IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 19-0887 Filed August 7, 2019
IN THE INTEREST OF P.K., Minor Child,
J.K., Father, Appellant,
J.T., Mother, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Clayton County, Linnea M.N. Nicol,
District Associate Judge.
A mother and father separately appeal the termination of their parental
rights to their five-year-old daughter. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.
Cory R. Gonzales of Law Office of Cory R. Gonzales PLLC, Strawberry
Point, for appellant father.
John J. Sullivan of Sullivan Law Office, P.C., Oelwein, for appellant mother.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Meredith L. Lamberti, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee State.
Mary Beth A. Fleming, Dubuque, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor
child.
Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Mullins and May, JJ. 2
TABOR, Presiding Judge.
Jennifer and John separately appeal the termination of their parental rights
to five-year-old P.K. They contend the State did not offer clear and convincing
evidence of the statutory grounds for termination; termination is not in P.K.’s best
interests; and termination would be detrimental to P.K. because of the parent-child
bond. After an independent review of the record,1 we affirm.
I. Facts and Prior Proceedings
John assaulted Jennifer in the presence of their children, P.K., and her
younger sister, A.K. The Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) also
received reports the parents were using methamphetamine while caring for the
children. In a child-abuse assessment, the DHS determined both parents were
responsible for a failure to properly supervise the children and for the presence of
illegal drugs when A.K.’s hair sample tested positive for methamphetamine.
During the assessment, Jennifer admitted using methamphetamine “once in a
while” and within thirty days of the assault. Afterward, Jennifer denied both that
she ever used drugs and that she ever admitted to using drugs. For his part, John
has a long history of abusing drugs, especially methamphetamine. The DHS
removed the children and placed them in the same foster home, where they have
remained throughout these proceedings.
1 Our review is de novo. In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 219 (Iowa 2016). We are not bound by the juvenile court’s factual findings, but we give them weight, especially when witness credibility is critical to the outcome. Id. Proof must be clear and convincing, meaning there are no “serious or substantial doubts as to the correctness [of] conclusions of law drawn from the evidence.” In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 706 (Iowa 2010). 3
The juvenile court adjudicated then three-year-old P.K. and five-month-old
A.K. as children in need of assistance (CINA). The adjudication rested on the
parents’ failure to exercise a reasonable degree of supervision and because the
parents’ drug abuse resulted in the children not receiving adequate care. See Iowa
Code § 232.2(6)(c)(2), (n) (2017). The case permanency plan required both
parents to (1) obtain substance-abuse evaluations and follow treatment
recommendations; (2) obtain mental-health evaluations and follow treatment
recommendations; (3) submit to random drug testing; and (4) attend Family Safety,
Risk, and Permanency (FSRP) sessions focusing on parenting skills, budgeting,
and relapse prevention.
From the outset, Jennifer had trouble cooperating with the DHS and service
providers. She was routinely combative, hostile, and verbally abusive to the FSRP
worker assigned to her case. She lashed out both in person and over phone,
email, and text, including while in the presence of the children. At times she was
aggressive and threatening. For instance, during one visitation, the FSRP worker
called law enforcement because Jennifer was yelling swear words and threatening
to kill herself—in front of the children. Visitation remained fully supervised, and
Jennifer missed or was late to many interactions, especially toward the end of the
case.
As part of the recommended services, Jennifer attended a joint mental-
health and substance-abuse evaluation. The therapist diagnosed her with
adjustment disorder with anxiety and depressed mood and recommended
individual mental-health counselling. But the therapist found Jennifer had no drug
or alcohol-abuse problem, thus offering no recommendations for substance-abuse 4
treatment. The DHS caseworker testified Jennifer did not report her history of drug
abuse to the therapist.
Even so, DHS and FSRP workers often noted signs of ongoing drug use:
Jennifer attended visitations with sores on her face and arms, appeared
disheveled, and was emotionally unstable. Once, she fell asleep. The court
repeatedly ordered Jennifer to obtain another substance-abuse evaluation, but
Jennifer never did so. Jennifer also refused to participate in drug testing. In
October 2017, March 2018, and December 2018, she attended tests she
scheduled for herself, and each one was negative for drugs. But, over twenty-one
months and forty-four randomly scheduled tests, she appeared for only four. Three
of those four times, she refused to give a hair sample. On the fourth appearance,
she reported the sweat patch applied to detect drug use fell off before a result
could be obtained.
