IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 19-1515 Filed February 5, 2020
IN THE INTEREST OF X.W., Minor Child,
X.W., Father, Appellant,
E.W., Mother, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Rachael E. Seymour,
District Associate Judge.
A mother and father separately appeal the termination of their parental
rights with respect to their child. AFFIRMED.
Kelsey Knight of Carr Law Firm, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellant father.
Lori M. Holm, Des Moines, for appellant mother.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee State.
Brent Pattison of Drake Legal Clinic, Des Moines, guardian ad litem for
minor child.
Considered by Doyle, P.J., and Tabor and Schumacher, JJ. 2
SCHUMACHER, Judge.
I. Procedural Background
X.W. was born in July 2018. He came to the attention of the Iowa
Department of Human Services (DHS) due to a case involving his sibling, P.X.W.
The district court terminated the parents’ rights to P.X.W. in May 2018 and such
termination was affirmed by this court.1
Five days after the birth of X.W., the State successfully petitioned for a
temporary removal order of X.W., who was placed in the custody of a relative of
the father. He has remained out of parental custody since July 2018. There has
never been a trial period at home. X.W. was adjudicated to be a child in need of
assistance (CINA) on October 19, 2018, and that CINA status was confirmed at a
dispositional hearing on November 8, 2018.
A permanency hearing was held in January 2019, and all parties stipulated
the parents should be granted a six-month extension to work on reunification
efforts. The State filed a termination petition in late April, and the termination
hearing occurred in June 2019. The father was incarcerated and did not wish to
participate in the hearing. The court terminated the father’s parental rights
pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(b),(e),(g), and (h) (2019) and terminated
the mother’s parental rights pursuant to section 232.116(1)(g) and (h). Both
parents timely appealed.
On appeal, the mother argues the State failed to make reasonable efforts
as required by Iowa Code section 232.102. The father and mother contest each
1 In re P.W., No. 18-1030, 2018 WL 3650383 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 1, 2018). 3
statutory ground upon which their rights were terminated. Both parents argue that
termination is not in the child’s best interest. Lastly, the mother argues that the
court erred in failing to apply one of the permissive factors outlined in section
232.116(3).
On our independent review of the record, we affirm termination as to both
the mother and the father. We agree with the district court that reasonable efforts
were provided by the State for reunification purposes between the mother and
X.W., that termination is in the child’s best interest, and that no permissive
exception should be applied to preclude termination.
II. Standard of Review
Review of all termination proceedings is de novo. In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d
33, 40 (Iowa 2010). Under de novo review, “[w]e review both the facts and the law
and adjudicate rights anew on the issues properly presented.” In re A.T., 799
N.W.2d 148, 150–51 (Iowa Ct. App. 2011). “We give weight to the juvenile court’s
findings, but are not bound by them. Our paramount concern is the child’s best
interests.” Id. at 151.
On appeal, we may affirm the juvenile court's termination order on any
ground that we find supported by clear and convincing evidence. In re A.B., 815
N.W.2d 764, 774 (Iowa 2012) (“When the juvenile court terminates parental rights
on more than one statutory ground, we may affirm the juvenile court’s order on any
ground we find supported by the record.”). Accordingly, we proceed with analysis
under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h) concerning the father and Iowa Code
section 232.116(1)(g) concerning the mother. 4
III. Analysis
A. Reasonable Efforts
We first address the lack-of-reasonable-efforts argument advanced by the
mother. To transfer legal custody of a child in CINA proceedings, a court “must
make a determination that continuation of the child in the child’s home would be
contrary to the welfare of the child, and shall identify the reasonable efforts that
have been made.” Iowa Code § 232.102(6)(2)(b).
On appeal, the mother’s argument in regard to reasonable efforts appears
limited to the issue of visitation, specifically the reduction of visitation in early 2019.
On appeal, she alleges the State fell short of providing reasonable efforts by
arbitrarily reducing her visits with X.W. “without identifying a legitimate protective
concern or . . . adjudicative harm.” We consider the context of other services
provided by DHS in our review of such argument concerning this narrow issue of
reduced visitation.
