IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 19-0799 Filed July 24, 2019
IN THE INTEREST OF R.S., Minor Child,
J.F., Mother, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Fremont County, Eric J. Nelson,
District Associate Judge.
A mother appeals from the termination of her parental rights. AFFIRMED.
Vicki R. Danley, Sidney, for appellant mother.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Meredith L. Lamberti, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee State.
Katherine Murphy of Kate Murphy Law, PLC, Glenwood, for appellee father.
Jaclyn Tackett of Tackett Law Offices, Glenwood, guardian ad litem for
minor child.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Potterfield and Greer, JJ. 2
GREER, Judge.
The juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights to her child, R.S.,
under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) (2019). On appeal, the mother argues: (1)
termination is not required because the child was in the father’s care, (2)
termination is not in the child’s best interests, (3) the Iowa Department of Human
Services (DHS) failed to provide appropriate services, and (4) the exception in
Iowa Code section 232.116(3)(a) should apply since the father has legal custody.
On our de novo review and for the reasons explained below, we affirm the juvenile
court’s termination of the mother’s parental rights.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
The mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to R.S., born
January 2014. Prior to involvement by DHS, R.S.’s mother and father lived
separately and had joint legal custody and shared physical care of R.S.
On November 16, 2017, DHS received a report of unsafe conditions in the
home R.S. shared with the mother and the mother’s paramour. The report
indicated that the mother and the paramour appeared to be significantly impaired
by unknown substances, the home was dirty, there was moldy food on the floor,
and the furnace pilot light was open to access by three-year-old R.S. R.S. was
removed from the mother’s care that day and placed with his father and
stepmother. The next day, a DHS worker reported the mother admitted to recently
abusing her prescriptions for Xanax and Adderall and using marijuana and
methamphetamine.
On December 4, 2017, R.S. underwent a hair stat test, which was positive
for methamphetamine. The mother was charged with and later pled guilty to child 3
endangerment related to her care of R.S., and she was sentenced to probation.
On December 11, 2018, the mother was arrested for violation of her earlier
probation, and she remained in jail at the time of the termination hearing.
According to a report from DHS, the mother admitted to using
methamphetamine—while sometimes also abusing Xanax—in February, March,
August, and December 2018. Since R.S.’s removal, the mother has successfully
completed mental-health and substance-abuse evaluations, unsuccessfully
attempted outpatient treatment, successfully completed inpatient and halfway
treatment, and again unsuccessfully attempted outpatient treatment. At the time
of the termination hearing, the mother was incarcerated but hoped to participate in
a drug court program, which requires treatment in inpatient, halfway, and
outpatient settings over eighteen to twenty-four months.
The State petitioned to terminate the mother’s parental rights, which
proceeded to a hearing on February 27, 2019.1 On April 29, the juvenile court
terminated the mother’s parental rights under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and
ordered the child remain in the father’s care.
II. Standard of Review.
We review termination proceedings de novo. In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212,
219 (Iowa 2016). “We examine both the facts and law, and we adjudicate anew
1 The father participated in the termination proceeding through counsel, asserting the court should terminate the mother’s parental rights. On appeal, he filed a response to the mother’s petition, which advocated for affirming the termination of her parental rights. The State joined the father’s response. 4
those issues properly preserved and presented.” In re C.S., No. 13–1796, 2014
WL 667883, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 19, 2014).
III. Analysis.
Termination of parental rights under Iowa Code chapter 232 follows a three-
step analysis. See In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 39–40 (Iowa 2010). First, the court
must determine if a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) has been
established. See id. at 40. Second, if a ground for termination is established, the
court must apply the framework set out in section 232.116(2) to decide if
proceeding with termination is in the best interests of the child. See id. Third, if
the statutory best-interests framework supports termination of parental rights, the
court must consider if any statutory exceptions set forth in section 232.116(3)
should preclude the termination of parental rights. See id.
We begin the analysis with the first issue raised. The mother argues the
termination petition should never have been filed and should have been dismissed
because R.S. was safe in the father’s care. She notes the county attorney is not
required to file a termination petition “when the child is being cared for by a
relative.” Iowa Code § 232.111(2)(b)(1). This code provision requires the county
attorney to file a termination petition when certain circumstances occur. See id.
§ 232.111(2)(a). Even when these circumstances do not occur, the county
attorney and other parties have the discretion to file a termination petition. See id.
