IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 20-0863 Filed October 7, 2020
IN THE INTEREST OF M.M., Minor Child,
C.M., Father, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Mahaska County, Rose Anne
Mefford, District Associate Judge.
The father appeals the termination of his parental rights to his now five-year-
old daughter. AFFIRMED.
Misty White, Sigourney, for appellant father.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Ellen Ramsey-Kacena, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee State.
Lynnette M. Lindgren of McCoy, Faulknet & Broerman, Oskaloosa, attorney
and guardian ad litem for minor child.
Considered by Doyle, P.J., and Greer and Ahlers, JJ. 2
GREER, Judge.
The father appeals the termination of his parental rights to his daughter,
M.M., born in 2014.1 The juvenile court terminated the father’s parental rights
under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and (l) (2019). The father asserts (1) the
court erred in terminating his parental rights, (2) the State failed to make
reasonable efforts to unify him with M.M., (3) he should have been allowed an
additional six months with reasonable efforts afforded to show he could resume
custody and care of M.M, and (4) it is not in the best interests of M.M. to terminate
the father’s parental rights because of their close bond. Our review of termination
proceedings is de novo. In re M.M., 483 N.W.2d 812, 814 (Iowa 1992).
M.M. and her sister, J.M.,2 were removed from the mother and father’s
home on August 3, 2018, pursuant to an ex parte removal order following
allegations that the mother was using methamphetamine and failed to provide
adequate medical care to J.M. On August 17, an allegation was made to the Iowa
Department of Human Services (DHS) that both the mother and father were using
and selling methamphetamine in the home in the presence of the children, which
resulted in a founded child abuse report. This was not a new problem for the father
as he had struggled with methamphetamine usage since his early teens. But, on
August 21, M.M. and her older sister were adjudicated to be children in need of
assistance as defined in Iowa Code section 232.2(6)(c), (e), and (n) (2018)
1 The mother does not appeal the termination of her parental rights 2 J.M. was age sixteen at the time of termination hearing and spoke on her own behalf at the hearing. The father does not appeal the termination of his rights to this child. At the time of removal, a brother was also removed from the parents’ care, but he attained the age of majority and is not part of these proceedings. 3
because of the parents’ substance-abuse issues and inability to properly care for
the children. On October 16, the court ordered continued removal of the children
from their parents’ home. Prior to that order, M.M. was placed in the care of her
cousin and continued to reside there throughout these proceedings. When M.M.,
then age four, arrived to her current placement, she was not potty-trained and had
serious dental issues from years of not brushing her teeth.
The October 16 case permanency plan required both the mother and father
to participate in substance-abuse and mental-health services and comply with drug
testing before the child could return to their care. As a component of that plan,
DHS noted the father was in counseling and started inpatient substance-abuse
treatment in March 2019. He lasted three days of the twenty-eight day program
before leaving. He again had an inpatient bed opportunity in May 2019, but he
failed to even show up to start the program. He stopped the mental-health
counseling even though he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder, borderline
personality disorder, and intermittent explosive disorder. Yet, to his credit, he
continued outpatient substance-abuse counseling through September 2019 and
reported he discontinued methamphetamine use for part of the summer of 2019.
By the father’s own admission during the permanency hearing in August 2019, he
used methamphetamine and marijuana in June 2019. However, he failed to report
his relapse to his substance-abuse counselor. The father also took a drug test in
July of 2019 that came back positive for methamphetamine and marijuana.
Over the sixteen months of DHS involvement with the father, he participated
in some treatment and ceased using methamphetamine for a time, but he
continuously used marijuana, resumed using methamphetamine, and stopped 4
participating in the mental-health and substance-abuse treatment required by the
juvenile court. By the last day of the hearing on termination of rights in December
2019, the father alerted family and his Family Safety, Risk, and Permanency
(FSRP) provider that he was homeless, had relapsed and had “thrown in the
towel.”3
As for the proceedings moving toward termination, the juvenile court heard
evidence on the permanency question on August 6, 2019. Believing no significant
progress had been made by the parents, that same month, the State petitioned for
the termination of the parents’ parental rights. The hearing on the termination of
parental rights occurred over two trial days—September 4 and December 2, 2019.