The State’s duty to make reasonable efforts encompasses a visitation
arrangement “designed to facilitate reunification while protecting the child from the
harm responsible for the removal.” In re M.B., 553 N.W.2d 343, 345 (Iowa Ct. App.
1996). Visitation, however, cannot be considered in a vacuum. It is only one
element in what is often a comprehensive, interdependent approach to
reunification. If services directed at removing the risk or danger responsible for a
limited visitation scheme have been unsuccessful, increased visitation would most
likely not be in the child’s best interests. Id.
When the State removes a child from a parent’s care, the State has an
obligation to “make every reasonable effort to return the child to the child’s home 5
as quickly as possible consistent with the best interests of the child.” In re C.B.,
611 N.W.2d 489, 493 (Iowa 2000). In making reasonable efforts, “[a] child’s health
and safety shall be the paramount concern.” Iowa Code § 232.102(12)(a) (defining
reasonable efforts). The State’s duty to make “reasonable efforts is not viewed as
a strict substantive requirement of termination. C.B., 611 N.W.2d at 493. The
State has the burden to “show reasonable efforts as a part of its ultimate proof the
child cannot be safely returned to the care of a parent.” Id.
Visitation between a parent and child is an important ingredient to the goal
of reunification. In re S.W., 469 N.W.2d 278, 280–81 (Iowa Ct. App. 1991). The
best interests of the child, however, control the nature and extent of visitation and
may warrant limiting parental visitation. In re C.G., 444 N.W.2d 518, 520 (Iowa Ct.
App. 1989). The DHS case worker testified that the reduction in visitation was due
to the discovery of jail tapes between the mother and her new boyfriend; the
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 19-1515 Filed February 5, 2020
IN THE INTEREST OF X.W., Minor Child,
X.W., Father, Appellant,
E.W., Mother, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Rachael E. Seymour,
District Associate Judge.
A mother and father separately appeal the termination of their parental
rights with respect to their child. AFFIRMED.
Kelsey Knight of Carr Law Firm, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellant father.
Lori M. Holm, Des Moines, for appellant mother.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee State.
Brent Pattison of Drake Legal Clinic, Des Moines, guardian ad litem for
minor child.
Considered by Doyle, P.J., and Tabor and Schumacher, JJ. 2
SCHUMACHER, Judge.
I. Procedural Background
X.W. was born in July 2018. He came to the attention of the Iowa
Department of Human Services (DHS) due to a case involving his sibling, P.X.W.
The district court terminated the parents’ rights to P.X.W. in May 2018 and such
termination was affirmed by this court.1
Five days after the birth of X.W., the State successfully petitioned for a
temporary removal order of X.W., who was placed in the custody of a relative of
the father. He has remained out of parental custody since July 2018. There has
never been a trial period at home. X.W. was adjudicated to be a child in need of
assistance (CINA) on October 19, 2018, and that CINA status was confirmed at a
dispositional hearing on November 8, 2018.
A permanency hearing was held in January 2019, and all parties stipulated
the parents should be granted a six-month extension to work on reunification
efforts. The State filed a termination petition in late April, and the termination
hearing occurred in June 2019. The father was incarcerated and did not wish to
participate in the hearing. The court terminated the father’s parental rights
pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(b),(e),(g), and (h) (2019) and terminated
the mother’s parental rights pursuant to section 232.116(1)(g) and (h). Both
parents timely appealed.
On appeal, the mother argues the State failed to make reasonable efforts
as required by Iowa Code section 232.102. The father and mother contest each
1 In re P.W., No. 18-1030, 2018 WL 3650383 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 1, 2018). 3
statutory ground upon which their rights were terminated. Both parents argue that
termination is not in the child’s best interest. Lastly, the mother argues that the
court erred in failing to apply one of the permissive factors outlined in section
232.116(3).
On our independent review of the record, we affirm termination as to both
the mother and the father. We agree with the district court that reasonable efforts
were provided by the State for reunification purposes between the mother and
X.W., that termination is in the child’s best interest, and that no permissive
exception should be applied to preclude termination.
