IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 20-0580 Filed October 7, 2020
IN THE INTEREST OF Z.D., Minor Child,
J.M. and J.M., Intervenors, Appellants,
STATE OF IOWA, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Clinton County, Phillip J. Tabor,
District Associate Judge.
The State and intervenors appeal the juvenile court order removing the Iowa
Department of Human Services as the guardian of a minor child. REVERSED
AND REMANDED.
T.J. Hier of Hier Law Office, P.C., Baxter, for appellant intervenors
(relatives).
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Charles K. Phillips, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellant State.
Victoria D. Noel of The Noel Law Firm, P.C., Clinton, for appellee
intervenors (foster parents).
Marsha Arnold, Davenport, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor child. 2
Considered by Mullins, P.J., Schumacher, J., and Blane, S.J.* Tabor, J.,
takes no part.
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206
(2020). 3
SCHUMACHER, Judge.
The State and intervenors appeal the juvenile court order removing the Iowa
Department of Human Services (DHS) as the guardian of a minor child. We find
the intervenors did not preserve error on their due process claims. We also find
the foster parents did not show DHS acted unreasonably or irresponsibly, or that
removing DHS as the guardian was in the child’s best interests. As such, we
reverse the decision of the juvenile court and remand for further proceedings.
I. Background Facts & Proceedings
Z.D. was born in 2019. The mother indicated she was unable to care for
the child and wanted to have the child placed for adoption. 1 On March 27, 2019,
the child was adjudicated to be in need of assistance (CINA). 2 The child was
placed in the temporary custody of DHS for placement in foster care. DHS placed
the child with E.D. and L.D. (foster parents).
The child’s great-uncle, J.M., and his wife, J.M., (together referred to as the
great-uncle) received notice of the CINA proceedings on April 1. The great-uncle
approached DHS on April 4 or 5 and requested Z.D. be placed with him. The
great-uncle previously adopted Z.D.’s half-sibling, M.M., and stated he wanted the
two siblings to be raised together. Additionally, the great-uncle’s sister adopted
another of Z.D.’s siblings, D.J., and the families had frequent contact.
1 The mother tested positive for amphetamines at the time of the child’s birth, and the child tested positive for methamphetamine and amphetamines. A report filed in the termination suggests that the mother intended to place the baby for adoption under the Safe Haven law; however, a misunderstanding at the hospital may have prevented such from occurring. 2 Separate adjudication and dispositional orders were filed for the father, as his
whereabouts were unknown. He was served by publication. 4
On July 30, the great-uncle filed a motion to intervene. A home study
showed the great-uncle was an appropriate placement option for the child. The
great-uncle asked to have Z.D. placed in his care and stated he was interested in
adopting the child. The great-uncle had some visits with the child and asked for
increased, consistent visitation.
The court granted the motion to intervene on August 8. The court noted
DHS had known since shortly after the child was born that there was a relative with
a sibling of the child, and there should have been consideration of the great-uncle
as a potential placement for the child. The court found, “It is clear that [DHS] has
not made reasonable efforts in this case and that the placement of this child needs
to be addressed as soon as possible for the best interest of the child.” Thereafter,
the foster parents were permitted to intervene in the case.
On September 3, the State filed a petition for termination of parental rights
(TPR). On the same day, the State filed a motion for a continuance on the issue
of permanency. The great-uncle resisted the motion to continue and sought to
modify the placement of the child. He asserted that it would be in the child’s best
interests to be placed with a sibling. DHS requested separate representation by
the attorney general, and an assistant attorney general thereafter represented
DHS.3 The foster parents joined in the motion to continue. On September 18, the
juvenile court determined it was in the child’s best interests for the hearing to be
continued and for the child to remain with the foster parents.
3The county attorney and DHS had divergent interests. The county attorney filed a brief asking for the removal of DHS as the child’s guardian. 5
On September 23, the great-uncle filed a new motion requesting the child
be placed in his care prior to the TPR hearing. He also asked for a continuance of
the TPR hearing until the issue of permanency for the child had been established.
