NUMBER 13-08-00335-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
IN THE INTEREST OF R. E. G., A CHILD
On appeal from the 103rd District Court
of Cameron County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Yañez and Benavides
Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Valdez
Appellant, Michelle Garcia, appeals from the order of the trial court granting the
name change of her child, R.E.G. In three issues, Garcia contends that: (1) the trial court
abused its discretion by changing R.E.G.'s surname to "Garcia-Padilla" because the name
"Garcia-Padilla" was never requested; (2) the trial court abused its discretion by changing
R.E.G.'s surname to "Garcia-Padilla" because there is no evidence, or insufficient
evidence, that the name change is in R.E.G.'s best interest; and (3) the trial court erred by
failing to make findings of fact and conclusions of law. We affirm.
I. Background
R.E.G. was born out-of-wedlock on March 30, 2003 to Michelle Garcia and Julio
Cesar Padilla. At birth, R.E.G. was given the surname Garcia. On March 31, 2003, Padilla
signed an "Acknowledgment of Paternity," recognizing that he was R.E.G.'s biological
father. On September 24, 2007, Padilla filed a petition for name change, requesting that
R.E.G.'s surname be changed from "Garcia" to "Padilla." The trial court entertained
Padilla's petition at hearings conducted on November 28, 2007 and February 20, 2008.
R.E.G. was four years old at the time of the hearings.
Padilla testified that he has been a part of R.E.G.'s life since birth. Padilla stated
that despite knowing he would be ordered to pay child support, he voluntarily visited the
Attorney General's Office to obtain visitation rights soon after R.E.G.'s birth. Padilla
exercised his visitation rights, and upon R.E.G.'s third birthday, R.E.G was allowed to
spend every other weekend at Padilla's home. Padilla also testified that he currently
makes monthly child support payments and has a payment plan to eliminate $430 owed
in arrears. When asked by the court why a name change would be in R.E.G.'s best
interest, Padilla responded, "Because I am his father, and I'm going to be there for the rest
of his life, no matter what, and I want him to know that." Padilla testified that he and his
parents love R.E.G. and are very involved in his life. Padilla also stated that although
R.E.G. would always know that Padilla was his father, he worried that later in life, R.E.G.
would wonder why "Padilla" was not his last name. Padilla testified that when R.E.G. visits
him, R.E.G. believes that his surname is "Padilla" and when R.E.G. is with Garcia, R.E.G.
believes that his surname is "Garcia."
Garcia testified she is R.E.G.'s sole custodian and that everyone she and R.E.G.
live with bears the surname "Garcia." Garcia confirmed that Padilla regularly visits R.E.G.
and that although Padilla has paid child support from 2003 to the present, he failed to
make a few payments in 2007. Garcia testified that R.E.G.'s medical records list his
surname as Garcia, he has been enrolled in school for ninety days, and "[e]veryone knows
him as [R.E.] Garcia." Garcia testified that it would be inconvenient to change R.E.G.'s
name because it is easier for her to obtain documents needed for church and school under
the surname "Garcia." Garcia stated that if she marries, both she and R.E.G. will retain the
surname "Garcia." Garcia testified that in the fall of 2006, she refused a $1,000 offer by
Padilla to change R.E.G.'s surname to Padilla.
After hearing testimony from both parties, the trial court found a name change to be
in R.E.G.'s best interest and ordered his surname changed to "Garcia-Padilla."
II. No Abuse of Discretion
In her first and second issues, Garcia contends that the trial court abused its
discretion by ordering R.E.G.'s surname changed from "Garcia" to "Garcia-Padilla."
A. Standard of Review
We review a trial court's granting of a name change under an abuse of discretion
standard. Scoggins v. Trevino, 200 S.W.3d 832, 836 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2006, no
pet.). The test for abuse of discretion is not whether the facts "present an appropriate case
for the trial court's actions," but whether the trial court "acted without reference to any
guiding rules and principles." In re Guthrie, 45 S.W.3d 719, 723 (Tex. App.-Dallas 2001,
pet. denied) (citing Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241 (Tex.
1985)).
