in the Interest of S.M.H. and C.M.H., Children

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: November 6, 2019
• Docket: 07-18-00148-CV
• Status: Published

Opinion

In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo

No. 07-18-00148-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF S.M.H. AND C.M.H., CHILDREN

On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 2 Randall County, Texas Trial Court No. 72,906-L2, Honorable Ronnie Walker, Presiding

November 6, 2019

MEMORANDUM OPINION Before QUINN, C.J., and PIRTLE and PARKER, JJ.

This appeal involves effort to modify support obligations pertaining to two children

and to confirm the existence of arrearages regarding those obligations. The matters were

initially referred to an associate judge who conducted an evidentiary hearing on them.

The evidence admitted in the hearing consisted of both live testimony and exhibits.

Thereafter, the associate judge executed its written order 1) maintaining Father’s general

monthly child support obligation at $885, 2) increasing Father’s monthly “cash medical

support” obligation to $300, 3) finding Father to be in arrears with regard to his child

support obligation in the amount of $112, and 4) finding Father to be in arrears with regard to his medical support obligation in the amount of $410.88. Father moved the referring

court to conduct a de novo hearing, which it did.

The evidence received by the referring court included live testimony from Mother

and the reporter’s record of the evidentiary hearing conducted by the associate judge.

That reporter’s record, however, did not include the exhibits which the associate judge

had admitted.1 Thereafter, the referring court entered its order entitled “Order on Trial De

Novo” wherein it “adopted” the associate judge’s order “as the Order of this court.” Father

appealed, asserting three issues. The three were whether “the trial court abuse[d] its

discretion when it” 1) “increased the amount of health insurance reimbursement,” 2) did

“not order[] a decrease in child support,” and 3) “granted a child support arrearage

judgment against” Father. We affirm.

Issue Three

We first address Father’s issue about arrearage. His contention that the trial court

erred is premised on res judicata. That is, he suggests that any purported arrearage

arose from noncompliance with temporary orders executed before entry of the final

divorce decree some four years earlier. That final decree allegedly relieved Father from

complying with obligations imposed by the previously existing temporary orders. Given

that, he believed himself discharged from any arrearage relating to his failure to comply

with those temporary orders, and, therefore his liability for those sums could not be re-

litigated. We overrule the issue.

Father acknowledges that the amount of arrearage was reflected within an exhibit

the State “attempted to offer” at the associate judge hearing. The exhibit was described

1 Apparently, the associate judge returned to the parties all exhibits admitted at the hearing.

2 by the State as a “copy of the financial activity report in this case.” The record of that

hearing discloses that the State’s effort encompassed more than an attempt to offer the

document. In fact, it offered and the trial court admitted it. Nonetheless, the exhibit

appears nowhere in the appellate record before us. Nor was it included as part of the

reporter’s record admitted during the de novo hearing. So, elemental to Father’s

argument is an exhibit before neither the referring court nor us.

Where an appellant fails to bring forward a complete record, the reviewing court

will conclude that he waived issues dependent upon the missing evidence. Ogbeide v.

Limbrick, No. 01-12-00352-CV, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 9628, at *5-7 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] Nov. 21, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.). This is so because we cannot review issues

depending on the state of the evidence without a complete record. Id. Consequently,

Father waived his complaint about the arrearage.

Issue One

Next, we address the complaint about the trial court’s failure to reduce Father’s

child support obligation. Father argued that he “had the burden of proof to prove that his

circumstances had changed since the rendition of the order to be modified, which he did.”

That evidence consisted of his testimony about being in bankruptcy from 2013 through

2015 and a copy of his 2016 Federal Income Tax Return. We overrule the issue.

A trial court may modify a previous child support order if “the circumstances of the

child or a person affected by the order have materially and substantially changed” since

the date of the order’s rendition. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 156.401 (a)(1)(A) (West Supp.

2018). To determine whether such a change occurred, a trial court must examine and

compare the circumstances existing at the time of the initial order with those existing at

3 the time modification is sought. In re C.C.J., 244 S.W.3d 911, 917 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2008, no pet.). In other words, both historical and current evidence of the relevant

person’s financial circumstances must appear of record and be compared. London v.

London, 192 S.W.3d 6, 15 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). Without

evidence depicting the financial circumstances of the party at these relevant times

prevents the court from determining that the requisite change occurred. Plowman v.

Ugalde, No. 01-14-00851-CV, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 10655, at *10 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] Oct. 15, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.). And, the burden lies with the movant to

provide the requisite evidence of his or her historical and current financial situation. Id.

The appellate record illustrates that the hearing before the associate judge was

conducted in February of 2018. The referring court held its hearing one month later. In

neither proceeding did Father proffer his 2017 tax return. Nor did he attempt in either to

inform the fact-finder of his income for 2017. For instance, when asked if he knew if he

“made 10,000 or 200,000” for that year, he answered “no.” So too did he testify that he

was unable to even offer a “ballpark” estimate of his 2017 income. On the other hand, he

admitted to earlier “moving to this town” with a large savings garnered from a “lucrative”

legal practice.

