IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 16-2187 Filed March 22, 2017
IN THE INTEREST OF Z.G., Minor child,
R.H., Father, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Joseph W. Seidlin,
District Associate Judge.
A father appeals the termination of his parental rights to his child.
AFFIRMED.
Aaron H.R. Ginkens of Ginkens Law Firm, P.L.C., West Des Moines, for
appellant father.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Janet L. Hoffman, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee State.
Kimberly S. Ayotte of Youth Law Center, Des Moines, guardian ad litem
for minor child.
Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Doyle and Tabor, JJ. 2
DOYLE, Judge.
The father appeals from the termination of his parental rights to his child,
Z.G.1 He claims: (1) the State failed to prove the statutory grounds for
termination; (2) termination is not in the child’s best interests; (3) termination was
not proper because of the closeness of the bond between the father and the
child; and (4) his imprisonment did not necessarily require termination of parental
rights. He also claims the juvenile court erred in failing to grant him a six-month
extension.
We entered an order for further briefing on the issue of whether Z.G. was
“removed from the physical custody” of the father in light of the Iowa Supreme
Court’s opinion interpreting the “removal” aspect of Iowa Code section
232.116(1)(h)(3). See In re C.F.-H., 889 N.W.2d 201, 203–08 (Iowa 2016). C.F.-
H. was filed after the juvenile court’s order terminating the father’s rights. The
father and the State filed additional briefs.
The child was born with amphetamines, methamphetamine, cocaine,
hydrocodone, and marijuana in his system. He was removed four days later from
his mother’s care, with the mother’s consent. At that time, no father had been
identified. Paternity testing confirmed R.H. as the father prior to the child in need
of assistance (CINA) adjudication hearing, but he was not served with notice of
the hearing. The child was adjudicated a CINA pursuant to Iowa Code section
232.2(6)(c)(2), 232.2(6)(n) and 232.2(6)(o) (2016).2 Sometime after the CINA
1 The mother’s parental rights to this child were also terminated. She is not a party to this appeal. 2 Applicable here, a CINA is: a child who has suffered or is imminently likely to suffer harmful effects as a result of the failure of the child’s parent to exercise a reasonable 3
adjudication hearing the father was served with the CINA petition and
adjudication order. He and his attorney attended the first dispositional hearing
where the child was confirmed to be a CINA. The father attended by telephone
and his attorney was present at the subsequent dispositional review hearing.
The father participated by telephone and his attorney was present at the
permanency/termination hearing.
The father was incarcerated at the time of the child’s birth and remained
incarcerated throughout the life of this case. Although his tentative release date
from the Newton Correctional Facility was scheduled for January 11, 2017, he
was also on a federal detainer after having pled guilty to two counts of bank
robbery. His sentencing in federal court was scheduled for January 23, 2017.
The father hoped to be released from federal custody in three to three-and-one-
half years, although he expected a sentence of fifty to seventy months pursuant
to the federal sentencing guidelines.
We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. See In re
A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 110 (Iowa 2014). We examine both the facts and law,
and we adjudicate anew those issues properly preserved and presented. See In
re L.G., 532 N.W.2d 478, 480 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995). We will uphold an order
terminating parental rights only if there is clear and convincing evidence
establishing the statutory grounds for termination of the parent’s rights. See In re
degree of care in supervising the child, Iowa Code §232.2(6)(c)(2); whose parent’s mental capacity or condition, imprisonment, or drug or alcohol abuse results in the child not receiving adequate care, §232.2(6)(n); and in whose body there is an illegal drug present as a direct and foreseeable consequence of the acts or omissions of the child’s parent’s, §232.2(6)(o). 4
C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000). Evidence is “clear and convincing”
when there is no serious or substantial doubt as to the correctness of the
conclusions of law drawn from the evidence. Id.
Termination of parental rights under Iowa Code chapter 232 (2016) follows
a three-step analysis. See In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 40–41 (Iowa 2010). First,
the court must determine if a ground authorizing the termination of parental rights
under section 232.116(1) has been established. See id. at 40. Second, if a
ground for termination is established, the court must apply the framework set
forth in section 232.116(2) to decide if proceeding with termination is in the best
interests of the child. See id. Third, if the statutory best-interests framework
supports termination of parental rights, the court must consider if any statutory
factors set forth in section 232.116(3) should serve to preclude termination. See
id. at 41. The factors set forth in subsection three are permissive and not
mandatory. See A.M., 843 N.W.2d at 113.