He stated DHS had not engaged in reasonable efforts to have the child placed with
a relative. The mother joined in the motion, stating she wanted the child to be
placed with the great-uncle. The juvenile court scheduled a permanency hearing
on October 28, with the TPR hearing set for November 19.
There was a two-hour hearing on permanency on October 28. The
remainder of the hearing was continued until December 2. In the meantime, a TPR
hearing was held on November 19. The juvenile court terminated the parents’
rights and “ORDERED that the child is placed in the custody and guardianship of
[DHS] for placement in an appropriate pre-adoptive placement.”4
At the continued hearing on December 2, the parties informed the court that
rather than continue with the permanency hearing, they were going to wait for a
decision by the adoption selection committee. The attorney for the great-uncle
stated there was discussion about “getting some visitation set up with the [great-
uncle] that they can count on,” and “facilitating communication” about the child.
The attorney for the foster parents agreed, stating:
We are go[ing to] set up a meeting to make sure that there’s consistent visitation and that’s being facilitated to ensure that the Department is doing reasonable efforts, because obviously that is important, and my clients are supportive of that. And then, as [the great-uncle’s attorney] said, after the adoption selection staffing occurs, if either of the parties desires a remedy, we believe that would be the appropriate time to do it rather than now.
4Neither parent appealed the termination order. Neither parent is a party to this appeal. 6
The guardian ad litem stated, “I also agree with what has been said.” The court
entered an order stating the great-uncle’s motion was withdrawn.
On February 27, 2020, the foster parents filed an application to remove DHS
as the guardian for the child. The foster parents stated DHS was acting
unreasonably because it was taking too long to reach a decision on adoption. They
also stated that as there was increased visitation with the great-uncle, the child
“exhibited signs of separation anxiety and trauma.”5
The application to remove DHS as the guardian was set for a three-hour
hearing on March 19. The Iowa Supreme Court issued In the Matter of Ongoing
Provisions For Coronavirus/COVID-19 Impact On Court Services (March 17,
2020), which stated, “Non-delinquency juvenile matters set to commence before
May 4 shall be either continued to a date no earlier than May 4 or conducted with
the parties and/or participants appearing remotely using video or phone
conferencing, at the discretion of the court.”
On March 18, the court canceled the hearing scheduled for the next day
and directed the parties to “file written briefs/statements outlining their position in
this matter” by March 25. The county attorney and the foster parents filed written
briefs to support removal of DHS as the child’s guardian. The guardian ad litem
joined in these briefs. DHS and the great-uncle filed written briefs in resistance to
the motion.
5As discussed below, no evidence was presented on the application to remove DHS as the guardian, so the foster parents’ concerns about visitation are not supported by testimony or exhibits. The foster parents submitted affidavits to support their position, but the juvenile court stated it would not consider them. 7
The juvenile court issued a decision on March 27. The court found “the
situation with [Z.D.] only knowing the [foster parents] as his family and [DHS] not
investigating placement with the [great-uncle] was unreasonable conduct by [DHS]
in performing its obligations in this matter and that [DHS’s] conduct caused the
guardianship issue faced by the Court at this time.” The court stated DHS
consistently indicated the child would be adopted by the foster parents until after
the termination, when it began to have the child spend more time with the great-
uncle. The court determined, “The actions of [DHS] throughout this case have
been unreasonable and have not met the responsibilities of [DHS] to [Z.D.], to the
foster parents, or to the relative placement options.” The court found DHS should
be removed as the guardian for the child. The court named the foster parents as
the child’s guardian. DHS and the great-uncle now appeal.
II. Standard of Review
“We review actions seeking to remove DHS as guardian and challenging
custody placement de novo.” In re D.H., No. 12-1387, 2012 WL 5954633, at *2
(Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 29, 2012) (citing In re E.G., 738 N.W.2d 653, 654 (Iowa Ct.
