in the Interest of S. H. L. P., a Child

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: February 21, 2008
• Docket: 13-06-00034-CV
• Status: Published

Opinion

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

NUMBER 13-06-033-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF E.P., A CHILD

NUMBER 13-06-034-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF S.H.L.P., A CHILD

On appeal from the 107th District Court of Cameron County, Texas.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Yañez and Vela

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Yañez

Appellee, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services ("the Department"), brought two suits against appellant, Maria Virginia Perez, the biological mother of E.P. and S.H.L.P., for termination of her parental rights. ⁽¹⁾ Following a bench trial addressing both suits, the trial court found that one or more statutory grounds for termination existed and that termination was in the children's best interest. On appeal, appellant challenges the trial court's orders terminating her parental rights through three issues. In her first two issues, appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the court's finding that termination was in the children's best interest. In her third issue, appellant argues that this Court should remand and instruct the trial court to reconsider termination after providing appellant with a psychological evaluation. We affirm.

I. Background

E.P., the son of appellant and Elias Perez ("the Perezes"), was born on March 17, 1997. On October 3, 2000, the Perezes had a second child named Stacey. On March 5, 2001, Stacey was rushed to a hospital because she stopped breathing; she was resuscitated but has since remained on life support in a vegetative state. Appellant was placed in prison pending criminal charges relating to Stacey's injuries; at some point thereafter, appellant voluntarily terminated her parental rights to Stacey. On August 6, 2001, while in prison awaiting trial, appellant gave birth to a daughter, S.H.L.P. (hereinafter "S.P."). At the time of S.P.'s birth, Elias was in prison because his probation was revoked for failure to pay restitution. Appellant was unable to locate any family members who were willing to care for S.P.; as a result, Child Protective Services immediately placed her in foster care. E.P. was placed in foster care in January 2002, after a relative he was staying with could no longer care for him. Appellant remained in prison during this time. She eventually agreed to a plea bargain, ⁽²⁾ wherein she pleaded guilty to reckless injury to a child. Appellant was convicted on June 24, 2002; she was sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment and was credited 452 days for time served.

On June 7, 2005, the Department filed a "First Amended Petition for Protection of a Child, for Conservatorship, and for Termination in Suit Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship," seeking to terminate appellant's parental rights as to E.P. and requesting that it be appointed E.P.'s sole managing conservator. An identically named petition, seeking to terminate appellant's parental rights as to S.P. and requesting appointment as S.P.'s sole managing conservator, was filed by the Department on August 9, 2005. The children's cases were consolidated for the purpose of the hearing. A few weeks prior to the hearing, Elias passed away. On December 1, 2005, after a bench trial, the trial court found that appellant's parental rights should be terminated as to both children and that the Department should be appointed as the children's sole managing conservator. The trial court entered its orders in January 2006.

II. Legal and Factual Sufficiency of the Evidence to Support Termination

A. Standards of Review ⁽³⁾

A parent's right to "the companionship, care, custody, and management" of her children is a constitutional interest "far more precious than any property right." ⁽⁴⁾ The United States Supreme Court has emphasized that "the interest of parents in the care, custody, and control of their children . . . is perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests recognized by this Court." ⁽⁵⁾ Likewise, the Texas Supreme Court has also concluded that "this natural parental right" is "essential," "a basic civil right of man," and "far more precious than property rights." ⁽⁶⁾ Consequently, termination proceedings must be strictly scrutinized, and "involuntary termination statutes are strictly construed in favor of the parent." ⁽⁷⁾
Because termination "is complete, final, irrevocable, and divests for all time that natural right . . . the evidence in support of termination must be clear and convincing before a court may involuntarily terminate a parent's rights." ⁽⁸⁾ Clear and convincing evidence is "the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established." ⁽⁹⁾ Because termination findings must be based upon clear and convincing evidence, not simply a preponderance of the evidence, the Texas Supreme Court has held that the traditional legal and factual standards of review are inadequate. ⁽¹⁰⁾