B. Texas Family Code § 45.002
In her first issue, Garcia asserts that the trial court abused its discretion because
Padilla failed to request, plead and verify the surname "Garcia-Padilla," as required by
section 45.002 of the Texas Family Code. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 45.002 (Vernon
Supp. 2009). We do not agree.
Both Padilla's original and amended petitions provide: "Petitioner requests the
Court to grant a change of [R.E.] Garcia's name to [R.E.] Padilla." There is no evidence
in the record that Padilla at any time requested that R.E.G.'s surname be changed to
"Garcia-Padilla." However, after hearing testimony from both Padilla and Garcia, the court
apprised the parties of the remedy that would be ordered:
The Court: All right. This is what I'm going to do. I'm going to give
y'all an option. I can either change his name to [R.E.]
Garcia-Padilla, or I can change his name to [R.] Garcia-Padilla. You want to keep the [E.]?
[Garcia's Counsel]: Your Honor, I'm sorry. Your Honor I'm sorry, but in
regards to changing the child's name, you must first file
a certified affidavit. In this case, the affidavit only has
[R.E.] Padilla. For that reason, I am asking that you,
the Judge, deny the petitioner's request.
[Padilla's Counsel]: Judge, my motion was properly filed. This is the first
time that I even heard that argument, Judge, and it has
been on file for several--
The Court: All right. I'm going to change the child's name from
[R.E.] Garcia to [R.E.] Garcia-Padilla. So he will be
both Garcia and Padilla. . . .
Section 45.002 sets forth requirements that must be met by a petitioner requesting
to change the name of a child. See id. Garcia contends that Padilla's petition failed to
comply with subsection (a)(3), which provides that "[a] petition to change the name of a
child must be verified and include . . . the full name requested for the child." Id. Although
Padilla's petition fails to request the surname "Garcia-Padilla," it nevertheless met the
requirements of 45.002(a)(3) by requesting a name--"[R.E.] Padilla." Because the
requirements of the petition were met, the court ensured that Padilla complied with section
45.002, and therefore, did not abuse its discretion.
Although section 45.002 ensures that a petitioner inform the court of the name
requested, see id., a court that orders a child's name changed to a name other than the
name requested does not necessarily abuse its discretion. Section 45.004(a) provides that
a trial court may order a child's name changed if the change is in the child's best interest.
See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 45.004(a) (Vernon Supp. 2009); Scoggins, 200 S.W.3d at 836.
Courts are given broad discretion in determining the best interests of a minor child.
Scoggins, 200 S.W.3d at 836 (citing Gillespie v. Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d 449, 451 (Tex.
1982)). When determining what is in a child's best interests, trial courts have the ability to
craft orders that are dictated by the facts presented. Cf. White v. Adcock, 666 S.W.2d
222, 225 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1984, no writ) (noting that a court may "fashion[ ]
appropriate orders as dictated by the facts of the case" when determining the best interest
of a child in a proceeding involving modification of support orders). Crafting a remedy that
combines the last names of both parents does not constitute an abuse of discretion where
the orders are derived from the facts of the case. See id. We therefore overrule Garcia's
first issue.
C. R.E.G.'s Best Interest
In her second issue, Garcia contends that the trial court abused its discretion by
granting a name change because there was no evidence, or in the alternative, insufficient
evidence that the name change was in R.E.G.'s best interest.
1. Applicable Law
Under an abuse of discretion standard, legal insufficiency is not an independent
ground of error; instead, it is "only a relevant factor in assessing whether the trial court
abused its discretion." Scoggins, 200 S.W.3d at 836. In a legal sufficiency review, we view
all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, crediting favorable evidence if
reasonable jurors could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could
not. Id. (citing City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 807 (Tex. 2005)). "The fact finder
is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to give their testimony."
Id. (citing City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 819).