App. 2007)). “We review both the facts and the law and adjudicate rights anew.”
Id. “Although we give weight to the juvenile court’s findings of fact, we are not
bound by them.” Id.
III. Due Process
The great-uncle contends he was denied due process because the juvenile
court ruled the parties could not present testimony or submit exhibits at a hearing
on the motion to remove DHS as the child’s guardian. 8
Prior to the hearing scheduled for March 19, 2020, the great-uncle filed a
motion requesting a continuance or for the hearing to be held by video or
telephone, in accordance with the supreme court’s order filed on March 17. The
foster parents resisted the motion, stating time was of the essence, and the court
could “determine which, if any parties, may participate via videoconference or
telephone.” The great-uncle responded by again pointing out the supreme court’s
guidelines. However, the court determined the issue would be decided based only
on the previous record in the case and the parties’ briefs.
The great-uncle filed a motion to reconsider the court’s ruling, but it referred
solely to the court’s decision to require the child, who was on an extended visit with
the great-uncle, to be immediately returned to the foster parents. The motion to
reconsider did not refer to the court’s decision to exclude testimony and new
exhibits. Also, the issue was not raised in the great-uncle’s brief. The great-uncle
did not file any motions after the court’s ruling but filed a notice of appeal.
“[T]he general rule that appellate arguments must first be raised in the trial
court applies to CINA and [TPR] cases.” In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 773 (Iowa
2012). This rule applies even to “issues implicating constitutional rights,” such as
due process. In re K.C., 660 N.W.2d 29, 38 (Iowa 2003). The issue concerning
due process was not raised before the juvenile court and was not ruled on by the
court. We conclude this issue has not been preserved for our review. See In re
Z.P., ___ N.W.2d ___, ___, 2020 WL 5268435, at *3 (Iowa 2020) (noting an issue
that “was not disputed below” “is therefore not preserved for appeal”). 9
IV. Removal of Guardian
DHS and the great-uncle claim the juvenile court improperly removed DHS
as the child’s guardian. We first note that on December 2, 2019, the foster parents
stated that if either of the parties wanted to challenge the adoption selection
committee’s decision, that would take place “after the adoption selection staffing
occurs.” The guardian ad litem agreed as well. The great-uncle’s attorney also
stated the case “needs to get in front of the adoption selection committee so this
child can move forward with adoption. Whether it ends up being the [foster
parents] or whether it ends up being the [great-uncle], they can go through that
process.” The attorney stated any challenges would be made after the adoption
selection committee’s decision.
Although the foster parents agreed on the record to let the adoption
selection process play out, less than three months later, on February 27, 2020,
they filed an application to remove DHS as the guardian for the child. The foster
parents stated DHS was acting unreasonably because it was taking too long to
reach a decision on adoption. The foster parents sought to bypass the DHS
adoption selection committee by having DHS removed as the child’s guardian
before the committee met and made a decision.6
“When DHS is a child’s guardian, it determines the specific adoptive home
for the child.” In re J.H., No. 20-0081, 2020 WL 2988758, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App.