The juvenile court terminated the father’s parental rights pursuant to Iowa
Code section 232.116(1)(e) and (h). When the juvenile court terminates parental
rights on more than one ground, we may affirm the order on any ground we find
supported by clear and convincing evidence in the record. See In re D.W., 791
N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa 2010). We choose to address the ground for termination
under section 232.116(1)(h). Under this provision, the court may terminate the
rights of a parent to a child if: (1) the child is three years old or younger, (2) the
child has been adjudicated a CINA under section 232.96, (3) the child has
removed from the physical custody of the child’s parents for at least six of the last
twelve months or the last six consecutive months and any trial period in the home 5
has been under thirty days, and (4) “[t]here is clear and convincing evidence that
the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided in
section 232.102 at the present time.” Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h). “At the
present time” refers to the time of the termination hearing. See A.M., 843
N.W.2d at 111. It is undisputed the first two elements are met. The child was
under three and was adjudicated a CINA pursuant to section 232.96.
On appeal, the father asserts termination is not proper because the record
does “not substantiate the existence of the continued existence of the conditions
that led to the adjudication.” The father’s assertion is flawed. To be sure, to
satisfy its burden of proof, the State must establish “[t]he child cannot be
protected from some harm which would justify the adjudication of the child as a
child in need of assistance.” Id. § 232.102(5)(a)(2); see also In re A.M.S., 419
N.W.2d 723, 725 (Iowa 1988). But, “a child cannot be returned to the custody of
the child’s parent under section 232.102 if by doing so the child would be
exposed to any harm amounting to a new child in need of assistance
adjudication.” In re M.M., 483 N.W.2d 812, 814 (Iowa 1992). In other words, the
adjudicatory harm at the time of the termination hearing need not be the same
one that supported the child’s initial removal from the home. See id.
A parent’s imprisonment may be the basis of adjudicatory harm. Iowa
Code § 232.2(6)(n) (stating a parent’s imprisonment results in the child not
receiving adequate care). This was one of the grounds upon which the child was
adjudicated a CINA. It is also one of the grounds supporting the juvenile court’s
termination of the father’s parental rights as the court concluded the child could 6
not be returned to the father at the time of the termination hearing without
subjecting the child to the adjudicatory harm resulting from father’s incarceration.
Although not raised by the father in his petition on appeal, the third
element—whether the child was removed from the physical custody of the
father—was the subject of additional briefing requested by this court. Our
supreme court recently interpreted the “removal” requirement listed in Iowa Code
section 232.116(1)(h)(3). See C.F.-H., 889 N.W.2d at 203–8. In C.F.-H, the
parties were never married but they resided together with their minor child. Id. at
202, 208 (Mansfield, J., dissenting). The Iowa Department of Human Services
(DHS) became involved with the family in 2011 after an incident of domestic
violence between the mother and the father. Id. at 202. DHS made a founded
child abuse assessment against the father, the parties engaged in voluntary
services, and the case was closed in June 2012. Id. The child was not removed
from the home during the initial DHS involvement. Id.
In August 2012, DHS made another founded child abuse assessment
against both parents. Id. C.F.-H was adjudicated a child in need of assistance in
November 2012, temporary physical custody of the child was placed with the
mother, and the father left the family home pursuant to the DHS safety plan. Id.
at 202, 208 (Mansfield, J., dissenting). The father was still allowed visitation. Id.
at 208 (Mansfield, J., dissenting). Following the father’s continuing refusal of
services, his parental rights were terminated in 2016. Id. at 202. The father
never resided with C.F.-H from the time of the father’s move from the home to
the termination trial. Id. at 210 (Mansfield, J., dissenting). The majority held the
child was never “removed” from the father pursuant to section 232.116(h)(1) 7
because his lack of physical custody was insufficient to satisfy the statutory
removal requirements. Id. at 207. The court declined to address “whether a
removal of the child from one parent is sufficient to support termination of
parental rights of a noncustodial parent.” Id. at 207 n.2.
The dissent asserted that under the facts of the case the child was
removed because he lived with the father prior to DHS’s recommendation that
physical custody be placed with the mother. Id. at 212 (Mansfield, J., dissenting).
In response, the majority stated, “Although the dissent makes a plausible
argument around the issue of whether C.F.-H. was, in fact, actually removed
from physical care, any contention that C.F.-H. had been so removed from
physical custody has not been preserved.” Id. at 208. The majority explained
the State conceded the child had always remained in the custody of the mother,
and had never been in the father’s physical custody. Id.
Here, there is no dispute—nor could there be—that the child has never
been in the father’s custody. At first blush it would appear that under C.F.-H. the
father’s lack of physical custody here would be insufficient to satisfy the statutory
requirement of “removal of physical custody.” Id. at 207. But here, unlike C.F.-
H., the child was removed from the physical custody of the mother. Although the
majority in C.F.-H. expressed no view on the question of whether the removal of
a child from one parent is sufficient to support termination of parental rights of a
noncustodial parent, we conclude removal of the child from the mother is
sufficient to support termination of the father’s parental rights.