"The court may order the name of a child changed if the change is in the best
interest of the child." Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 45.004(a). The Texas Equal Rights
Amendment provides: "Equality under the law shall not be denied or abridged because of
sex, race, color, creed, or national origin." Tex. Const. art. I, § 3. Therefore, neither
custom and tradition, nor a parent's interest and desire, override the best interest of the
child. Guthrie, 45 S.W.3d at 724. Generally, courts exercise the power to change a child's
name reluctantly and only when the substantial welfare of the child requires it. Newman
v. King, 433 S.W.2d 420, 423 (Tex. 1968); Guthrie, 45 S.W.3d 724. We consider the
following factors in determining whether a name change is in the child's best interest:
(1) Whether the changed name or the present name would best avoid
embarrassment, inconvenience, or confusion for the custodial parent
or the child;
(2) Whether it would be more convenient or easier for the child to have
the same name as or a different name from the custodial parent,
either the changed name or the present name;
(3) Whether the changed name or the present name would help identify
the child as part of a family unit;
(4) The length of time the surname has been used;
(5) Parental misconduct, such as support or nonsupport or maintaining
or failing to maintain contact with the child;
(6) The degree of community respect associated with the present or
changed name;
(7) Whether the change will positively or adversely affect the bond
between the child and either parent or the parents' families;
(8) Any delay in requesting or objecting to name change;
(9) The preferences of the child;
(10) The age and maturity of the child;
(11) When the child maintains the mother's surname, assurances by the
mother that she would not change her name if she married or
remarried; and
(12) Whether the parent seeking the change is motivated by an attempt to
alienate the child from the other parent.
Scoggins, 200 S.W.3d at 837 (quoting In re Guthrie, 45 S.W.3d at 725-26).
2. Analysis
A child's best interest is the paramount consideration in determining whether to
order his name changed. See Tex. Fam. Code. Ann. § 45.004(a); Scoggins, 200 S.W.3d
at 836. Garcia contends that the trial court failed to take into account R.E.G.'s best interest
because it looked to "customs and traditions of surnames." "[I]n Texas, any custom or
tradition of a child receiving a father's surname does not override the best interest of the
child." Guthrie, 44 S.W.3d at 724. A court should not base its decision to change a child's
name on whether the parent requesting the name change is the child's mother or father.
See Tex. Const. art. I, § 3a. In the present case, the trial court did not replace the
surname "Garcia" with "Padilla;" instead, the court ordered R.E.G.'s surname changed to
"Garcia-Padilla." By hyphenating the surnames Garcia and Padilla, the court demonstrated
no preference to one parent's name over the other. See Tex. Const. art. I, § 3a.
Nevertheless, Garcia contends that even if the trial court did not rely too heavily on
custom and tradition, there is no evidence, or the evidence is insufficient, to prove that a
name change was in R.E.G.'s best interest. Garcia argues that R.E.G.'s surname should
remain unchanged because, as the custodial parent, she would avoid inconvenience with
medical, religious, educational, and insurance records. She contends that keeping the
name "Garcia" will allow R.E.G. to identify himself with the Garcia family unit, the family
unit with which he resides. Additionally, Garcia urges that R.E.G.'s name remain
unchanged because Padilla has been in arrears in child support payments and has waited
four years to request a name change. Although we agree that these factors weigh in
Garcia's favor, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering
R.E.G.'s surname changed to "Garcia-Padilla." See Guthrie, 45 S.W.3d at 726-27 (holding
that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ordering the child's surname changed to
the father's surname where there "was evidence of proper best interest factors favoring
both the mother and the father").
Padilla testified that changing R.E.G.'s name would be in the child's best interest
because it would demonstrate to R.E.G. that Padilla would "be there for the rest of his life,
no matter what . . . ." Padilla emphasized the love that he and his family possess for
R.E.G., and that a name change would avoid confusion that may arise when R.E.G. begins
to question why he does not share the "Padilla" surname. Additionally, Padilla presented
evidence that he has been an active participant in R.E.G.'s life since birth. Both Padilla
and Garcia testified that Padilla exercises his visitation rights and seldom fails to make a
support payment. Padilla testified that at the time of the hearing, he was paying additional
money each month as part of a payment plan established to eliminate his arrears.
Moreover, because R.E.G. was only four years old at the time of the hearings, he had used
the surname Garcia for a relatively short period of time.
