IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 22-0383 Filed May 11, 2022
IN THE INTEREST OF S.S., Minor Child,
A.S., Mother, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Pottawattamie County, Charles D.
Fagan, District Associate Judge.
A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her minor child.
AFFIRMED.
Keith R. Tucker, Glenwood, for appellant mother.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Toby J. Gordon, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee State.
Roberta Megel, Council Bluffs, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor
child.
Considered by Bower, C.J., and Schumacher and Ahlers, JJ. 2
SCHUMACHER, Judge.
A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her child. We find
there is sufficient evidence in the record to support the district court’s findings on
the statutory grounds for termination of the mother’s parental rights, that
termination is in the child’s best interests, and that an extension of time is not
warranted. We affirm the decision of the district court.
I. Background Facts & Proceedings
S.S., the child in interest, was born in April 2021 and tested positive for
amphetamines at birth.1 The child was removed from the mother’s custody and
placed in foster care with a family that had adopted three of the child’s older half-
siblings. S.S.’s mother reported that her relationship with S.S.’s father involved
domestic violence.
S.S. has special medical needs, including hearing, sight, and gastro-
intestinal problems. The mother, age thirty at the time of the termination hearing,
has a history of substance abuse, her drug of choice being methamphetamine.
S.S. is the seventh of the mother’s children. Her parental rights have been
terminated to three children; her four additional children, including S.S., are not in
her custody. The mother was pregnant at the time of the termination hearing with
her eighth child, expected in May 2022.
In early May 2021, the mother completed a substance-abuse evaluation,
which recommended the mother enter inpatient treatment. The mother declined
to participate.
1 The father has not appealed the termination of his parental rights. 3
On June 2, 2021, S.S. was adjudicated to be in need of assistance (CINA),
pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.2(6)(c)(2), (n), and (o) (2021). The mother
participated in Family Centered Services (FCS) and attended visits. She did not
appear for DHS drug testing except on one occasion when she refused to submit
to the test. The mother attended none of the child’s medical appointments.
On October 6, the mother began living at a home for pregnant women in
crisis, which was in another state. She had a second substance-abuse evaluation,
in which she denied being addicted to drugs, despite her acknowledgment of
“snorting or smoking four bowls on a daily basis for a couple of years.” The mother
began intensive outpatient treatment on November 22, 2021. The mother also
began individual therapy. On November 29, the State filed a petition for
termination of the mother’s parental rights. The mother provided negative drug
screens while living in the home for women, which was a requirement for remaining
at the facility.
At the termination hearing, held on January 4 and 27, 2022, the Iowa
Department of Human Services (DHS) social work case manager testified the child
could not be returned to the mother’s care because the mother only recently began
participating in treatment.
The FCS worker testified the mother had not attended any of the child’s
medical appointments. She did not believe the mother understood the child’s
medical and developmental needs. Prior to the termination hearing, the mother
had not signed an Area Education Agency authorization for the child to receive
needed services, delaying the signing to the time of the termination hearing. The
mother also failed to provide consent for another medical procedure. 4
The mother testified that she did not participate in DHS drug testing
because she did not have reliable transportation. She stated she last used
methamphetamine in September 2021. The mother completed an outpatient
treatment program by the second day of the termination hearing. The mother also
completed a domestic violence program. At the termination hearing, she
requested S.S. be placed with her at the facility.
The mother presented the testimony of a program director at the home for
pregnant women in crisis. The program director testified the mother would be a
good candidate to have her child placed with her at the facility. She stated the
mother was making progress and growth in the program.
On February 11, the district court terminated the mother’s parental rights
under section 232.116(1)(e), (h), and (l). The court found “although [the mother]
has taken the first few minimal steps to obtain sobriety she has not and cannot
care for [the child].” The court found termination of the mother’s parental rights
was in the child’s best interests. The court stated,
The parents have shown that they are not prepared to care for their child. There is no evidence that giving them additional time to address their problems would be fruitful in the near future. There is no bond between this child and the parents that would warrant the court allowing more time to reunify.