In conducting a legal sufficiency review in a termination-of-parental-rights case, we must determine whether the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the finding, is such that the fact finder could reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the matter on which the movant in a termination proceeding bore the burden of proof. ⁽¹¹⁾ In viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment, we "must assume that the fact finder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable fact finder could do so," and we "should disregard all evidence that a reasonable fact finder could have disbelieved or found to be incredible." ⁽¹²⁾

In conducting a factual sufficiency review in a termination-of-parental-rights case, we must determine whether, considering the entire record, including both evidence supporting and evidence contradicting the finding, a fact finder reasonably could have formed a firm conviction or belief about the truth of the matter on which the movant in a parental termination proceeding bore the burden of proof. ⁽¹³⁾ We should consider whether the disputed evidence is such that a reasonable fact finder could not have resolved the disputed evidence in favor of its finding. ⁽¹⁴⁾ "If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable fact finder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a fact finder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient." ⁽¹⁵⁾

B. Statutory Termination Grounds

Section 161.001(1) of the Texas Family Code states that a court may order termination of the parent-child relationship if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the parent has:

(L) been convicted or has been placed on community supervision, including deferred adjudication community supervision, for being criminally responsible for the death or serious injury of a child under the following sections of the Penal Code or adjudicated under Title 3 for conduct that caused the death or serious injury of a child and that would constitute a violation of one of the following Penal Code sections: . . . (ix) Section 22.04 (injury to a child, elderly individual, or disabled individual);

. . . .

(N) constructively abandoned the child who has been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the Department of Family and Protective Services or an authorized agency for not less than six months, and: (i) the department or authorized agency has made reasonable efforts to return the child to the parent; (ii) the parent has not regularly visited or maintained significant contact with the child; and (iii) the parent has demonstrated an inability to provide the child with a safe environment; [and]

(Q) knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that has resulted in the parent's: (i) conviction of an offense; and (ii) confinement or imprisonment and inability to care for the child for not less than two years from the date of filing the petition[.] ⁽¹⁶⁾

The trial court used subsections N and Q as grounds for terminating appellant's parental rights to E.P., and subsections L and N for terminating appellant's parental rights to S.P. On appeal, appellant does not contend that the trial court's application of subsections N, L, and Q is not supported by legally or factually sufficient evidence. Consequently, our focus is solely directed at assessing whether the evidence demonstrated that termination of appellant's parental rights was in her children's best interest.

C. Best Interest of the Children

1. Applicable Law

In parent-child termination proceedings, there is a strong presumption that the children's best interest is usually served by keeping them with their natural parents. ⁽¹⁷⁾ The Texas Supreme Court has recognized several factors to consider in determining whether termination is in a child's best interest. ⁽¹⁸⁾ These include: (1) the desires of the child; (2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future; (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future; (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody; (5) the programs available to assist those individuals to promote the best interest of the child; (6) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking custody; (7) the stability of the home or proposed placement; (8) the acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate the existing parent-child relationship is not proper; and (9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. ⁽¹⁹⁾ This list of factors is not exhaustive, and no single consideration is controlling. ⁽²⁰⁾ Likewise, a fact finder is not required to consider all of the listed factors. ⁽²¹⁾

2. Trial Testimony and Evidence

Irma Serrata, a case worker with the Department, was the only witness at appellant's hearing. She stated that Stacey had been referred to the Department because of physical abuse caused by appellant. At trial, the Department connected Stacey's referral to appellant's plea of guilty for the offense of injury to a child. According to Serrata, "[appellant] had attempted to suffocate [Stacey]," an act that has impacted the Department's recommendation that appellant's parental rights to E.P. and S.P. be terminated. Serrata further stated that while appellant was in prison, the Department ordered her to undergo "psychological/psychiatric evaluation, parenting classes, substance abuse assessment, random drug testing, and counseling"; Serrata was not aware, however, as to whether appellant's prison offered any of these services. ⁽²²⁾ Serrata agreed that appellant "had made efforts to make positive personal changes" while in prison, noting that appellant (1) participated in numerous Bible courses; (2) sent a letter to prison personnel requesting parenting classes at prison (the request was denied); (3) wrote letters to her attorney, the trial court, and CPS expressing her desire to maintain her parental rights and keep in contact with the children; and (4) wrote numerous letters to the children throughout her time in prison, wherein she provided encouragement and expressed her affection toward them.

