IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 15-1588 Filed May 25, 2016
IN THE INTEREST OF Z.F. and L.F., Minor Children,
J.F., Mother, Petitioner-Appellee,
A.F., Father, Respondent.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Cedar County, Mary E. Howes,
Judge.
The guardian ad litem of the minor children appeals the juvenile court’s
order terminating the father’s parental rights under Iowa Code chapter 600A.
AFFIRMED.
Lisa R. Jones of Norton, Baumann & Surls, P.L.L.C., Lowden, guardian ad
litem for minor children-appellant.
Tamra J. Roberts of Beine & Roberts Law Firm, P.L.C., Tipton, for
appellee mother.
Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Mullins and McDonald, JJ. 2
MULLINS, Judge.
The guardian ad litem (GAL) of Z.F. and L.F. appeals from the juvenile
court’s order terminating the father’s parental rights under Iowa Code chapter
600A (2013). The GAL contends termination of the father’s parental rights is not
in the children’s best interests and the juvenile court erred in reopening the
record and considering new evidence in denying the GAL’s Iowa Rule of Civil
Procedure 1.904(2) motion. We affirm.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
The mother and father of Z.F. and L.F., ages nine and seven, divorced in
Illinois in 2012. Following their divorce, the father moved to another state and
failed to notify the mother. The father has not visited or made contact with the
children since September 2012. In November 2013, the father consented to the
termination of his parental rights, and the mother subsequently filed a petition for
termination.
At the time of the termination hearing in April 2015, the mother was
receiving Medicaid benefits and food assistance for the children. She was
working part time making $8.50 per hour. She and the children were living with
the mother’s boyfriend who had assumed the role of father figure for the children,
providing physical care as well as financial support for them. The mother and her
boyfriend had purchased a home together and had discussed plans for marriage.
He had also expressed interest in adopting the children in the future.
The father did not appear and was not represented by counsel at the
termination hearing. At that time he was two years in arrears on his child support 3
obligation.1 The mother testified she had only starting receiving child support
payments from the father two months prior to the hearing after initiating a case
with the Iowa Child Support Recovery Unit. She further testified the father
frequently changed employment making it difficult for her to collect support.
In May 2015, the court entered an order terminating the father’s parental
rights pursuant to Iowa Code section 600A.8 determining the father had
abandoned his children and termination of his parental rights was in the
children’s best interests. The GAL filed a rule 1.904(2) motion to enlarge or
amend the court’s findings and conclusions. The court subsequently entered an
order reopening the matter for a further evidentiary hearing for more clarification
as to the mother’s boyfriend’s future role in the children’s lives and other matters
relevant to the court’s best-interests determination. At the evidentiary hearing in
September, the mother testified the father had been mentally, verbally, and
physically abusive toward her, and the children were afraid of him. The GAL did
not object to the court taking additional evidence at the hearing and had an
opportunity to cross-examine the mother. Following the court’s denial of the
GAL’s rule 1.904(2) motion, the GAL filed a brief requesting the court not
consider any new evidence in making its determination. The GAL appeals.
II. Standard of Review
“We review private termination proceedings de novo.” In re G.A., 826
N.W.2d 125, 127 (Iowa Ct. App. 2012). We give weight to the district court’s
factual findings, especially those concerning witness credibility, but we are not
1 At the time of the hearing on the GAL’s rule 1.904(2) motion, the mother testified the father owed over $17,000 in past-due child support. 4
bound by them. Iowa R. App P. 6.904(3)(g). Our primary consideration is the
best interests of the children. See Iowa Code § 600A.1; see also In re R.K.B.,
572 N.W.2d 600, 601 (Iowa 1998).
III. Analysis
In a private termination action under chapter 600A, a court may terminate
a parent’s parental rights when the petitioning party has shown by clear and
convincing evidence that the statutory grounds for termination exist. See Iowa
Code §§ 600A.3, .5, .8; In re R.K.B., 572 N.W.2d at 601. In this case, it is clear
and undisputed the statutory grounds for termination under chapter 600A have
been proven by clear and convincing evidence. See Iowa Code § 600A.8. Once
the statutory grounds have been proven, our inquiry turns to whether termination
is in the children’s best interests. See In re J.L.W., 523 N.W.2d 622, 625 (Iowa
Ct. App. 1994).
The GAL contends termination of the father’s parental rights is not in the
children’s best interests, but rather only in the parents’ interests, because
termination would eliminate the father’s obligation to financially support his
children. The GAL argues the mother is not financially stable and cannot survive
without her boyfriend’s or the State’s financial assistance, while the father has
been court ordered to pay child support and had started paying his obligation two
months before the termination hearing. The GAL also asserts termination is not
in the children’s best interests because there is only a mere possibility the
mother’s boyfriend will adopt the children in the future.