The mother appeals the termination of her parental rights.
II. Standard of Review
Our review of termination proceedings is de novo. In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d
764, 773 (Iowa 2012). The State must prove its allegations for termination by clear
and convincing evidence. In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000). “‘Clear
and convincing evidence’ means there are no serious or substantial doubts as to 5
the correctness [of] conclusions of law drawn from the evidence.” Id. Our primary
concern is the best interests of the children. In re J.S., 846 N.W.2d 36, 40 (Iowa
2014).
III. Sufficiency of the Evidence
We follow a three-step analysis in reviewing the termination of a parent’s
rights. In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 39 (Iowa 2010). We first consider whether there
is a statutory ground for termination of the parent’s rights under section 232.116(1).
Id. Second, we look to whether termination of the parent’s rights is in the child’s
best interests. Id. (citing Iowa Code § 232.116(2)). Third, we consider whether
any of the exceptions to termination in section 232.116(3) should be applied. Id.
On the first issue, sufficiency of the evidence, “[w]e will uphold an order
terminating parental rights where there is clear and convincing evidence of the
statutory grounds for termination.” In re T.S., 868 N.W.2d 425, 434 (Iowa Ct. App.
2015). “When the juvenile court orders termination of parental rights on more than
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 22-0383 Filed May 11, 2022
IN THE INTEREST OF S.S., Minor Child,
A.S., Mother, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Pottawattamie County, Charles D.
Fagan, District Associate Judge.
A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her minor child.
AFFIRMED.
Keith R. Tucker, Glenwood, for appellant mother.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Toby J. Gordon, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee State.
Roberta Megel, Council Bluffs, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor
child.
Considered by Bower, C.J., and Schumacher and Ahlers, JJ. 2
SCHUMACHER, Judge.
A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her child. We find
there is sufficient evidence in the record to support the district court’s findings on
the statutory grounds for termination of the mother’s parental rights, that
termination is in the child’s best interests, and that an extension of time is not
warranted. We affirm the decision of the district court.
I. Background Facts & Proceedings
S.S., the child in interest, was born in April 2021 and tested positive for
amphetamines at birth.1 The child was removed from the mother’s custody and
placed in foster care with a family that had adopted three of the child’s older half-
siblings. S.S.’s mother reported that her relationship with S.S.’s father involved
domestic violence.
S.S. has special medical needs, including hearing, sight, and gastro-
intestinal problems. The mother, age thirty at the time of the termination hearing,
has a history of substance abuse, her drug of choice being methamphetamine.
S.S. is the seventh of the mother’s children. Her parental rights have been
terminated to three children; her four additional children, including S.S., are not in
her custody. The mother was pregnant at the time of the termination hearing with
her eighth child, expected in May 2022.
In early May 2021, the mother completed a substance-abuse evaluation,
which recommended the mother enter inpatient treatment. The mother declined
to participate.
1 The father has not appealed the termination of his parental rights. 3
On June 2, 2021, S.S. was adjudicated to be in need of assistance (CINA),
pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.2(6)(c)(2), (n), and (o) (2021). The mother
participated in Family Centered Services (FCS) and attended visits. She did not
appear for DHS drug testing except on one occasion when she refused to submit
to the test. The mother attended none of the child’s medical appointments.
On October 6, the mother began living at a home for pregnant women in
crisis, which was in another state. She had a second substance-abuse evaluation,
in which she denied being addicted to drugs, despite her acknowledgment of
“snorting or smoking four bowls on a daily basis for a couple of years.” The mother
began intensive outpatient treatment on November 22, 2021. The mother also
began individual therapy. On November 29, the State filed a petition for
termination of the mother’s parental rights. The mother provided negative drug
screens while living in the home for women, which was a requirement for remaining
at the facility.