Section 232.116(1)(h)(3) requires that “the child has been removed from
the physical custody of the child’s parents.” (Emphasis added). Our supreme 8
court has interpreted the word “parents” to mean plural or singular by statutory
construction as provided by Iowa Code section 4.1(17). In re N.M., 491 N.W.2d
153, 155 (Iowa 1992).3 We have recognized,
This interpretation aids the State in this case in establishing the third element of Iowa code section 232.116(1)(h)(3) which requires proof the child was removed from the parents’ home, or a parent’s home, for at least six of the last twelve months, or for the last six consecutive months so long as any trial period has lasted less than thirty days. Because the child had been removed from the mother’s care for this period of time, the State need not prove the child was removed from the father’s home.
In re M.S., 889 N.W.2d 675, 687 (Iowa Ct. App. 2016) (Danilson, C.J., concurring
specially). The majority in C.F.-H. does not discuss In re N.M., and only leaves
us hanging with its footnote: “We express no view on the question of whether a
removal of the child from one parent is sufficient to support termination of
parental rights of a noncustodial parent.” C.F.-H., 889 N.W.2d at 207 n.2. But
the dissent recognizes “[t]his rule is now firmly entrenched in our caselaw.” Id. at
213 (Mansfield, J., dissenting) (citing In re H.S., 805 N.W.2d 737, 749 (Iowa
2011)). And, not surprisingly, our court has frequently and consistently followed
the N.M. rule.4 Because the child had been removed from the mother’s care for
3 Iowa code section 4.1(17) provides, “Unless otherwise specifically provided by law the singular includes the plural, and the plural includes the singular.” 4 See, e.g., In re B.S., No. 16-1295, 2016 WL 5934014, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 12, 2016); In re J.M., No. 15-1707, 2016 WL 146726, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 13, 2016); In re J.P., No. 15-1084, 2015 WL 5309113, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 10, 2015); In re B.B., No. 15-1036, 2015 WL 4935931, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 19, 2015); In re G.W., No. 14- 1990, 2015 WL 576555, at *2 n.2 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 11, 2015); In re C.L., No. 14-1973, 2015 WL 408392, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 28, 2015); In re C.P., No. 14-0808, 2014 WL 3513370, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. July 16, 2014); In re M.M., No. 13-1977, 2014 WL 667794, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 19, 2014); In re J.N., No. 13-1725, 2014 WL 72277, at *1-2 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 9, 2014); In re A.M., No. 13-1225, 2013 WL 5486714, at *2-3 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 2, 2013); and In re A.U., No. 13-0599, 2013 WL 2646971, at *5 (Iowa Ct. App. June 12, 2013). 9
the requisite period of time, we conclude it was not necessary for the State to
prove the child was removed from the father’s care.
There is also clear and convincing evidence the fourth element of section
232.116(1)(h) is satisfied. At the termination hearing, the father admitted he was
not in a position to be able to provide for the child. Given the circumstances, that
is sufficient evidence authorizing the termination of his parental rights.5 In any
event, we agree with the juvenile court that the State proved by clear and
convincing evidence the child could not be returned to the father’s care at the
time of the termination-of-parental-rights hearing. The record is clear that the
father was incarcerated at the time of the termination hearing and would be for
the foreseeable future, and, therefore, was not in a position to have custody of
the child then or in the near future.
On appeal, the father argues termination of his parental rights is not in the
best interests of the child. At the termination hearing, he agreed the child
needed permanency and stability and that he was not yet in a position to be able
to provide that to the child. Regarding the best-interests issue, the juvenile court
concluded:
In [the father]’s case, the court appreciates and respects his participation in court proceedings; his following his son’s life experiences and development over the course of these
5 See In re K.D., No. 16-1778, 2017 WL 108586, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 11, 2017); In re K.P., No. 15-2078, 2016 WL 1703081, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 27, 2016) (citing In re D.R., No. 15-1968, 2016 WL 1129385, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 23, 2016), In re M.R., No. 14-1642, 2014 WL 7343520, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 24, 2014), In re Z.B., No. 13- 1406, 2014 WL 667596, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 19, 2014), In re. G.S., No. 12-2258, 2013 WL 751298, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 27, 2013), In re K.B., No. 12-1299, 2012 WL 4903052, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 17, 2012), and In re H.L., No. 07-1126, 2007 WL 2710968, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 19, 2007), as examples of cases in which a termination of parental rights was affirmed because a parent admitted the child or children could not be returned to the parent’s care at the time of the termination hearing). 10
proceedings; and his decision to make the necessary changes in his own life. [The child], at his tender age, simply cannot wait for some as yet undetermined number of years and months to learn whether or not his father can be a permanent parent. The child’s current custodians have demonstrated that they are the best answer to ensure [the child]’s safety; for furthering his long-term nurturing and growth; and for meeting his physical, mental and emotional condition and needs. They are willing to adopt [the child] and provide a permanent home for him.
