residential and physical custody contained deficient findings and the district
court erred because it did not conduct an evidentiary hearing. The March 2013 order was
temporary and not appealable. Hennepin Cty. v. Griffin, 429 N.W.2d 283, 284 (Minn. App.
1988). However, as discussed above, the August 2013 order continued the temporary award
of sole custody to Crowley and was not temporary because the custody award was of
indefinite duration. If we construe Meyer’s argument to be a challenge of the August 2013
order, Meyer’s challenge is untimely. Meyer cites no legal authority for challenging the
August 2013 order at this late date, well after the time to appeal has expired. See Minn. R.
Civ. App. P. 104.01 (providing sixty days to appeal from an appealable order); Minn. R.
Civ. App. P. 103.03(h) (providing that an order modifying custody is appealable).
Compliance with the rules of appellate procedure is required for an appellate court
to properly exercise jurisdiction. Marzitelli v. City of Little Canada, 582 N.W.2d 904, 907
(Minn. 1998). While it is troubling that custody was modified in this case without an
evidentiary hearing, Meyer did not challenge the modification or lack of an evidentiary
hearing for nearly two years. Justice requires stability and finality in custody
determinations. Wopata v. Wopata, 498 N.W.2d 478, 482 (Minn. App. 1993); see also
Geibe, 571 N.W.2d at 780 (“Minnesota law rests on a presumption that stability of custody
7 is in a child’s best interests.”). Meyer may not now challenge the August 2013 order when
she failed to do so consistent with the rules of appellate procedure. See Janssen v. Best &
Flanagan, LLP, 704 N.W.2d 759, 765 (Minn. 2005) (“It is axiomatic that a judgment or
appealable order becomes final if a timely appeal is not taken.”).
Meyer next asserts that the district court erred in the March 2015 order by failing to
make particularized findings in response to her motion to reinstate joint custody. She does
not specify the deficiencies in the district court’s decision. Instead, she cites Abbott v.
Abbott, 481 N.W.2d 864, 867 (Minn. App. 1992), for the principle that appellate courts
“unwaveringly remand[] decisions modifying custody when there have been inadequate
findings to demonstrate that the appropriate factors were considered.” Meyer’s argument
overlooks that the district court declined to modify custody in the order she appeals. In fact,
Abbott states that, if the district court “determines that the affidavit evidence submitted by
the moving party fails to make out a prima facie case for modification according to the
statutory factors,” the district court “need only state that such is the case, it need not make
specific findings on the statutory findings themselves.” Abbott, 481 N.W.2d at 868. Here,
because the district court ruled that Meyer failed to establish a prima facie case for
modification, it was not required to make particularized findings. Indeed, Meyer’s failure
to make a prima facie case to modify custody required the district court to deny her motion
without holding the evidentiary hearing that would have been a prerequisite for making
findings of fact. See Szarzynski, 732 N.W.2d at 292 (“Whether a party makes a prima facie
case to modify custody is dispositive of whether an evidentiary hearing will occur on the
motion.”).
8 Meyer next argues that the district court erred because it did not accept the assertions
in her affidavit as true. A comparison of her affidavit to the district court’s order belies this
argument. Her affidavit details her dissatisfaction with the current custody arrangement;
asserts facts that she believes warrant removal of her teenage daughter’s therapist; and
presents her requests for additional parenting time, parenting-time conditions, and to
remove the PTE. Notably, her affidavit does not address the statutory grounds for
modification: Meyer makes no mention of any change in circumstances; how modification
is necessary to serve the children’s best interests; how the children’s present environment
endangers their physical health, emotional health, or emotional development; nor whether
the benefits of the modification outweigh the detriments with respect to the children. See
Minn. Stat. § 518.185 (requiring moving party to set forth facts establishing custody-
modification factors in affidavit). Thus, Meyer’s affidavit does not contain assertions
which, if true, would allow the district court to make findings that would support a
modification of custody.
Meyer relies on Hassing v. Lancaster in arguing that the district court erred by
failing to properly determine the children’s present environment. 570 N.W.2d 701 (Minn.
App. 1997). In Hassing, the district court found that the child was endangered in the
mother’s care and modified the mother’s sole legal and physical custody by removing the
child from the mother’s care and placing him with his father. Id. at 702. This court noted
that the district court’s modification order relied heavily on facts underlying the father’s
earlier motion to modify custody, which addressed facts between 1991 and 1996, but
disregarded improvements the mother made in the year before the custody-modification
9 proceeding. Id. at 703. We clarified that although “the statutory concept of present
environment is a reference to the last judicially created environment,” the district court
must examine the child’s status in that environment at the time of the proposed
modification rather than simply the circumstances in previous years. Id. Because the
district court’s findings inadequately addressed the child’s current endangerment in the last
judicially created environment, this court reversed and remanded for “a redetermination of
the modification motion according to findings that address the question of whether [the
child] remained endangered in [the mother’s] care at the time of the modification hearing.”
Id. at 704. Hassing therefore holds that “present environment” means “the last judicially
determined custodial care arrangement and the safety of that environment at the time the
modification issue is determined by the trial court.” Id. at 702.