On top of her failure to address her substance abuse, Jennifer never
completed the recommended mental-health counselling. The juvenile court also
ordered her to seek help with anger management, but she did not. Although the
court ordered Jennifer to participate in FSRP “skill-based” sessions along with
visitation, she attended only thirteen of fifty-seven offered sessions.
Like Jennifer, John participated in the FSRP “skill-based” sessions only
sporadically, but he appeared receptive when he did attend. John was more
cooperative than Jennifer with the DHS and FSRP workers. He acted
appropriately during their interactions. But he also refused to engage in regular
drug testing. Out of twenty-eight offered tests, John attended only one, where his
sweat patch tested positive for methamphetamine. John did not complete ordered 5
substance-abuse treatment. He has been in and out of jail during these
proceedings. In November 2018, John was arrested on federal firearms charges
and placed in the Linn County jail, where he remained through the termination
hearings. Jail policy prohibited visitation with children under sixteen. John testified
he had been sober since his arrest.
In October 2018, the juvenile court terminated both Jennifer’s and John’s
parental rights to their younger child, A.K. After this development, Jennifer’s
commitment to visiting her older daughter deteriorated. Jennifer missed more than
half of the offered visits.2 John was incarcerated and denied visits in the jail.
Two months later, the State petitioned to terminate parental rights to P.K.
At the hearing, the FSRP worker testified that while P.K. retains a bond with both
Jennifer and John, the child has been harmed by Jennifer’s inappropriate
comments and erratic behavior.
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 19-0887 Filed August 7, 2019
IN THE INTEREST OF P.K., Minor Child,
J.K., Father, Appellant,
J.T., Mother, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Clayton County, Linnea M.N. Nicol,
District Associate Judge.
A mother and father separately appeal the termination of their parental
rights to their five-year-old daughter. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.
Cory R. Gonzales of Law Office of Cory R. Gonzales PLLC, Strawberry
Point, for appellant father.
John J. Sullivan of Sullivan Law Office, P.C., Oelwein, for appellant mother.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Meredith L. Lamberti, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee State.
Mary Beth A. Fleming, Dubuque, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor
child.
Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Mullins and May, JJ. 2
TABOR, Presiding Judge.
Jennifer and John separately appeal the termination of their parental rights
to five-year-old P.K. They contend the State did not offer clear and convincing
evidence of the statutory grounds for termination; termination is not in P.K.’s best
interests; and termination would be detrimental to P.K. because of the parent-child
bond. After an independent review of the record,1 we affirm.
I. Facts and Prior Proceedings
John assaulted Jennifer in the presence of their children, P.K., and her
younger sister, A.K. The Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) also
received reports the parents were using methamphetamine while caring for the
children. In a child-abuse assessment, the DHS determined both parents were
responsible for a failure to properly supervise the children and for the presence of
illegal drugs when A.K.’s hair sample tested positive for methamphetamine.
During the assessment, Jennifer admitted using methamphetamine “once in a
while” and within thirty days of the assault. Afterward, Jennifer denied both that
she ever used drugs and that she ever admitted to using drugs. For his part, John
has a long history of abusing drugs, especially methamphetamine. The DHS
removed the children and placed them in the same foster home, where they have
remained throughout these proceedings.
1 Our review is de novo. In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 219 (Iowa 2016). We are not bound by the juvenile court’s factual findings, but we give them weight, especially when witness credibility is critical to the outcome. Id. Proof must be clear and convincing, meaning there are no “serious or substantial doubts as to the correctness [of] conclusions of law drawn from the evidence.” In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 706 (Iowa 2010). 3
The juvenile court adjudicated then three-year-old P.K. and five-month-old
A.K. as children in need of assistance (CINA). The adjudication rested on the
parents’ failure to exercise a reasonable degree of supervision and because the
parents’ drug abuse resulted in the children not receiving adequate care. See Iowa
Code § 232.2(6)(c)(2), (n) (2017). The case permanency plan required both
parents to (1) obtain substance-abuse evaluations and follow treatment
recommendations; (2) obtain mental-health evaluations and follow treatment
recommendations; (3) submit to random drug testing; and (4) attend Family Safety,
Risk, and Permanency (FSRP) sessions focusing on parenting skills, budgeting,
and relapse prevention.