June 3, 2020) (quoting In re T.J.M., No. 18-1390, 2018 WL 5840806, at *3 (Iowa
6 The adoption selection committee met on March 16, 2020. According to the great-uncle’s brief, he was informed by DHS that he had been chosen by the committee to adopt the child. 10
Ct. App. Nov. 7, 2018)); see also In re S.O., No. 13-0740, 2013 WL 3458216, at
*2 (Iowa Ct. App. July 10, 2013) (“It is DHS’s duty and right, however, to choose
the placement for these children.”). DHS follows a selection process and criteria
set out in the Iowa Administrative Code. J.H., 2020 WL 2988758, at *3 (citing Iowa
Admin. Code r. 441-200.4(3)). We find it is not unreasonable or irresponsible for
DHS to be following this process. Although the foster parents and the juvenile
court may have wished the process could be accomplished more expeditiously,
we do not find the process was taking an undue amount of time.7
Iowa Code section 232.118(1) (2020) provides for the removal of a guardian
in juvenile court proceedings. We have stated:
In considering whether DHS should be removed as the guardian of a child, we have looked at whether it has engaged in “unreasonable actions.” [In re E.G., 745 N.W.2d 742, 744 (Iowa Ct. App. 2007)]. We have also looked at whether “the Department in any way failed in its guardianship duties or in looking out for [the child’s] best interests.” Id.; accord [S.O., 2013 WL 3458216, at *2] (“The juvenile court retains the authority to remove DHS as guardian if the department acts unreasonably or irresponsibly in discharging its duties.”). The actions of DHS “must serve the best interests of the child.” In re N.V., 877 N.W.2d 146, 153 (Iowa Ct. App. 2016); accord In re C.L.C., 479 N.W.2d 340, 345 (Iowa Ct. App. 1991) (noting “the overall principle of chapter 232 [is] to seek the best interests of the child”).
T.J.M., 2018 WL 5840806, at *3. Thus, we consider whether (1) “DHS acted
unreasonably or irresponsibly in discharging its duties” and (2) removal of DHS as
the guardian is in the child’s best interests. J.H., 2020 WL 2988758, at *3.
Factually, this case is very similar to I.P., where foster parents filed a motion
to remove DHS as the guardian of a child after DHS decided to transition the child
7Some of the delay in this case was caused by the motions for continuance that were filed throughout the case and granted by the court. 11
to a family who had adopted the child’s half-sibling.8 2019 WL 3317922, at *2.
“[T]he [juvenile] court found DHS acted unreasonably in failing to timely contact
[the child’s] relatives.” Id. Despite this, the court concluded removing DHS as the
guardian was not the appropriate remedy. Id. On appeal, we stated, “[P]roviding
a good foster home does not create a legal ground to remove the DHS as guardian
after termination. We concluded DHS acted in the child’s best interests by placing
the child with a half-sibling. Id.
Also, in T.J.M., a great-uncle sought to remove DHS as the guardian when
DHS chose to place a child with a maternal aunt who had adopted the child’s half-
sibling. 2018 WL 5840806, at *2. The juvenile court determined DHS should be
removed as the child’s guardian because the great-uncle had been led to believe
the child would be placed in his care. Id. The court found DHS failed to have
continuity in decision-making. Id. We reversed the juvenile court’s decision,
finding DHS was required “to make a reasonable effort to place the child and
siblings together in the same placement.” Id. at *4 (quoting Iowa Code
§ 232.108(1)). Additionally, DHS had a lengthy statement giving its reasons for
placing the child with the maternal aunt, where the child’s half-sibling was living.
8 There are several cases where a party asked to have DHS removed as the guardian of a child, the juvenile court denied the request on the ground DHS had not acted unreasonably or failed to act in the child’s best interests, and the issue was affirmed on appeal. See In re I.P., No. 19-0715, 2019 WL 3317922, at *5 (Iowa Ct. App. July 24, 2019); In re W.L., No. 19-0424, 2019 WL 2375248, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. June 5, 2019); In re X.O., No. 16-0313, 2016 WL 2743445, at *5 (Iowa Ct. App. May 11, 2016); In re R.S., No. 15-1244, 2015 WL 5578273, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 23, 2015); S.O., 2013 WL 3458216, at *2; D.H., 2012 WL 5954633, at *4; In re K.M.H., No. 12-1300, 2012 WL 5562784, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2012); In re D.H., No. 10-1313, 2010 WL 4484849, at *7 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 10, 2010). 12
Id. at *5. We concluded, “In our de novo review of the facts and the law, we
conclude DHS did not act unreasonably, irresponsibly, or contrary to the best
interests of [the child] when it determined the child should be permanently placed
in the home of the maternal aunt.” Id.