Ignoring the fact that Meyer’s failure to make a prima facie case to modify custody
is independently fatal to her motion, her reliance on Hassing is misplaced for at least two
reasons. First, Hassing is inapposite to this case because the district court in Hassing
modified custody, whereas the district court in this case did not modify custody in the order
Meyer appeals. Second, even if the district court were required to consider the children’s
“last judicially determined custodial care arrangement and the safety of that environment
at the time the modification issue is determined,” id., this refers to the children’s custodial
placement with Crowley.
Meyer additionally argues that the district court erred because “the absence of an
initial evidentiary hearing resulted in a temporary order modifying the stipulated agreement
to joint physical custody of the minor children and substantially limited her parenting time
10 with the minor children.” At oral argument, Meyer acknowledged that she is not asking the
court to remand for an evidentiary hearing and instead asks the court to reinstate the
original custody arrangement.
Importantly, “a proponent of change is entitled to an evidentiary hearing upon
showing a prima facie case for the requested modification.” See Nice-Peterson v. Nice-
Peterson, 310 N.W.2d 471 (Minn. 1982). However, as discussed above, Meyer’s affidavit
does not address the statutory factors required to support a change in custody and,
therefore, does not establish a prima facie case. See id. at 472 (“The burden is upon the
movant to establish satisfactorily on a preliminary basis that there has occurred a significant
change of circumstances from the time when the original or amended custody order was
issued,” and “the significant change of circumstances must endanger the child’s physical
or emotional health or the child’s development.” (citation omitted)). Therefore, the district
court did not abuse its discretion when it determined that Meyer was not entitled to an
evidentiary hearing in response to her January 2015 motion. See id. (noting that, because
father’s affidavit did not “set forth any change in circumstances sufficient to justify a
modification of the custody award,” the district court “did not abuse its discretion in
denying the motion on affidavits and in refusing to schedule an evidentiary hearing”).
In sum, the district court properly concluded that Meyer failed to establish a prima
facie case to modify the current custody arrangement. Accordingly, the district court was
justified in denying her requests for an evidentiary hearing and modification of custody.
11 II. Parenting-Time Expeditor
We next address the issue that this court’s special-term panel referred to the merits
panel: “whether the arguments raised in section II of appellant’s brief are properly before
this court.” In section II of her brief, Meyer contends that the district court abused its
discretion by “appointing a PTE with authority to make decisions beyond the statutory
scope of authority,” and that the PTE’s decisions that go beyond his statutory authority are
accordingly invalid. She maintains:
There is no authority in the PTE statute that authorizes a PTE to issue a decision to require alcohol testing, require chemical dependency treatment, require therapy, mental health assessments, to make decisions regarding the children’s extracurricular activities, to substantially or otherwise modify or alter parenting time, to make decisions affecting the custody of the children of the parties, or to make any findings related to endangerment, as the PTE decisions in this matter demonstrate.
Crowley asserts that this portion of Meyer’s appeal should be dismissed because
Meyer seeks relief different from what she sought from the district court, effectively raising
a new issue on appeal. Crowley contends that Meyer’s sole request of the district court was
to dismiss the PTE. On appeal, Meyer maintains that she now seeks review of “the lower
court’s error in granting the PTE authority beyond the statute and the consequence of the
PTE’s many rulings in the exercise of (and in excess of) that authority.”
We agree with Crowley that the issue Meyer raises on appeal is different from the
issue she raised to the district court. In her motion and supporting affidavit, Meyer asked
for the PTE’s removal. At the motion hearing, she stated she was seeking his removal for
12 “good cause.” 2 Critically, the PTE’s removal is now moot, as Meyer conceded at oral
argument, because the PTE was discharged in July 2015. Meyer has not previously
challenged the June 2010 order appointing the PTE nor any of his decisions by making
appropriate motions in the district court. Because Meyer raises a new issue on appeal, we
need not consider her argument regarding the PTE’s authority. See Thiele v. Stitch, 425
N.W.2d 580, 582 (Minn. 1988) (precluding review of issues raised for the first time on
appeal). Accordingly, Crowley’s motion to dismiss is granted.
We note that, even if we were to consider the argument’s merits, Meyer cannot
succeed. Meyer overlooks that Minnesota law authorized the PTE’s authority to issue the
very decisions she now contests. See Minn. Stat. § 518.1751, subd. 3 (c) (stating that the
PTE shall not make decisions inconsistent with an existing parenting-time order, “unless
the parties mutually agree”). Also, the parties stipulated to the PTE’s authority and the
stipulation was incorporated in the September 2012 judgment and decree regarding custody
and parenting time. See Shirk v. Shirk, 561 N.W.2d 519, 522 (Minn. 1997) (noting that a
stipulation between the parties “merges” into the judgment when it is adopted by the district
court, and that after its adoption by the district court, the stipulation is no longer subject to
2 Removal of a PTE is available where, like here, a PTE has been appointed indefinitely. Minn. Stat. § 518.1751, subd. 5a (2014). (“If a parenting time expeditor has been appointed on a long-term basis, a party or the expeditor may file a motion seeking to have the expeditor removed for good cause shown.”).
13 attack and relief must come from re-opening the judgment under section 518.145,
subdivision 2). We accordingly conclude that Meyer is not entitled to the relief she seeks.
Affirmed; Motion to Dismiss Granted.