At the termination hearing, held on January 4 and 27, 2022, the Iowa
Department of Human Services (DHS) social work case manager testified the child
could not be returned to the mother’s care because the mother only recently began
participating in treatment.
The FCS worker testified the mother had not attended any of the child’s
medical appointments. She did not believe the mother understood the child’s
medical and developmental needs. Prior to the termination hearing, the mother
had not signed an Area Education Agency authorization for the child to receive
needed services, delaying the signing to the time of the termination hearing. The
mother also failed to provide consent for another medical procedure. 4
The mother testified that she did not participate in DHS drug testing
because she did not have reliable transportation. She stated she last used
methamphetamine in September 2021. The mother completed an outpatient
treatment program by the second day of the termination hearing. The mother also
completed a domestic violence program. At the termination hearing, she
requested S.S. be placed with her at the facility.
The mother presented the testimony of a program director at the home for
pregnant women in crisis. The program director testified the mother would be a
good candidate to have her child placed with her at the facility. She stated the
mother was making progress and growth in the program.
On February 11, the district court terminated the mother’s parental rights
under section 232.116(1)(e), (h), and (l). The court found “although [the mother]
has taken the first few minimal steps to obtain sobriety she has not and cannot
care for [the child].” The court found termination of the mother’s parental rights
was in the child’s best interests. The court stated,
The parents have shown that they are not prepared to care for their child. There is no evidence that giving them additional time to address their problems would be fruitful in the near future. There is no bond between this child and the parents that would warrant the court allowing more time to reunify.
The mother appeals the termination of her parental rights.
II. Standard of Review
Our review of termination proceedings is de novo. In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d
764, 773 (Iowa 2012). The State must prove its allegations for termination by clear
and convincing evidence. In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000). “‘Clear
and convincing evidence’ means there are no serious or substantial doubts as to 5
the correctness [of] conclusions of law drawn from the evidence.” Id. Our primary
concern is the best interests of the children. In re J.S., 846 N.W.2d 36, 40 (Iowa
2014).
III. Sufficiency of the Evidence
We follow a three-step analysis in reviewing the termination of a parent’s
rights. In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 39 (Iowa 2010). We first consider whether there
is a statutory ground for termination of the parent’s rights under section 232.116(1).
Id. Second, we look to whether termination of the parent’s rights is in the child’s
best interests. Id. (citing Iowa Code § 232.116(2)). Third, we consider whether
any of the exceptions to termination in section 232.116(3) should be applied. Id.
On the first issue, sufficiency of the evidence, “[w]e will uphold an order
terminating parental rights where there is clear and convincing evidence of the
statutory grounds for termination.” In re T.S., 868 N.W.2d 425, 434 (Iowa Ct. App.
2015). “When the juvenile court orders termination of parental rights on more than
one statutory ground, we need only find grounds to terminate on one of the
sections to affirm.” Id. at 435. We affirm the termination of the mother’s parental
rights under section 232.116(1)(h).2
2 Section 232.116(1)(h) provides for termination of parental rights when the court finds: (1) The child is three years of age or younger. (2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of assistance pursuant to section 232.96. (3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of the child’s parents for at least six months of the last twelve months, or for the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home has been less than thirty days. (4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided in section 232.102 at the present time. 6
The mother disputes only the fourth element, whether the child could safely
be returned to her care at the time of the termination hearing. See In re D.W., 791
N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa Ct. App. 2010) (stating that for purposes of section
232.116(1)(h), we consider whether the child can “be returned to the parents’
custody at the time of the termination hearing”). The mother asserts that she
successfully addressed the issues that led to the removal of the child—substance-
abuse problems, mental-health problems, and domestic violence.
On our careful review of the entire record, we find there is clear and
convincing evidence that the child cannot be safely returned to the mother’s care.