In a recent case, J.H., although the adoption selection committee chose
foster parents who had adopted a child’s half-sibling, a supervisor overruled the
committee and determined the child should be placed with the child’s grandfather.
2020 WL 29887758, at *1–2. The foster parents sought to remove DHS as the
child’s guardian. Id. at *2. We affirmed the juvenile court’s decision removing DHS
as the child’s guardian, finding DHS acted unreasonably because it did not follow
its own procedures for the permanent placement of children. Id. at *5. We also
concluded DHS had not acted in the child’s best interests, noting that generally
DHS has a preference to keep siblings together. Id. at *6.
We acknowledge that separation between a child and foster parents may
be painful. Z.D.’s foster parents have provided his shelter and care since Z.D. was
a newborn. He was just over a year old at the time of the hearing held on the
motion to remove DHS as his guardian. However, our supreme court has
previously held, “The foster care system is designed to provide temporary, not
permanent, homes for children.” E.G., 745 N.W.2d at 744. DHS is not required to
make “reasonable efforts to preserve a pre-adoptive foster care placement.” R.S.,
2015 WL 5578273, at *1. We do not find DHS acted unreasonably or irresponsibly
by having the child live with foster parents for a period of time but then explore
other options when considering the best placement for adoption. See I.P., 2019
WL 3317922, at *5 (“[P]roviding a good foster home does not create a legal ground 13
to remove the DHS as guardian after termination.”); T.J.M., 2018 WL 5840806, at
*5 (finding DHS did not act unreasonably by failing to give deference to one relative
because the child previously had been placed in his care). As has been stated
before:
In terms of the court’s involvement in ruling on the application to remove the DHS, this is not a custody battle between the two competing parties. The juvenile court is not permitted to make its own independent decision as to which family the child should be placed with for adoption. That duty lies with the DHS, as the guardian of the child. In E.G. I, we held that “[t]he legislature, while giving the juvenile court continuing oversight consistent with the best interest of the child, did not give the juvenile court the right to establish custody or consent to adoption.” 738 N.W.2d at 657. “Rather, these rights were specifically granted to the guardian,” which is the DHS in this case. Id. The appointed guardian, not the juvenile court, is responsible for making important decisions that have a permanent effect on the life and development of the child and promoting the general welfare of the child.
J.H., 2020 WL 2988758, at *9–10 (Ahlers, J., specially concurring).
Even if we were to find DHS acted unreasonably, we do not find DHS failed
to act in the child’s best interests or that removal of DHS as the child’s guardian
would be in the child’s best interests. We have stated:
Iowa Code section 232.108(1) “requires the department to ‘make a reasonable effort to place the child and siblings together in the same placement.’” In re J.B., No. 18-1177, 2018 WL 4362753, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 12, 2018) (quoting Iowa Code § 232.108(1)). “[T]he importance of sibling relationships has been statutorily recognized in section 232.108.” In re M.D., No. 17-1893, 2018 WL 739351, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 7, 2018). “[T]he overall thrust of section 232.108 [is] to maintain sibling relationships absent clear and convincing evidence it would be detrimental.” In re A.J., No. 13-0216, 2013 WL 1227360, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 27, 2013).
T.J.M., 2018 WL 5840806, at *4.
Based on the statutory requirements of section 232.108(1), DHS was
required to “make a reasonable effort” to place the child in a home with a sibling, 14
which in this case was the home of the great-uncle. The great-uncle had adopted
Z.D.’s half-sibling, M.M., and had frequent contact with another half-sibling, D.J.,
who had been adopted by the great-uncle’s sister. It was not contrary to Z.D.’s
best interests for DHS to consider placing the child with the great-uncle or increase
visitation with the great-uncle so an assessment could be made as to whether his
home was the best placement for the child.
We reverse the juvenile court’s decision removing DHS as the child’s
guardian and remand for further proceedings.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.