With regard to E.P. and S.P., Serrata testified that they were doing well and in good health, though she did later state that they had developmental and medical issues. At the time of trial, both children were living together in short-term placement and were in their second foster home. ⁽²³⁾ With appellant's active assistance, the Department had looked for relatives who would be willing to care for the children, but the search had been unsuccessful. The Department did locate an out-of-state relative who expressed an interest in caring for the children, but only if she could adopt them. Serrata stated that the children had weekly visits with appellant when she was imprisoned in Cameron County, but that these visits ceased when appellant was transferred to Marlin, Texas. Though appellant is unable to communicate with the children in person or over the telephone, she does regularly communicate with them through her letters. According to Serrata, E.P. has not expressed a desire to live with appellant--but he has expressed a desire to live with his foster family--and S.P. has not communicated her living preference. Lastly, Serrata stated that the Department could offer services to appellant once she was out of prison; depending on the progress she may make with the services, a possibility exists that appellant may be able to care for the children.

3. Discussion

Though we acknowledge both appellant's love for her children and desire to change her life for the better, the fact remains that there are many other matters we must consider in determining the best interest of the children. The matter of primary concern for us is the length of time that appellant will be incarcerated. ⁽²⁴⁾ While we recognize that a fifteen-year sentence is not synonymous with a fifteen-year period of incarceration, the trial court, as the fact finder, was free to assume otherwise. ⁽²⁵⁾ If appellant remained incarcerated for fifteen years, she would not be released until March 2016; at such time, E.P. and S.P. would be approximately nineteen and fourteen years old, respectively. In light of this potential reality, and upon reviewing the Holley factors, this Court finds that termination of appellant's parental rights is in the children's best interest.

It is clear that appellant is not able to provide care to her children from prison. Serrata stated that the Department wanted to find an adoptive home for the children, and that there was a family currently interested in adopting them. Adoption of the children could not occur, however, without terminating appellant's parental rights. When asked why the Department was requesting that appellant's parental rights be terminated, Serrata stated: "Because the children need permanency in their lives. Foster care is not a permanent placement for them. So we're trying to be able to provide placement with a family that can give them a more permanent home."

The Holley test focuses on the best interest of the child, not the best interest of the parent. From the evidence presented at trial, the trial court could properly determine that the impermanent foster care arrangement that would be mandated if appellant retained any parental rights was not in the children's best interest. ⁽²⁶⁾ We find that the trial court--in concluding that appellant's parental rights should be terminated--properly considered the desires of the children, the emotional and physical needs of the children now and in the future, the emotional and physical danger to the children now and in the future, and the plans of the agency seeking custody.

Having carefully considered the evidence in light of the Holley factors and applying the appropriate standards of review, ⁽²⁷⁾ we hold that the trial court could have reasonably formed a firm belief or conviction that termination was in the best interest of E.P. and S.P. Accordingly, we overrule appellant's first and second issues.

III. Affording Appellant a Psychological Evaluation

In her third issue, appellant complains that she never received psychological services while incarcerated. We interpret her complaint as contending that the denial of a psychological examination disadvantaged her at the termination hearing because she was unable to prove that she was competent and stable, as opposed to the depressed mental state she was in at the time she recklessly injured Stacey. Because appellant's parental abilities cannot be properly assessed without knowing her state of mental health, appellant requests that we remand the causes to the trial court to determine whether she currently suffers from depression or other mental illness. Appellant posits that upon making this determination, the trial court can then "evaluate her [as] a possible possessory conservator, who will have limited visitation, even if supervised, something which may under the circumstances be in the best interests of the children."