While the mother has taken some very recent steps forward, she has only just
begun to address a long-standing methamphetamine addiction. She has been
unable to show that she can maintain sobriety over time. While she completed an
assessment at the end of November, two months prior to the termination hearing,
the mother reported to the evaluator that she was not addicted to
methamphetamine. And because DHS was unaware of the evaluation, they could
not provide collateral information. Because of the mother’s delay of engaging in
services, the record is devoid of evidence of the mother’s ability to maintain
sobriety or care for S.S., a child with specialized medical needs, outside of a
structured facility. The mother did not attend any of the child’s medical
appointments, so she is unable to recognize or understand the child’s special
needs.
Additionally, an interstate home study would need to be completed before
the child could be placed with the mother because she was no longer living in Iowa.
The timeframe for the mother to secure housing was six to eight months from the 7
termination hearing. We find there is sufficient evidence in the record to support
termination of the mother’s parental rights under section 232.116(1)(h).
IV. Best Interests
The mother claims termination of her parental rights is not in the child’s best
interests due to her strong bond with the child.
In considering the best interests of a child, we give “primary consideration
to the child’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing
and growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and emotional needs of the
child under section 232.116(2).” In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 41 (Iowa 2010). “It is
well-settled law that we cannot deprive a child of permanency after the State has
proved a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) by hoping someday a
parent will learn to be a parent and be able to provide a stable home for the child.”
Id.
As noted above, the mother did not attend any of the child’s medical
appointments, although the child has physical concerns, including hearing loss,
sight, and gastro-intestinal issues. The mother was aware of the appointments.
The mother could not meet the child’s medical needs because she did not have
the necessary information about the extent of the child’s special needs. Rather
than assisting the child, the mother blocked the foster parents’ attempts to have
additional resources for the child. The mother did not sign the necessary
paperwork for the child to have access to these resources until the termination
hearing. The mother never progressed beyond supervised visits, and the child has
been out of the mother’s custody since birth. 8
We acknowledge that “the parent’s right to have a child returned . . . is not
measured by comparing the parent’s home to the foster home or an ideal home.”
In re Blackledge, 304 N.W.2d 209, 214–15 (Iowa 1981). But our legislation permits
consideration of “whether the child has been placed into a foster family, the extent
to which the child has been integrated into the family, and whether the foster family
is able and willing to adopt the child.” In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 708 (Iowa 2010)
(citing Iowa Code § 232.116(2)(b)). S.S. is placed with three of her half-siblings to
whom she is extremely bonded. The foster family has also ensured S.S. has
contact with half-siblings that do not reside in the home. S.S. is fully integrated
with this placement. Her placement is interested in adoption.
We find termination of the mother’s parental rights is in the child’s best
interests.
V. Extension of Time
The mother asks for an additional three to six months to work on
reunification with the child. She states, “Reunification could be achieved with
additional time granted by the court.” The mother asserts the child could be placed
with her immediately at the home for pregnant women in crisis.
The court may decide to not terminate parental rights if it finds there is clear
and convincing evidence that CINA proceedings should continue and enters an
order to extend the time for reunification in accordance with section 232.104(2)(b).
See Iowa Code § 232.117(5); In re J.H., No. 21-1285, 2022 WL 470193, at *3
(Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 16, 2022). The court may continue the proceedings for an
additional six months if the court finds “the need for removal . . . will no longer exist
at the end of the additional six-month period.” Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b). 9
Although the mother claims the child could be immediately placed in her
care, it is unknown how long it would take for the completion of an interstate
compact home study required for the child to be placed with the mother in another
state. In addition, the mother would need to maintain sobriety and be able to meet
the child’s medical needs. The mother has a long history of substance abuse and
involvement with DHS and has only begun to address concerns outlined at the
time of removal. While we commend the mother’s admission to a facility when
pregnant with her eighth child, we agree with the district court that there is a lack
of evidence that giving the mother additional time to address her problems would
result in the need for removal no longer existing at the end of six months. We
affirm the decision of the district court.