The child’s best interests “require[] that each biological parent affirmatively
assume the duties encompassed by the role of being a parent.” Iowa Code 5
§ 600A.1. In determining best interests, this court shall consider, among other
things, “the fulfillment of financial obligations, demonstration of continued interest
in the child, demonstration of a genuine effort to maintain communication with the
child, and demonstration of the establishment and maintenance of a place of
importance in the child’s life.” Id. Additionally, our supreme court has borrowed
from section 232.116(2) and (3) to flesh out the contours of the best-interests
framework in private terminations. See In re A.H.B., 791 N.W.2d 687, 690–91
(Iowa 2010) (considering the child’s “physical, mental, and emotional condition
and needs,” Iowa Code § 232.116(2), and the “closeness of the parent-child
bond,” Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c)).
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 15-1588 Filed May 25, 2016
IN THE INTEREST OF Z.F. and L.F., Minor Children,
J.F., Mother, Petitioner-Appellee,
A.F., Father, Respondent.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Cedar County, Mary E. Howes,
Judge.
The guardian ad litem of the minor children appeals the juvenile court’s
order terminating the father’s parental rights under Iowa Code chapter 600A.
AFFIRMED.
Lisa R. Jones of Norton, Baumann & Surls, P.L.L.C., Lowden, guardian ad
litem for minor children-appellant.
Tamra J. Roberts of Beine & Roberts Law Firm, P.L.C., Tipton, for
appellee mother.
Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Mullins and McDonald, JJ. 2
MULLINS, Judge.
The guardian ad litem (GAL) of Z.F. and L.F. appeals from the juvenile
court’s order terminating the father’s parental rights under Iowa Code chapter
600A (2013). The GAL contends termination of the father’s parental rights is not
in the children’s best interests and the juvenile court erred in reopening the
record and considering new evidence in denying the GAL’s Iowa Rule of Civil
Procedure 1.904(2) motion. We affirm.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
The mother and father of Z.F. and L.F., ages nine and seven, divorced in
Illinois in 2012. Following their divorce, the father moved to another state and
failed to notify the mother. The father has not visited or made contact with the
children since September 2012. In November 2013, the father consented to the
termination of his parental rights, and the mother subsequently filed a petition for
termination.
At the time of the termination hearing in April 2015, the mother was
receiving Medicaid benefits and food assistance for the children. She was
working part time making $8.50 per hour. She and the children were living with
the mother’s boyfriend who had assumed the role of father figure for the children,
providing physical care as well as financial support for them. The mother and her
boyfriend had purchased a home together and had discussed plans for marriage.
He had also expressed interest in adopting the children in the future.
The father did not appear and was not represented by counsel at the
termination hearing. At that time he was two years in arrears on his child support 3
obligation.1 The mother testified she had only starting receiving child support
payments from the father two months prior to the hearing after initiating a case
with the Iowa Child Support Recovery Unit. She further testified the father
frequently changed employment making it difficult for her to collect support.
In May 2015, the court entered an order terminating the father’s parental
rights pursuant to Iowa Code section 600A.8 determining the father had
abandoned his children and termination of his parental rights was in the
children’s best interests. The GAL filed a rule 1.904(2) motion to enlarge or
amend the court’s findings and conclusions. The court subsequently entered an
order reopening the matter for a further evidentiary hearing for more clarification
as to the mother’s boyfriend’s future role in the children’s lives and other matters
relevant to the court’s best-interests determination. At the evidentiary hearing in
September, the mother testified the father had been mentally, verbally, and
physically abusive toward her, and the children were afraid of him. The GAL did
not object to the court taking additional evidence at the hearing and had an
opportunity to cross-examine the mother. Following the court’s denial of the
GAL’s rule 1.904(2) motion, the GAL filed a brief requesting the court not
consider any new evidence in making its determination. The GAL appeals.
II. Standard of Review
“We review private termination proceedings de novo.” In re G.A., 826
N.W.2d 125, 127 (Iowa Ct. App. 2012). We give weight to the district court’s
factual findings, especially those concerning witness credibility, but we are not
1 At the time of the hearing on the GAL’s rule 1.904(2) motion, the mother testified the father owed over $17,000 in past-due child support. 4
bound by them. Iowa R. App P. 6.904(3)(g). Our primary consideration is the
best interests of the children. See Iowa Code § 600A.1; see also In re R.K.B.,
572 N.W.2d 600, 601 (Iowa 1998).
III. Analysis
In a private termination action under chapter 600A, a court may terminate
a parent’s parental rights when the petitioning party has shown by clear and
convincing evidence that the statutory grounds for termination exist. See Iowa
Code §§ 600A.3, .5, .8; In re R.K.B., 572 N.W.2d at 601. In this case, it is clear
and undisputed the statutory grounds for termination under chapter 600A have
been proven by clear and convincing evidence. See Iowa Code § 600A.8. Once
the statutory grounds have been proven, our inquiry turns to whether termination
is in the children’s best interests. See In re J.L.W., 523 N.W.2d 622, 625 (Iowa
Ct. App. 1994).