Without 2017 income data being proffered at a hearing held in 2018, both the

associate judge and referring court could have reasonably decided that they lacked

current financial data with which to undertake the comparison implicit in Plowman,

London, C.C.J., and the Family Code. Indeed, statute contemplates that parties inform

the court of their current financial status covering at least the last two years. See TEX.

FAM. CODE ANN. § 154.063(2) (West 2014) (stating that the trial court shall require a party

4 to produce copies of income tax returns “for the past two years, a financial statement, and

current pay stubs”). Omitting income from 2017 fell short of that aim. So, we cannot fault

either the associate judge’s or referring court’s decision on the record before them or us.

Consequently, neither abused their discretion in refusing to grant Father’s motion to

reduce his child support obligation. See Plowman, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 10655, at *8-9

(noting that the trial court has broad discretion to modify support obligations and it abuses

that discretion when it acts unreasonably or arbitrarily without reference to guiding

principles or rules).

Issue Two

Through the final issue we address, Father complains of the increase in his cash

medical support obligation. Allegedly, he objected to such an increase due to the absence

of live pleadings requesting it. Furthermore, the $300 monthly payment purportedly

exceeded 9% of his adjusted gross earnings, which violated statute. We overrule the

issue.

As for the lack of pleadings, Father’s objection was in response to Mother’s request

that he “begin to provide the health insurance himself as opposed to [Mother] providing

it.” He did not object on the grounds that Mother failed to plead for an increase in the

amount of his cash medical support payment. Furthermore, the lower courts simply

increased his cash medical support obligation; neither ordered him to assume Mother’s

duty to acquire insurance. So, Father is mistaken.

As for exceeding 9% of Father’s income, section 154.182(b-1) of the Family Code

provides that “[i]f the parent ordered to provide health insurance under Subsection (b)(1)

or (2) is the obligee, the court shall order the obligor to pay the obligee, as additional child

5 support, an amount equal to the actual cost of health insurance for the child, but not to

exceed a reasonable cost to the obligor.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 154.182(b-1) (West

2014). “Reasonable cost” is defined as “the total cost of health insurance coverage for

all children for which the obligor is responsible under a medical support order that does

not exceed nine percent of the obligor’s annual resources, as described by Section

154.062(b).” Id. § 154.181(e) (designated definition of “‘reasonable cost’” by

§ 154.182(c)(2)). Additionally, the term “resources” includes, among other things, both

one hundred percent of “all wage and salary income and other compensation for personal

services” and “self-employment income.” Id. § 154.062(b)(1), (3) (West Supp. 2018).

Statute then defines self-employment income to mean “[i]ncome from self-employment,

whether positive or negative, include[ing] benefits allocated to an individual from a

business or undertaking . . . less ordinary and necessary expenses required to produce

that income.” Id. § 154.065(a) (West 2014). Regarding those necessary expenses,

though, the trial court has the discretion to exclude amounts allowable under federal

income tax law as business expenses which are “shown by the evidence to be

inappropriate in making the determination of income available for the purpose of

calculating child support.” Id. § 154.065(b); see In re B.Q.T., No. 05-14-00480-CV, 2016

Tex. App. LEXIS 2357, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 7, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.)

(“federal income tax regulations are distinct from the rules in the family code, and

calculations prepared under one set of rules do not necessarily comply with the

requirements of the other”). Indeed, a fact-finder is not bound to accept representations

in a federal tax return when calculating a parent’s annual resources. Hudson v. Markum,

948 S.W.2d 1, 4 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1997, writ denied) (stating that “contrary to

6 appellant’s contention, the jury was not bound by appellant’s federal tax returns when it

made its determination of appellant’s annual net resources”). Given Hudson, if follows

that a fact-finder has no obligation to accept the deductions expressed in a tax return as

“necessary expenses” required to produce income. Id.

As previously mentioned, evidence of Father’s current and 2017 income was not

proffered at either hearing. This alone makes it difficult to analyze his appellate complaint.

And, as for his 2016 income, that was purportedly depicted in his 2016 tax return. Per

the return, Father, a criminal defense lawyer, earned a substantive gross income from

which he deducted $45,469 as advertising expense and $32,550 as “filing fees.”

Regarding the latter deduction, Father testified that usually there were no filing fees

associated with criminal cases and he was unable to explain why his “CPA put down filing

fees of $32,000.” As for the $45,000 advertising expense, Father acknowledged that the

expenditure intended to enhance his income actually resulted in a $55,000 loss. Why a

lesser advertisement expense could not have been incurred to gain the same result was

an explanation omitted from his testimony. Nor did he explain or monetize the benefit

received after paying $45,000 plus in advertising. Given the vagaries surrounding the

reasonableness and necessity of these deductions, neither trial court at bar was bound

to accept them as legitimate deductions from Father’s resources. And, if both amounts

were combined and added to Father’s supposed net income for 2016 of a bit over $5,000,

9% of the resulting sum would far exceed the annual cost of the cash medical support

ordered by the courts.2

2 $45,000 + $32,550 + $5,000 = $82,550 x .09 = $7,429.50 while $300 x 12 = $3,600.

7 Having overruled Father’s issues, we affirm the “Order on De Novo Trial” adopting

the associate judge’s order.

Brian Quinn Chief Justice