From the outset, Jennifer had trouble cooperating with the DHS and service
providers. She was routinely combative, hostile, and verbally abusive to the FSRP
worker assigned to her case. She lashed out both in person and over phone,
email, and text, including while in the presence of the children. At times she was
aggressive and threatening. For instance, during one visitation, the FSRP worker
called law enforcement because Jennifer was yelling swear words and threatening
to kill herself—in front of the children. Visitation remained fully supervised, and
Jennifer missed or was late to many interactions, especially toward the end of the
case.
As part of the recommended services, Jennifer attended a joint mental-
health and substance-abuse evaluation. The therapist diagnosed her with
adjustment disorder with anxiety and depressed mood and recommended
individual mental-health counselling. But the therapist found Jennifer had no drug
or alcohol-abuse problem, thus offering no recommendations for substance-abuse 4
treatment. The DHS caseworker testified Jennifer did not report her history of drug
abuse to the therapist.
Even so, DHS and FSRP workers often noted signs of ongoing drug use:
Jennifer attended visitations with sores on her face and arms, appeared
disheveled, and was emotionally unstable. Once, she fell asleep. The court
repeatedly ordered Jennifer to obtain another substance-abuse evaluation, but
Jennifer never did so. Jennifer also refused to participate in drug testing. In
October 2017, March 2018, and December 2018, she attended tests she
scheduled for herself, and each one was negative for drugs. But, over twenty-one
months and forty-four randomly scheduled tests, she appeared for only four. Three
of those four times, she refused to give a hair sample. On the fourth appearance,
she reported the sweat patch applied to detect drug use fell off before a result
could be obtained.
On top of her failure to address her substance abuse, Jennifer never
completed the recommended mental-health counselling. The juvenile court also
ordered her to seek help with anger management, but she did not. Although the
court ordered Jennifer to participate in FSRP “skill-based” sessions along with
visitation, she attended only thirteen of fifty-seven offered sessions.
Like Jennifer, John participated in the FSRP “skill-based” sessions only
sporadically, but he appeared receptive when he did attend. John was more
cooperative than Jennifer with the DHS and FSRP workers. He acted
appropriately during their interactions. But he also refused to engage in regular
drug testing. Out of twenty-eight offered tests, John attended only one, where his
sweat patch tested positive for methamphetamine. John did not complete ordered 5
substance-abuse treatment. He has been in and out of jail during these
proceedings. In November 2018, John was arrested on federal firearms charges
and placed in the Linn County jail, where he remained through the termination
hearings. Jail policy prohibited visitation with children under sixteen. John testified
he had been sober since his arrest.
In October 2018, the juvenile court terminated both Jennifer’s and John’s
parental rights to their younger child, A.K. After this development, Jennifer’s
commitment to visiting her older daughter deteriorated. Jennifer missed more than
half of the offered visits.2 John was incarcerated and denied visits in the jail.
Two months later, the State petitioned to terminate parental rights to P.K.
At the hearing, the FSRP worker testified that while P.K. retains a bond with both
Jennifer and John, the child has been harmed by Jennifer’s inappropriate
comments and erratic behavior. The worker highlighted P.K.’s loving relationship
with her foster parents, to whom she turns for comfort and support. The record
showed P.K. was thriving in their home, alongside her younger sister.
The juvenile court terminated Jennifer and John’s parental rights under Iowa
Code section 232.116(1)(e), (f), and (g). The court specifically found Jennifer was
not credible, explaining, when Jennifer is angry, “she cannot be reasoned with, nor
can she answer questions thoughtfully”; her “denials are complete and without
2 In November 2018, the juvenile court dismissed a petition to terminate parental rights under Iowa Code section 232.116(1), paragraph (e) (2018), for failure to maintain meaningful and significant contact. The court found the State failed to show the parents had made no reasonable effort to resume care of P.K.: “While the parents’ efforts have not been sufficient to remedy the fear of adjudicatory harm if the children were returned to their care, the parents have made some efforts to regain the custody of [P.K.]” 6
exception”; and her complaints were pulled “out of thin air despite overwhelming
evidence to the contrary.”
Jennifer and John each filed petitions on appeal.
II. Statutory Grounds
When the juvenile court terminates parental rights on more than one
ground, “we need only find termination appropriate under one of these sections to
affirm.” In re J.B.L., 844 N.W.2d 703, 704 (Iowa Ct. App. 2014). We focus on
section 232.116(1)(f). That paragraph requires proof of four elements: (1) the child
must be at least four years old; (2) the child must have been adjudicated in need
of assistance; (3) the child must have been removed from the home for at least
twelve of the last eighteen months, or for the last twelve consecutive months with
any period at home being less than thirty days; and (4) the child cannot be returned
to the home as provided in section 232.102 at the present time. John contends he
has alleviated the danger of harm, so he can resume care of P.K., but he also
acknowledges he is currently incarcerated.3 Jennifer likewise contends P.K. can
be returned to her care.