Without ever testifying, the father attended the first trial day and did not appear for
the final trial day. The order terminating the father’s rights was entered in June
2020. The father appeals that ruling.
“We use a three step analysis to review termination of parental rights.” In
re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 472 (Iowa 2018). First, we consider whether there is a
ground for termination under section 232.116(1). Id. at 472–473. Once grounds
for termination have been established, we consider “whether the best-interest
framework as laid out in section 232.116(2) supports the termination of parental
rights.” Id. at 473. Lastly, we determine “whether any exceptions in 232.116(3)
apply to preclude termination of parental rights.” Id. (quoting In re M.W., 876
N.W.2d 212, 220 (Iowa 2016)).
3In November 2019, the FSRP provider offered to take the father to the emergency room or a crisis unit, and after no response, she directed law enforcement to conduct a wellness check. The father admitted to the officer that he was using methamphetamine. 5
The juvenile court terminated the father’s parental rights under Iowa Code
section 232.116(1)(f) and (l) (2019).4 The State has the burden of proving the
grounds for termination by clear and convincing evidence. In re Z.P., ___ N.W.2d
___, ___, 2020 WL 5268435, at *3 (Iowa 2020). When the juvenile court relies on
more than one statutory ground, we may affirm the termination order if we find
clear and convincing evidence to support any ground. In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764,
774 (Iowa 2012). The father does not directly challenge the underlying grounds
for termination. Instead, he argues that DHS failed to make reasonable efforts to
achieve reunification of parent and child. Alternatively, he contends that he should
have been allowed an additional six months to show he could function effectively
as M.M.’s parent.
“The State must show reasonable efforts as part of its ultimate proof the
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 20-0863 Filed October 7, 2020
IN THE INTEREST OF M.M., Minor Child,
C.M., Father, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Mahaska County, Rose Anne
Mefford, District Associate Judge.
The father appeals the termination of his parental rights to his now five-year-
old daughter. AFFIRMED.
Misty White, Sigourney, for appellant father.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Ellen Ramsey-Kacena, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee State.
Lynnette M. Lindgren of McCoy, Faulknet & Broerman, Oskaloosa, attorney
and guardian ad litem for minor child.
Considered by Doyle, P.J., and Greer and Ahlers, JJ. 2
GREER, Judge.
The father appeals the termination of his parental rights to his daughter,
M.M., born in 2014.1 The juvenile court terminated the father’s parental rights
under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and (l) (2019). The father asserts (1) the
court erred in terminating his parental rights, (2) the State failed to make
reasonable efforts to unify him with M.M., (3) he should have been allowed an
additional six months with reasonable efforts afforded to show he could resume
custody and care of M.M, and (4) it is not in the best interests of M.M. to terminate
the father’s parental rights because of their close bond. Our review of termination
proceedings is de novo. In re M.M., 483 N.W.2d 812, 814 (Iowa 1992).
M.M. and her sister, J.M.,2 were removed from the mother and father’s
home on August 3, 2018, pursuant to an ex parte removal order following
allegations that the mother was using methamphetamine and failed to provide
adequate medical care to J.M. On August 17, an allegation was made to the Iowa
Department of Human Services (DHS) that both the mother and father were using
and selling methamphetamine in the home in the presence of the children, which
resulted in a founded child abuse report. This was not a new problem for the father
as he had struggled with methamphetamine usage since his early teens. But, on
August 21, M.M. and her older sister were adjudicated to be children in need of
assistance as defined in Iowa Code section 232.2(6)(c), (e), and (n) (2018)
1 The mother does not appeal the termination of her parental rights 2 J.M. was age sixteen at the time of termination hearing and spoke on her own behalf at the hearing. The father does not appeal the termination of his rights to this child. At the time of removal, a brother was also removed from the parents’ care, but he attained the age of majority and is not part of these proceedings. 3
because of the parents’ substance-abuse issues and inability to properly care for
the children. On October 16, the court ordered continued removal of the children
from their parents’ home. Prior to that order, M.M. was placed in the care of her
cousin and continued to reside there throughout these proceedings. When M.M.,
then age four, arrived to her current placement, she was not potty-trained and had
serious dental issues from years of not brushing her teeth.