§ 232.111(1). As explained below, termination may be appropriate even when the
child is in the care of a relative. Therefore, placing R.S. in the care of his father
does not prevent the State from filing a petition to terminate the mother’s parental
rights. As for grounds for termination in this case, the juvenile court considered 5
the guidelines of Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f), which was appropriate under
the clear and convincing evidence presented and detailed below.
Second, the mother argues termination is not in R.S.’s best interests. In
determining the best interests of a child, we “give primary consideration to the
child’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and
growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs
of the child.” Id. § 232.116(2). R.S. was initially removed from the mother’s care
on November 16, 2017, due in part to her substance abuse. R.S. then tested
positive for methamphetamine. Despite treatment, DHS reported the mother
admitted using drugs on four separate occasions throughout 2018, and she
acknowledged these relapses during the hearing. In her petition on appeal, she
refers to herself as “an addict” and “admits at this point in her life, she needs long
term help, R.S. cannot be in her care for 18 to 24 months, and it is best for R.S. to
be with” the father. While the mother asserts she is no longer in a relationship with
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 19-0799 Filed July 24, 2019
IN THE INTEREST OF R.S., Minor Child,
J.F., Mother, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Fremont County, Eric J. Nelson,
District Associate Judge.
A mother appeals from the termination of her parental rights. AFFIRMED.
Vicki R. Danley, Sidney, for appellant mother.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Meredith L. Lamberti, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee State.
Katherine Murphy of Kate Murphy Law, PLC, Glenwood, for appellee father.
Jaclyn Tackett of Tackett Law Offices, Glenwood, guardian ad litem for
minor child.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Potterfield and Greer, JJ. 2
GREER, Judge.
The juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights to her child, R.S.,
under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) (2019). On appeal, the mother argues: (1)
termination is not required because the child was in the father’s care, (2)
termination is not in the child’s best interests, (3) the Iowa Department of Human
Services (DHS) failed to provide appropriate services, and (4) the exception in
Iowa Code section 232.116(3)(a) should apply since the father has legal custody.
On our de novo review and for the reasons explained below, we affirm the juvenile
court’s termination of the mother’s parental rights.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
The mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to R.S., born
January 2014. Prior to involvement by DHS, R.S.’s mother and father lived
separately and had joint legal custody and shared physical care of R.S.
On November 16, 2017, DHS received a report of unsafe conditions in the
home R.S. shared with the mother and the mother’s paramour. The report
indicated that the mother and the paramour appeared to be significantly impaired
by unknown substances, the home was dirty, there was moldy food on the floor,
and the furnace pilot light was open to access by three-year-old R.S. R.S. was
removed from the mother’s care that day and placed with his father and
stepmother. The next day, a DHS worker reported the mother admitted to recently
abusing her prescriptions for Xanax and Adderall and using marijuana and
methamphetamine.
On December 4, 2017, R.S. underwent a hair stat test, which was positive
for methamphetamine. The mother was charged with and later pled guilty to child 3
endangerment related to her care of R.S., and she was sentenced to probation.
On December 11, 2018, the mother was arrested for violation of her earlier
probation, and she remained in jail at the time of the termination hearing.
According to a report from DHS, the mother admitted to using
methamphetamine—while sometimes also abusing Xanax—in February, March,
August, and December 2018. Since R.S.’s removal, the mother has successfully
completed mental-health and substance-abuse evaluations, unsuccessfully
attempted outpatient treatment, successfully completed inpatient and halfway
treatment, and again unsuccessfully attempted outpatient treatment. At the time
of the termination hearing, the mother was incarcerated but hoped to participate in
a drug court program, which requires treatment in inpatient, halfway, and
outpatient settings over eighteen to twenty-four months.
The State petitioned to terminate the mother’s parental rights, which
proceeded to a hearing on February 27, 2019.1 On April 29, the juvenile court
terminated the mother’s parental rights under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and
ordered the child remain in the father’s care.
II. Standard of Review.
We review termination proceedings de novo. In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212,
219 (Iowa 2016). “We examine both the facts and law, and we adjudicate anew
1 The father participated in the termination proceeding through counsel, asserting the court should terminate the mother’s parental rights. On appeal, he filed a response to the mother’s petition, which advocated for affirming the termination of her parental rights. The State joined the father’s response. 4
those issues properly preserved and presented.” In re C.S., No. 13–1796, 2014
WL 667883, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 19, 2014).