Given the evidence presented, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its
discretion in ordering the child's surname changed to "Garcia-Padilla." See id. The
evidence presented demonstrates that the child is loved by both families, and both families
are actively involved in his life. The court's ordered name change of "Garcia-Padilla" allows
the child to identify equally with two family units that are deeply concerned about his best
interests. Garcia's second issue is overruled.
III. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law
In her third issue, Garcia contends that the trial court erred in failing to file findings
of fact and conclusions of law in violation of rule 296 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure,
and that the error was harmful. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 296. The trial court need only enter
findings on ultimate or controlling issues, rather than on mere evidentiary issues. Flanary
v. Mills, 150 S.W.3d 785, 793 (Tex. App.-Austin 2004, pet. denied) (citing Lifshutz v.
Lifshutz, 61 S.W.3d 511, 515 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 2001, pet. denied)). A fact issue is
essential to the cause of action and has a direct effect on the judgment. Id. (citing Clear
Lake City Water Auth. v. Winograd, 695 S.W.2d 632, 639 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.]
1985, writ. ref'd n.r.e.)). An evidentiary issue may be considered in deciding the controlling
issue, but is not a controlling issue itself. Id. at 793-94.
Rule 296 provides that in a bench trial, a party may request findings of fact and
conclusions of law, and such request must be filed within twenty days after the final
judgment. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 296. When a request is timely filed, the court is required
to file findings of fact and conclusions of law within twenty days after the request is made.
See Tex. R. Civ. P. 297. However, if the court fails to comply within twenty days, the
requesting party "shall, within thirty days after filing the original request," file a notice of past
due findings of fact and conclusions of law. Id. Although Garcia timely requested findings
of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to rule 296 and timely filed a notice of past due
findings of fact pursuant to rule 297, the trial court failed to file the requested findings and
conclusions.
Following Garcia's proper request and reminder, the trial court's duty to file findings
of fact and conclusions of law was mandatory. See Tenery v. Tenery, 932 S.W.2d 29, 30
(Tex. 1996) (per curiam); Humphery v. Camelot Ret. Cmty., 893 S.W.2d 55, 61 (Tex.
App.-Corpus Christi 1994, no writ). Failure to respond is presumed harmful unless the
appellate record affirmatively demonstrates that the party complaining of the failure to file
findings of fact has suffered no injury. Tenery, 932 S.W.2d at 30. The test for determining
harm is whether the circumstances of the particular case would force an appellant to guess
the reason or reasons that the trial court ruled against it. Humphery, 893 S.W.2d at 61.
In name change cases, the ultimate issue is the best interest of the child. See Tex.
Fam. Code Ann. § 45.004(a). The trial court's order provides: "The Court finds: . . . [t]he
change of name requested is in the best interest of [R.E.G.] and the public." Thus, by its
order, the trial court expressly addressed the ultimate or controlling fact essential to the
claim and necessary to the judgment. Any other findings would be merely evidentiary.
See Bennett v. Northcutt, 544 S.W.2d 703, 709 (Tex. Civ. App.-Dallas 1976, no writ) (per
curiam) (concluding that the only issue of fact presented in an action to change the name
of a child is whether the change of name was in the child's best interest); cf. In re A.A.E.,
No. 13-03-528-CV, 2005 WL 1364084, at *5 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi June 9, 2005, no
pet.) (mem. op.) (noting that the best interest of the child is the ultimate or controlling issue
when addressing questions of conservatorship and possession). In the present case, the
trial court's order unambiguously sets forth the ground for its ruling. We conclude that
there was no harm because, under the circumstances of this case, Garcia was not forced
to guess the reasons for the trial court's order. Indeed, on appeal, Garcia contends that
the name change was not in R.E.G.'s best interest, without the benefit of the trial court's
findings of fact. Accordingly, we conclude that the appellate record affirmatively
demonstrates that Garcia was not harmed by the trial court's failure to file findings of fact
and conclusions of law. See id. We overrule Garcia's third issue.
IV. Conclusion
Having overruled all of Garcia's issues on appeal, we affirm the trial court's
judgment.
ROGELIO VALDEZ,
Chief Justice
Memorandum Opinion delivered and
filed this the 12th day of November, 2009.