II. Standard of Review
Review of all termination proceedings is de novo. In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d
33, 40 (Iowa 2010). Under de novo review, “[w]e review both the facts and the law
and adjudicate rights anew on the issues properly presented.” In re A.T., 799
N.W.2d 148, 150–51 (Iowa Ct. App. 2011). “We give weight to the juvenile court’s
findings, but are not bound by them. Our paramount concern is the child’s best
interests.” Id. at 151.
On appeal, we may affirm the juvenile court's termination order on any
ground that we find supported by clear and convincing evidence. In re A.B., 815
N.W.2d 764, 774 (Iowa 2012) (“When the juvenile court terminates parental rights
on more than one statutory ground, we may affirm the juvenile court’s order on any
ground we find supported by the record.”). Accordingly, we proceed with analysis
under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h) concerning the father and Iowa Code
section 232.116(1)(g) concerning the mother. 4
III. Analysis
A. Reasonable Efforts
We first address the lack-of-reasonable-efforts argument advanced by the
mother. To transfer legal custody of a child in CINA proceedings, a court “must
make a determination that continuation of the child in the child’s home would be
contrary to the welfare of the child, and shall identify the reasonable efforts that
have been made.” Iowa Code § 232.102(6)(2)(b).
On appeal, the mother’s argument in regard to reasonable efforts appears
limited to the issue of visitation, specifically the reduction of visitation in early 2019.
On appeal, she alleges the State fell short of providing reasonable efforts by
arbitrarily reducing her visits with X.W. “without identifying a legitimate protective
concern or . . . adjudicative harm.” We consider the context of other services
provided by DHS in our review of such argument concerning this narrow issue of
reduced visitation.
The State’s duty to make reasonable efforts encompasses a visitation
arrangement “designed to facilitate reunification while protecting the child from the
harm responsible for the removal.” In re M.B., 553 N.W.2d 343, 345 (Iowa Ct. App.
1996). Visitation, however, cannot be considered in a vacuum. It is only one
element in what is often a comprehensive, interdependent approach to
reunification. If services directed at removing the risk or danger responsible for a
limited visitation scheme have been unsuccessful, increased visitation would most
likely not be in the child’s best interests. Id.
When the State removes a child from a parent’s care, the State has an
obligation to “make every reasonable effort to return the child to the child’s home 5
as quickly as possible consistent with the best interests of the child.” In re C.B.,
611 N.W.2d 489, 493 (Iowa 2000). In making reasonable efforts, “[a] child’s health
and safety shall be the paramount concern.” Iowa Code § 232.102(12)(a) (defining
reasonable efforts). The State’s duty to make “reasonable efforts is not viewed as
a strict substantive requirement of termination. C.B., 611 N.W.2d at 493. The
State has the burden to “show reasonable efforts as a part of its ultimate proof the
child cannot be safely returned to the care of a parent.” Id.
Visitation between a parent and child is an important ingredient to the goal
of reunification. In re S.W., 469 N.W.2d 278, 280–81 (Iowa Ct. App. 1991). The
best interests of the child, however, control the nature and extent of visitation and
may warrant limiting parental visitation. In re C.G., 444 N.W.2d 518, 520 (Iowa Ct.
App. 1989). The DHS case worker testified that the reduction in visitation was due
to the discovery of jail tapes between the mother and her new boyfriend; the
discovery of the mother’s brother living with her, despite her knowledge that he
was actively using an illegal substance; and the discovery of a photograph of an
individual in the mother’s apartment posing with a gun. We find that the reduction
in visitation after newly discovered concerns regarding sobriety of the mother and
protective capabilities does not amount to denial of reasonable efforts, particularly
when coupled with other services provided by the State.
The mother has been offered or provided a myriad of services since 2017,
when X.W.’s sibling was removed from parental care for similar concerns of
substance abuse and unsafe relationships. The district court described these
services as “extensive.” These services include child protective assessment
services; family safety, risk, and permanency services; individual therapy for the 6
parent; relative placement; family team meetings; supervised visits; drug screens
for the parent; drug screen for the child; substance-abuse evaluations; substance-
abuse treatment; mental-health evaluation for the parent; NA and AA meetings; a
sponsor; domestic violence classes; domestic violence advocate; prior CINA case;
post-removal conference; early access evaluation; parenting classes and
parenting curriculum; transportation assistance; and paternity testing. We reject
the mother’s argument concerning reasonable efforts as the nearly eleven-month
record in this case spans from X.W.’s birth and evinces continued reasonable
efforts by DHS to facilitate or offer treatment for the mother and move toward
reunification.