The October 16 case permanency plan required both the mother and father
to participate in substance-abuse and mental-health services and comply with drug
testing before the child could return to their care. As a component of that plan,
DHS noted the father was in counseling and started inpatient substance-abuse
treatment in March 2019. He lasted three days of the twenty-eight day program
before leaving. He again had an inpatient bed opportunity in May 2019, but he
failed to even show up to start the program. He stopped the mental-health
counseling even though he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder, borderline
personality disorder, and intermittent explosive disorder. Yet, to his credit, he
continued outpatient substance-abuse counseling through September 2019 and
reported he discontinued methamphetamine use for part of the summer of 2019.
By the father’s own admission during the permanency hearing in August 2019, he
used methamphetamine and marijuana in June 2019. However, he failed to report
his relapse to his substance-abuse counselor. The father also took a drug test in
July of 2019 that came back positive for methamphetamine and marijuana.
Over the sixteen months of DHS involvement with the father, he participated
in some treatment and ceased using methamphetamine for a time, but he
continuously used marijuana, resumed using methamphetamine, and stopped 4
participating in the mental-health and substance-abuse treatment required by the
juvenile court. By the last day of the hearing on termination of rights in December
2019, the father alerted family and his Family Safety, Risk, and Permanency
(FSRP) provider that he was homeless, had relapsed and had “thrown in the
towel.”3
As for the proceedings moving toward termination, the juvenile court heard
evidence on the permanency question on August 6, 2019. Believing no significant
progress had been made by the parents, that same month, the State petitioned for
the termination of the parents’ parental rights. The hearing on the termination of
parental rights occurred over two trial days—September 4 and December 2, 2019.
Without ever testifying, the father attended the first trial day and did not appear for
the final trial day. The order terminating the father’s rights was entered in June
2020. The father appeals that ruling.
“We use a three step analysis to review termination of parental rights.” In
re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 472 (Iowa 2018). First, we consider whether there is a
ground for termination under section 232.116(1). Id. at 472–473. Once grounds
for termination have been established, we consider “whether the best-interest
framework as laid out in section 232.116(2) supports the termination of parental
rights.” Id. at 473. Lastly, we determine “whether any exceptions in 232.116(3)
apply to preclude termination of parental rights.” Id. (quoting In re M.W., 876
N.W.2d 212, 220 (Iowa 2016)).
3In November 2019, the FSRP provider offered to take the father to the emergency room or a crisis unit, and after no response, she directed law enforcement to conduct a wellness check. The father admitted to the officer that he was using methamphetamine. 5
The juvenile court terminated the father’s parental rights under Iowa Code
section 232.116(1)(f) and (l) (2019).4 The State has the burden of proving the
grounds for termination by clear and convincing evidence. In re Z.P., ___ N.W.2d
___, ___, 2020 WL 5268435, at *3 (Iowa 2020). When the juvenile court relies on
more than one statutory ground, we may affirm the termination order if we find
clear and convincing evidence to support any ground. In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764,
774 (Iowa 2012). The father does not directly challenge the underlying grounds
for termination. Instead, he argues that DHS failed to make reasonable efforts to
achieve reunification of parent and child. Alternatively, he contends that he should
have been allowed an additional six months to show he could function effectively
as M.M.’s parent.
“The State must show reasonable efforts as part of its ultimate proof the
child cannot be safely returned to the care of a parent.” In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d
489, 493 (Iowa 2000). To determine whether reasonable efforts have been made
toward reunification, the court considers “[the] type, duration, and intensity of
services or support offered or provided to the child and the child’s family.” Iowa
Code § 232.102(10)(a)(1). The father focuses his reasonable-efforts argument on
4 Under paragraph (f), the State had to show that all of the following: (1) The child is four years of age or older. (2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of assistance pursuant to section 232.96. (3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of the child’s parents for at least twelve of the last eighteen months, or for the last twelve consecutive months and any trial period at home has been less than thirty days. (4) There is clear and convincing evidence that at the present time the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided in section 232.102. The father does not challenge these elements. 6
his perceived indifference of the DHS social worker and a lack of services provided
by DHS. He points to the three motions for reasonable efforts filed by him in July
2019 to initiate visits with M.M. that had been terminated at the end of April. He
has a point. Even his FSRP provider testified there was no reason to stop his
weekly visits with M.M. Yet when the visits began again after the hearing on his
motions, he often moved the visits, only attended six out of the twelve weeks, and
completely stopped attending after he failed to show for the November 1 visit. He
was offered services throughout these proceedings: supervised visitations,
substance-abuse evaluation and treatment, residential treatment referral, mental-
health services, drug testing, and safe care parenting curriculum.