We agree.
The father asserts, under Iowa Code section 232.116(3)(c), that the
closeness of his bond with the child should serve to preclude termination. This
factor is permissive, not mandatory. See In re C.L.H., 500 N.W.2d 449, 454
(Iowa Ct. App. 1993), overruled on other grounds by P.L., 778 N.W.2d at 39-40.
We may apply the factors precluding termination in our discretion based on the
circumstances of each case and the child’s best interests. See id.
Under section 232.116(3)(c), the court need not terminate parental rights if
the court finds “clear and convincing evidence that the termination would be
detrimental to the child at the time due to the closeness of the parent-child
relationship.” The father has met the child exactly once—at a court hearing. The
child was then a little over two months old. In an understatement, the juvenile
court concluded, “Clear and convincing evidence that the termination would be
detrimental to the child due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship has
not been shown here.” We agree and conclude that terminating the father’s
parental rights would be less detrimental to the child than the harm that would be
caused by continuing the parent-child relationship. We decline to apply the
“closeness” factor. 11
Citing In re M.M.S., 502 N.W.2d 4, 8 (Iowa 1993), the father contends
termination should not necessarily result from imprisonment. True, but the father
“cannot use his incarceration as a justification for his lack of relationship with the
child. This is especially true when the incarceration results from a lifestyle that is
chosen in preference to, and at the expense of, a relationship with a child.”
M.M.S., 502 N.W.2d at 8. While the father’s incarceration plays a large role here,
that fact alone is not determinative of the case. As set forth in this opinion, we
have taken into consideration all pertinent factors, including the consequences of
father’s incarceration. The father’s contention does not warrant reversal.
The father also asserts the juvenile court erred in not granting the father’s
request for a six-month extension.6 “It is well-settled law that we cannot deprive
a child of permanency after the State has proved a ground for termination under
section 232.116(1) by hoping someday a parent will learn to be a parent and be
able to provide a stable home for the child.” P.L., 778 N.W.2d at 41. Children
require permanency. See In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 802 (Iowa 2006) (Cady, J.,
concurring specially) (noting the “defining elements in a child’s best interest” are
the child’s safety and “need for a permanent home”). As we have stated
numerous times, children are not equipped with pause buttons. See, e.g., In re
T.J.O., 527 N.W.2d 417, 422 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994) (“Children simply cannot wait
for responsible parenting. Parenting cannot be turned off and on like a spigot. It
6 The father references Iowa Code section 232.104(2)(b). Section 232.104(2) refers to avenues available to a court following a permanency hearing, and subparagraph (2)(b) provides that a court may enter an order continuing placement of the child for an additional six months. Here, the permanency hearing and termination hearing were held concurrently. Since the juvenile court terminated the father’s parental rights, section 232.104(2) really does not come into play. Nevertheless, the father did ask for a six- month extension, so we address the issue. 12
must be constant, responsible, and reliable.”). “The crucial days of childhood
cannot be suspended while parents experiment with ways to face up to their own
problems.” In re A.C., 415 N.W.2d 609, 613 (Iowa 1987); see also In re D.J.R.,
454 N.W.2d 838, 845 (Iowa 1990) (“We have long recognized that the best
interests of a child are often not served by requiring the child to stay in
‘parentless limbo.’” (citation omitted)). While the law requires a “full measure of
patience with troubled parents who attempt to remedy a lack of parenting skills,”
this patience has been built into the statutory scheme of chapter 232. C.B., 611
N.W.2d at 494. Our supreme court has explained that “the legislature, in cases
meeting the conditions of [the Iowa Code], has made a categorical determination
that the needs of a child are promoted by termination of parental rights.” In re
M.W., 458 N.W.2d 847, 850 (Iowa 1990) (discussing Iowa Code section
232.116(1)(e) (1989)). At some point, as is the case here, the rights and needs
of the child must rise above the rights and needs of the parent. See In re C.S.,
776 N.W.2d 297, 300 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009). The public policy of the state having
been legislatively set, we are obligated to heed the statutory time periods for
reunification. See C.B., 611 N.W.2d at 494. By the father’s own admission, he
expects a fifty- to seventy-month federal sentence but hopes to be released from
federal custody in three to three-and-one-half years. His situation will be no
different in six months than it was at the time of the termination hearing. Any
additional time in limbo would not be in the child’s best interests.
For all the above reasons, we affirm the juvenile court’s order terminating
the father’s parental rights to his child Z.G.