The record disproves the parents’ contentions. The DHS caseworker gave
both parents what she called “refrigerator lists” to help them understand the case
expectations and work toward reunification with P.K. The lists were fairly short
with clear goals for the parents. Yet Jennifer and John showed little progress. For
3 John contends he will be released in six months; but he cannot resume custody of P.K. at the present time, even if he had complied with the other case requirements. See D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 707 (interpreting statutory language “at the present time” to mean the time of the termination hearing). 7
instance, neither parent completed the required substance-abuse treatment or
demonstrated their sobriety sufficiently to erase the concerns of the CINA
proceedings.
Especially worrisome was the parents’ refusal to participate in random drug
testing. Their recalcitrance undermines their claims they can resume custody now.
The parents routinely made excuses for missing tests—claiming service providers
did not notify them or offer transportation assistance. Their excuses did not
withstand scrutiny. Jennifer did submit three clean drug tests, but she scheduled
them at her convenience. We are more persuaded by the dozens of tests she
skipped, combined with the social worker’s observations of her conduct and
physical condition during visitations. Even when Jennifer appeared for testing, she
did not submit samples. When John did provide one sample, it tested positive for
methamphetamine.
Domestic violence first brought this family to DHS attention, but it was the
parents’ admission of drug use and the presence of methamphetamine in A.K.’s
system that animated the continuing need for removal. The parents’ failure to
embrace services that would address issues of substance abuse and mental
health left P.K.’s future in a precarious position. At the time of the termination
order, P.K. had been out of her parents’ care for nearly two years.
We agree with the juvenile court’s conclusion neither John nor Jennifer can
resume care of P.K. at the present time. The State met the statutory grounds for
termination for both parents. 8
III. Best Interests
Next, Jennifer and John argue it is not in P.K.’s best interests to terminate
their rights. In making the best-interests determination, we give primary
consideration to the child’s safety, the best placement for furthering her long-term
nurturing and growth, as well as her physical, mental, and emotional condition and
needs. Iowa Code § 232.116(2); In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 37 (Iowa 2010). That
consideration may include a child’s integration into her foster family and whether
the foster family is willing to adopt. See Iowa Code § 232.116(2)(b). Safety and
the need for a permanent home mark the “defining elements in a child’s best
interest.” In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 802 (Iowa 2006) (Cady, J., concurring
specially).
Waiting to see if John and Jennifer can become stable, drug-free parents is
not in P.K.’s best interests. As the juvenile court found, John was unavailable and
“refused to participate in random drug testing and services designed to return the
child to his care.” Likewise, Jennifer was “unwilling to work through the case plan.”
P.K. has been with the same foster parents for nearly two years. She is thriving in
their care and looks to them for the stability her parents could not provide. The
record shows by clear and convincing evidence that termination serves her best
interests.
IV. Closeness of Parent-Child Relationship
Jennifer and John also allege termination would be detrimental to P.K.
because of the closeness of the parent-child relationship. See Iowa Code
§ 232.116(3)(c). The evidence shows P.K. does share a bond with Jennifer and
John and enjoys visitation. But the record does not suggest their relationship is so 9
close that termination would be detrimental to P.K. During the nearly two years
outside of her parents’ care, she has developed a strong bond with her foster
parents. See D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 709. Section 232.116(3)(c) does not stand in
the way of termination.4 We affirm the juvenile court order.
AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.
4 Jennifer and John mention they should have been given additional time to work toward reunification. This passing comment does not preserve the request for our review, even if we assume they raised the point in the juvenile court. See Soo Line R.R. Co. v. Iowa Dep’t of Transp., 521 N.W.2d 685, 691 (Iowa 1994) (finding random mention of an issue without elaboration or supportive authority could not merit the court’s consideration). Jennifer and John also complain about communication difficulties and conflicts with DHS and FSRP workers; Jennifer complains these difficulties “inhibited [her] ability to more fully take advantage of the service provided to her.” She contends the DHS “should have changed out providers as this conflict directly interfered with Jennifer’s ability to demonstrate a willingness to cooperate with services.” Again, assuming Jennifer made such requests in the juvenile court, they are too underdeveloped to review on appeal.