The GAL contends termination of the father’s parental rights is not in the
children’s best interests, but rather only in the parents’ interests, because
termination would eliminate the father’s obligation to financially support his
children. The GAL argues the mother is not financially stable and cannot survive
without her boyfriend’s or the State’s financial assistance, while the father has
been court ordered to pay child support and had started paying his obligation two
months before the termination hearing. The GAL also asserts termination is not
in the children’s best interests because there is only a mere possibility the
mother’s boyfriend will adopt the children in the future.
The child’s best interests “require[] that each biological parent affirmatively
assume the duties encompassed by the role of being a parent.” Iowa Code 5
§ 600A.1. In determining best interests, this court shall consider, among other
things, “the fulfillment of financial obligations, demonstration of continued interest
in the child, demonstration of a genuine effort to maintain communication with the
child, and demonstration of the establishment and maintenance of a place of
importance in the child’s life.” Id. Additionally, our supreme court has borrowed
from section 232.116(2) and (3) to flesh out the contours of the best-interests
framework in private terminations. See In re A.H.B., 791 N.W.2d 687, 690–91
(Iowa 2010) (considering the child’s “physical, mental, and emotional condition
and needs,” Iowa Code § 232.116(2), and the “closeness of the parent-child
bond,” Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c)).
We recognize termination of parental rights should not be granted just
because a parent wants to escape a financial duty of support, see In re D.W.K.,
365 N.W.2d 32, 35 (Iowa 1985), especially when the termination may result in
the need for financial assistance from the State, see In re K.J.K., 396 N.W.2d
370, 372 (Iowa Ct. App. 1986). However, section 600A.1 “requires that each
biological parent affirmatively assume the duties encompassed by the role of
being a parent,” including “the fulfillment of financial obligations.” Iowa Code
§ 600A.1 (emphasis added). The father has not seen or contacted the children
since September 2012. He has never made a voluntary payment to support his
children and, at the time of the termination hearing, he was more than $17,000 in
arrears on his obligation. The children fear their father and do not want him to
return in their lives; one child must attend counseling as a result of the verbal,
mental, and physical violence she witnessed between the mother and father.
The mother testified she was receiving health insurance and food assistance 6
from the State for her children but also stated she would not be able to afford
health insurance for the children even if the father was current on his support
obligation. She testified she had purchased a home with her boyfriend of almost
five years and that he physically and financially provided for the children and
intended to adopt them.
Section 600A.8 “expressly recognizes [a parent’s] failure to pay support as
a potential ground for termination.” In re H.S., 805 N.W.2d 737, 747 (Iowa 2011).
We consider a “child’s long-range, as well as immediate, interests” in making our
decision. In re R.K.B., 572 N.W.2d at 601 (citation omitted). “Insight for this
determination can be gained from evidence of the parent’s past performance, for
that performance may be indicative of the quality of the future care the parent is
capable of providing.” Id. (citation omitted). The father has demonstrated a
complete lack of interest in his children and has clearly failed to “affirmatively
assume[] the duties” of being the children’s father. See Iowa Code § 600A.1 He
did not consent to the termination of his parental rights merely to avoid his
support obligation. See In re K.J.K., 396 N.W.2d at 372. Instead, the mother, as
the petitioner, has sought to terminate his rights so that her children can move on
and not fear that their father will return. See Iowa Code § 600A.1 (“[Chapter
600A] shall be construed liberally. . . . [T]he interests of the parents of this child
. . . shall be given due consideration in this interpretation.”). On our de novo
review, we agree with the juvenile court that termination of the father’s parental
rights is in the children’s best interests.
The GAL also asserts the juvenile court erred in reopening the record and
considering new evidence in denying the GAL’s rule 1.904(2) motion. See In re 7
Marriage of Bolick, 539 N.W.2d 357, 361 (Iowa 1995) (“Motions under rule
[1.904(2)] are permitted so that courts may enlarge or modify findings based on
evidence already in the record. They are not vehicles for parties to retry issues
based on new facts.”). The mother argues the GAL failed to timely object to the
court considering additional evidence at the rule 1.904(2) hearing, and
consequently, has failed to preserve error on the issue.
We apply our standard error-preservation rules to termination-of-parental-
rights cases. See In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 773 (Iowa 2012) (terminating a
father’s parental rights under Iowa Code chapter 232). Because the GAL failed
to raise the issue before the juvenile court in a timely manner, and the juvenile
court did not rule on the issue, we find the issue is not preserved for our review.
See In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d at 773; see also Lamasters v. State, 821 N.W.2d
856, 862 (Iowa 2012) (“It is a fundamental doctrine of appellate review that
issues must ordinarily be both raised and decided by the district court before we
will decide them on appeal.” (quoting Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537
(Iowa 2002)).