III. Analysis.
Termination of parental rights under Iowa Code chapter 232 follows a three-
step analysis. See In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 39–40 (Iowa 2010). First, the court
must determine if a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) has been
established. See id. at 40. Second, if a ground for termination is established, the
court must apply the framework set out in section 232.116(2) to decide if
proceeding with termination is in the best interests of the child. See id. Third, if
the statutory best-interests framework supports termination of parental rights, the
court must consider if any statutory exceptions set forth in section 232.116(3)
should preclude the termination of parental rights. See id.
We begin the analysis with the first issue raised. The mother argues the
termination petition should never have been filed and should have been dismissed
because R.S. was safe in the father’s care. She notes the county attorney is not
required to file a termination petition “when the child is being cared for by a
relative.” Iowa Code § 232.111(2)(b)(1). This code provision requires the county
attorney to file a termination petition when certain circumstances occur. See id.
§ 232.111(2)(a). Even when these circumstances do not occur, the county
attorney and other parties have the discretion to file a termination petition. See id.
§ 232.111(1). As explained below, termination may be appropriate even when the
child is in the care of a relative. Therefore, placing R.S. in the care of his father
does not prevent the State from filing a petition to terminate the mother’s parental
rights. As for grounds for termination in this case, the juvenile court considered 5
the guidelines of Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f), which was appropriate under
the clear and convincing evidence presented and detailed below.
Second, the mother argues termination is not in R.S.’s best interests. In
determining the best interests of a child, we “give primary consideration to the
child’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and
growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs
of the child.” Id. § 232.116(2). R.S. was initially removed from the mother’s care
on November 16, 2017, due in part to her substance abuse. R.S. then tested
positive for methamphetamine. Despite treatment, DHS reported the mother
admitted using drugs on four separate occasions throughout 2018, and she
acknowledged these relapses during the hearing. In her petition on appeal, she
refers to herself as “an addict” and “admits at this point in her life, she needs long
term help, R.S. cannot be in her care for 18 to 24 months, and it is best for R.S. to
be with” the father. While the mother asserts she is no longer in a relationship with
her paramour, the juvenile court explicitly did not base termination on the
paramour’s possible involvement, finding “it is [the mother’s] decision-making
regarding drug use that places [R.S.] at risk of future harm.” We agree.
The mother had more than fifteen months between removal and termination
to address her substance-abuse issues. Despite completing some treatment, she
made little progress in this time. She admittedly continues to relapse and has
repeatedly failed to maintain sobriety in an independent setting. R.S. is at a tender
age and cannot wait an additional eighteen to twenty-four months to see if the
mother will be able to provide a safe home. See P.L., 778 N.W.2d at 41 (“[W]e
cannot deprive a child of permanency after the State has proved a ground for 6
termination under section 232.116(1) by hoping someday a parent will learn to be
a parent and be able to provide a stable home for the child.”). Because the
mother’s long-standing substance-abuse issues continue to prevent her from
safely caring for R.S., termination of her parental rights is in R.S.’s best interests.
Third, the mother challenges the adequacy of the services DHS offered.
DHS “has the obligation to provide reasonable reunification services,” but the
mother “had the obligation to demand other, different or additional services prior
to the termination hearing.” In re S.R., 600 N.W.2d 63, 65 (Iowa Ct. App. 1999).
The mother did not assert the services provided were unreasonable prior to
termination. Therefore, the reasonableness of the services is not preserved for
our review. See id. While she did not preserve the issue, we note DHS offered
drug screens; evaluations and follow-up services for substance abuse and mental
health; family team meetings; parent partner; and various Family Safety, Risk, and
Permanency services.
Fourth, the mother argues termination is not appropriate because R.S. was
already placed with the father. “Once we have established that the termination of
parental rights is in the child[’s] best interests, the last step of our analysis is to
determine whether any exceptions in section 232.116(3) apply to preclude the
termination.” M.W., 876 N.W.2d at 225. The mother addresses one such
exception. The court need not terminate parental rights if “[a] relative has legal
custody of the child.” Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(a). This is a permissive, not
mandatory, factor for the court to continue parental rights. See In re A.S., 906
N.W.2d 467, 475 (Iowa 2018). The father testified he could not protect R.S. if the
mother continued to exercise her parental rights. As explained above, she 7
continues to struggle with substance abuse and termination is in R.S.’s best
interests. Accordingly, we find placement with the father does not preclude
termination.
IV. Conclusion
Because filing a termination petition was permissible while R.S. remained
in the father’s care and termination is in R.S.’s best interests, we affirm the
termination of the mother’s parental rights.
AFFIRMED.