B. Statutory Grounds
We next turn to whether father’s rights were properly terminated pursuant
to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h).
For a termination to issue under paragraph (h) a court must find that
(1) The child is three years of age or younger. (2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of assistance pursuant to section 232.96. (3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of the child’s parents for at least six months of the last twelve months, or for the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home has been less than thirty days. (4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided in section 232.102 at the present time.
The first three elements with respect to the father were met: by virtue of
X.W.’s age; when X.W. was adjudicated to be a child in need of assistance in
October 2018; and when X.W. remained out of parental custody since July 2018,
a period of eleven consecutive months. 7
Because the father was incarcerated at the time of the hearing, he
acknowledges that X.W. could not be returned to him. The relevant time for
purposes of section 232.116(1)(h)(4) analysis is the time of the termination
hearing. See In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 111 (Iowa 2014) (interpreting “at the
present time” to mean “at the time of the hearing”).
He instead argues the child could have been returned to mother, an
argument we have already rejected. See In re C.T., No. 18-2199, 2019 WL
1055897, at *1 n.1 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 6, 2019). We reject challenges to
termination that are based on a parent’s argument that a child should be returned
to the other parent. See id. Each parent needs “to advance their own reasons on
appeal why, considering the juvenile court’s findings regarding their individual
strengths and weaknesses, their separate parental rights should not be
terminated.” In re D.G., 704 N.W.2d 454, 460 (Iowa Ct. App. 2005). As the child
could not be returned to the father at the time of the termination hearing, we find
the trial court properly terminated the father’s parental rights under section
232.116(1)(h).
We turn next to the argument advanced by the mother as such relates to
section 232.116(1)(g).
For a termination to issue under paragraph (g) a court must find that
(1) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of assistance pursuant to section 232.96. (2) The court has terminated parental rights pursuant to section 232.117 with respect to another child who is a member of the same family or a court of competent jurisdiction in another state has entered an order involuntarily terminating parental rights with respect to another child who is a member of the same family. 8
(3) There is clear and convincing evidence that the parent continues to lack the ability or willingness to respond to services which would correct the situation. (4) There is clear and convincing evidence that an additional period of rehabilitation would not correct the situation.
The first two elements with respect to the mother were met when X.W. was
adjudicated to be CINA in October 2018 and his parents’ rights with respect to
older sibling P.X.W. were terminated in May 2018. Like the district court, we find
the mother has failed to meaningfully engage in services. We find clear and
convincing evidence contained in the record that the mother lacks the ability or
willingness to respond to services that would correct the situation and further
rehabilitation would not correct the situation.2
The mother admitted using illegal substances early in her pregnancy with
X.W., and recorded conversations show she planned to continue using after she
delivers the child she was expecting at the termination hearing. Though she has
separated from the father, the mother has since associated with three men with
similar criminal histories, putative fathers of her current pregnancy. These men’s
criminal histories include drug, weapons, and theft charges. While the mother had
made some progress, including completing twenty-four Iowa Domestic Abuse
Program classes, taped jail phone calls and her testimony at the termination
hearing reflect the lack of internalization of services provided.3
2 “Evidence is clear and convincing when there are no serious or substantial doubts as to the correctness o[f] conclusions of law drawn from the evidence.” In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 706 (Iowa 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). 3 The mother refused to respond to the State’s questioning regarding progress in
therapy, invoked the Fifth amendment concerning questions by the State concerning her driver’s license, and evaded answering the State’s questions, responding with phrases, such as “Whatever floats your boat” or “This is ridiculous.” 9
The mother has been less than forthcoming regarding her abuse of illegal
substances. She tested positive while pregnant with X.W. for marijuana and
opiates. She had a positive UA for hydrocodone in October 2018 and provided
false documentation indicating that she had a prescription for hydrocodone when
in fact she did not. She missed drug tests in December 2018 and on March 27,
2019. A drug test conducted on March 28, 2019, was positive for
benzodiazepines. The mother had no credible explanation for this result.