While we find that the father did take advantage of some of the services
offered to him and started making progress, he quickly backslid and never fully
committed to making the changes necessary to facilitate reunification with M.M.
There are many “what ifs” in this case. The father posits if he had reasonable
efforts by the State in March 2019 we would not be here. And we can ask, what if
he had actually completed the inpatient treatment in March 2019 instead of leaving
after three days or what if he had utilized the open bed inpatient opportunity in May
2019 instead of no showing? But on our de novo review, as of the last hearing in
December 2019, with a father missing in interest, there was no what if. Prior to the
final permanency hearing on December 2, 2019, the father missed a scheduled
drug test on October 28, 2019. Another test was scheduled for November 1, but
he again did not show up. And the FRSP provider believed he had been using
prior to his last attended visit with M.M. on November 1, 2019, based on his
unkempt and disheveled appearance. 7
The three months between the start and end of the hearings on termination
offered the father an opportunity to prove his commitment to treatment and
fatherhood. But, the FRSP provider relayed the father’s November 20 text
messages stating that he planned to use methamphetamine. After directing the
police to perform a wellness check, the father ceased all contact with the FRSP
provider. In addition, the father’s sister testified at the December 2 hearing that he
sent her text messages on November 20 stating that he had dropped out of
substance-abuse class. Based on this record, we find that the father had access
to reasonable efforts directed by DHS, yet, when the father was provided access
to those services to reunify with M.M., he failed to utilize the services offered to
achieve the substance-free goal.
The father argues that an additional six months would have provided him
time to work toward reunification with M.M. See Iowa Code §§ 232.104(2)(b),
.117(5). Sadly, as noted earlier, the father had the three months between the
September and December hearing dates in the termination hearing to show his
commitment to change and, instead, he succumbed to the previous destructive
lifestyle with substance abuse. In those three months, the father missed visits and,
when he did attend, appeared under the influence of a drug. He then reported he
was homeless. With this regression, we cannot see how an additional six months
would allow the father to resume caring for M.M. The father has continuously
tested positive for methamphetamine and marijuana, and he quit participating in
any of the services necessary for reunification prior to the final termination hearing.
He skipped drug tests, ceased attending substance-abuse class, and stopped
communicating with the FRSP provider. Finally, the father also failed to appear 8
for the December 2, 2019 termination hearing. In sum, the father is not in a
position to resume care of M.M., even if allowed an additional six months to work
toward that goal. We find no error in the juvenile court’s permanency order.
Because of their close bond, the father claims it is not in the best interest of
M.M. to terminate his parental rights. See id. § 232.116(2). And the FRSP provider
described that bond as “strong.” For months, M.M. has been in the care of her
cousin, and they have a strong bond. The child is safe, secure, and integrated into
the cousin’s home and has daily contact with her older sibling. Despite the bond
between the father and M.M., it has now been over two years that M.M. has been
out of the father’s care. Considering M.M.’s long-term needs for a stable and safe
household, permanency is in M.M.’s best interests. See In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d
793, 801 (Iowa 2006) (Cady, J., concurring specially) (“A child’s safety and the
need for a permanent home are now the primary concerns when determining a
child’s best interests.”); see also In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 41 (Iowa 2010)
(concluding termination was appropriate under the best-interests analysis because
“we cannot deprive a child of permanency after the State has proved a [statutory]
ground for termination”). In our best-interest analysis, our focus is on furthering
the long-term growth and development of M.M. Despite any existing bond, where
the father prioritizes his use of methamphetamine and marijuana over his child, we
find termination to be in the child’s best interests.
We appreciate that the father loves M.M., desires to be a good father to her,
and early on made some progress toward his battle with addiction. Still, as he
confirmed with his actions between the hearing dates in the termination trial, he
had not conquered those enemies and we cannot risk that M.M. likely would be a 9
casualty of that war. For all of these reasons, we agree with the juvenile court that
termination is in the child’s best interests.
AFFIRMED.