Though we believe a psychological examination would have aided the trial court in assessing appellant's parental abilities, we do not believe the trial court needed to make this assessment to properly determine whether termination was in the children's best interest. Even if we were to assume, arguendo, that a psychological examination supported a finding that appellant was mentally fit to reunite with her children, this would not eliminate the aforementioned considerations supporting termination. Evidence of appellant's mental competency does not (1) prove that she will be released from prison in the near future, (2) indicate that she will be able to care for her children while incarcerated, or (3) diminish concerns associated with leaving the children in an impermanent foster care arrangement. We thus overrule appellant's third issue.

IV. Conclusion

We affirm the trial court's judgments.

LINDA REYNA YAÑEZ,

Justice

Memorandum Opinion delivered and filed

this the 21st day of February, 2008.

1. E.P. is the subject of appeal No. 13-06-033-CV, trial court cause number 2002-02-11-NA. S.H.L.P. is the subject of appeal No. 13-06-034-CV, trial court cause number 2001-08-41-NA. Though there was no motion for consolidation, one opinion is being issued in the interest of judicial economy because the facts and law relevant to the disposition of both appeals are the same.

2. Matters relating to the plea agreement were raised in an appeal to this Court. See Perez v. State, 130 S.W.3d 881 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2004, no pet.). Perez contains factual information relating the circumstances surrounding Stacey's injuries. We note that the opinion, however, incorrectly states that Stacey died from her injuries. Id. at 883.

3. Appellant asserts a factual sufficiency challenge through her first issue and a legal sufficiency challenge through her second issue. In her second issue, appellant requests this Court to "undertake a de novo legal sufficiency review of the issues in this case." Appellant argues "that the United States Constitution requires appellate courts to conduct a de novo review in parental termination cases like the de novo review that the United States Supreme Court has held is required in defamation cases." Contrary to appellant's position, there is no "definitive word from the United States Supreme Court on whether the Constitution requires this independent appellate review." In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 29 (Tex. 2002) (Hecht, J., concurring). The Texas Supreme Court has left open the question of whether the Constitution requires de novo review and whether the standards it has announced would comport with de novo review standards. See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 267-78 (Tex. 2002). Given the facts of this case, we do not believe that a determination as to whether the evidence is sufficient to support the judgment turns on what deference is paid to the trial court's findings. Accordingly, we decline appellant's invitation to depart from established law setting forth the heightened standards of review applicable to termination of parental rights.

4. Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758-59 (1982).

5. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000).

6. Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985).

7. Id.

8. Id. (citing Santosky, 455 U.S. at 747; Richardson v. Green, 677 S.W.2d 497, 500 (Tex. 1984)).

9. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 101.007 (Vernon 2002); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264 (Tex. 2002).

10. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 264-66; In re D.S.P., 210 S.W.3d 776, 778 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2006, no pet.).

11. See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266; In re D.S.P., 210 S.W.3d at 778.

12. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005) (citing In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266).

13. Id.; In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. 2002); In re D.S.P., 210 S.W.3d at 778-79.

14. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266-67.

15. Id. at 266.

16. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(L), (N), (Q) (Vernon 2002).

17. Wiley v. Spratlan, 543 S.W.2d 349, 352 (Tex. 1976).

18. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 372 (Tex. 1976).

19. Id.

20. Id.

21. Id.

22. Serrata did definitively state that the Department had never provided appellant with a psychological examination.

23. According to Serrata, the children are in a therapeutic foster home, meaning that the foster family is "working on [the children's] therapeutic needs, providing them therapy, getting them more services that they may need"; additionally, the "foster family is working a lot one on one with the children and is more involved with them at school."

24. See In re J.P.H., 196 S.W.3d 289, 294 (Tex. App.-Eastland, no pet.) ("A lengthy sentence is a serious matter and requires that measures be taken to ensure the child's care.").

25. See In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 109 (Tex. 2006).

26. See D.O. v. Tex. Dep't of Human Servs., 851 S.W.2d 351, 358 (Tex. App.-Austin 1993, no writ).

27. See J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 265-66; C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25.