The mother was pregnant at the time of the termination hearing. She
admitted to being intoxicated on January 1, 2019, telling one of the putative fathers
of her current pregnancy that she consumed a large amount of alcohol and passed
out. She acknowledged that such might affect the health of her expected baby.
The mother’s continued substance abuse and lack of protective capabilities
presents clear and convincing evidence that the mother continues to lack the ability
or willingness to respond to services which would correct the situation and that an
additional period of rehabilitation would not correct the situation.
C. Best Interest
Both the mother and the father argue the district erred when it found
termination of their rights to be in the best interests of X.W. We disagree.
At the time of termination, X.W. had been placed in a stable environment
with a relative for nearly one year. In seeking to determine the best interests of a
child, “we look to the child’s long range as well as immediate interest. Hence, we
necessarily consider what the future likely holds for the child if returned to his or
her parents.” In re T.D.C., 336 N.W.2d 738, 740–41 (Iowa 1983). 10
“Children simply cannot wait for responsible parenting. Parenting cannot
be turned off and on like a spigot. It must be constant, responsible, and reliable.”
In re T.J.O., 527 N.W.2d 417, 422 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994). Patience with troubled
parents must be limited so as to avoid “intolerable hardship” for children. In re
R.J., 436 N.W.2d 630, 636 (Iowa 1989).
In determining if termination is in the child’s best interests, we “give primary
consideration to the child’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-
term nurturing and growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and emotional
condition and needs of the child.” Iowa Code § 232.116(2). We also review “[t]he
length of time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment and the
desirability of maintaining that environment and continuity for the child.” Id.
§ 232.116(2)(b)(1). “A parent’s right to raise his or her child is an important interest
warranting deference,” however “[t]he State’s interest in providing a stable, loving
homelife for a child as soon as possible is just as important an interest.” P.L., 778
N.W.2d at 38.
As of the termination, the father remained incarcerated. He declined to
participate in the permanency hearing and termination hearing. At a substance-
abuse and mental-health screening in April 2019, he admitted using both
marijuana and methamphetamines “all day, every day” until his arrest in March
2019. His parental rights to three older children have been previously terminated.
Further, while the mother does well at visitations, she has professed an intention
to resume consumption of illegal drugs and continued to associate with persons
having significant criminal histories. She expressed a posture to beat or “whoop” 11
her child if he or she engaged in activities of which she disapproved. We find
termination of the parental rights is in X.W.’s best interest.
D. Permissive Exceptions to Termination
Finally, we consider whether any exception in section 232.116(3) should be
applied to render termination unnecessary. The mother highlights the relative’s
custody of X.W. as a factual basis on which the court should have applied
paragraph (a), which allows for permissive abstention from termination where “[a]
relative has legal custody of the child.” Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(a). The mother
also argues that there was “clear and convincing evidence that the termination
would be detrimental to the child at the time due to the closeness of the parent-
child relationship,” citing Iowa Code section 232.116(3)(c). See D.W., 791 N.W.2d
at 709.
A termination, otherwise warranted, may be avoided under this exception.
In re D.E.D., 476 N.W.2d 737, 738 (Iowa Ct. App. 1991). The factors under section
232.116(3) have been interpreted by the courts as being permissive, not
mandatory. In re C.L.H., 500 N.W.2d 449, 454 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993). X.W. has
spent nearly all his life in the custody of a relative. There is no evidence in the
record that a termination will be detrimental to the child. Based on the record, we
find no error in the trial court’s refusal to apply a permissive exception to
termination.
IV. Conclusion
We find the district court properly applied Iowa Code section 232.116 to
terminate the parental rights with respect to X.W. and find that reasonable efforts
were made by the State to promote reunification between the mother and X.W. 12
We further agree that termination is in X.W.’s best interest, and there was no error
in failing to apply a permissive exception to termination. Accordingly, we affirm the
district court.
AFFIRMED.