In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-22-00349-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF M.H., JR., A CHILD
On Appeal from the 99th District Court Lubbock County, Texas Trial Court No. DC-2022-FM-0034, Honorable Kara L. Darnell, Associate Judge Presiding
March 30, 2023 MEMORANDUM OPINION Before QUINN, C.J., and PARKER and YARBROUGH, JJ.
Appellant, Mother, appeals the trial court’s order terminating her parental rights to
her son, M.H.1 By her appeal, Mother argues that the trial court abused its discretion by
granting her court-appointed counsel’s motion to withdraw at the commencement of trial.
We reverse and remand.
1 To protect the privacy of the parties involved, we will refer to Appellant as “Mother,” and to the child by initials. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 109.002(d); TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8(b). BACKGROUND
In January of 2022, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services
opened an investigation after Mother and M.H. tested positive for methamphetamine
shortly after M.H. was born. On January 10, the Department filed its petition for
protection, conservatorship, and termination of parental rights.2 On that same day, the
court found Mother was indigent and appointed her an attorney. The attorney
represented Mother at the adversary hearing on February 1. The court entered temporary
orders appointing the Department as temporary managing conservator of M.H.
The Department prepared a family service plan, which Mother signed. Mother did
not complete the service plan requirements, but she did participate in visitation with M.H.
The Department provided transportation to Mother for her visitation with M.H. According
to her caseworker, the last time Mother visited with M.H. was a month and a half before
the final hearing.
The associate judge conducted a bench trial on October 13, 2022. Mother did not
appear for trial.3 When the judge called the case for trial, Mother’s court-appointed
counsel made the following announcement:
Attorney: Your Honor, I’m [L.M.] on behalf of [Mother]. Your Honor, I am not ready. I have not had contact with my client since March of 2022. At this point I have attempted. I’ve contacted the caseworker several times to update my phone numbers to make sure I had the correct contact information. I tried even as of yesterday. I called and left messages and there has been no contact, so at this time I would offer a – I would like to
2 Father’s parental rights were also terminated in this proceeding. Father does not appeal. 3 No evidence in the record indicates that Mother was given notice of the trial date.
2 file a Motion to Withdraw as I do not have and am not able to present a case today.
The Court: Okay. The Court will grant your Motion to Withdraw, Ms. [M], and you are free to go. If you will just file that in writing today and send me an order, I will sign it.
After the judge granted the oral motion to withdraw, she proceeded to hear
evidence from the Department caseworker supporting the termination of Mother’s
parental rights. At the conclusion of the trial, the judge terminated Mother’s parental rights
to M.H. based on the ground of failure to comply with a court order that established actions
necessary to retain custody of the child. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(O).4
The judge also found that termination was in the best interest of M.H. See id.
§ 161.001(b)(2). The Department was appointed the managing conservator of M.H. The
judge adjourned the trial. The motion to withdraw was filed later that same day.
One week later, the associate judge appointed appellate counsel on the basis that
Mother was an indigent parent. Mother timely filed this appeal.
In her sole issue, Mother contends the trial court abused its discretion in permitting
the withdrawal of her court-appointed attorney ad litem on the morning of trial, leaving
Mother without representation.
4 The trial court orally pronounced that termination was based on the grounds in section 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), and (O), but the written termination order references subsection (O) only.
Further references to provisions of the Texas Family Code will be by reference to “section ___” or § ___.”
3 STANDARD OF REVIEW
“Rights that inure in the parent-child relationship are of constitutional dimensions.”
In re J.C., 108 S.W.3d 914, 917 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, no pet.) (citing Stanley v.
Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 658, 92 S. Ct. 1208, 31 L. Ed. 2d 551 (1972)); see also Santosky
v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982) (“A parental rights
termination proceeding encumbers a value ‘far more precious than any property right.’”).
We have previously characterized parental rights as “sacred.” In re J.F., 589 S.W.3d 325,
331 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2019, no pet.). Because of the importance of these rights and
the finality of a termination order, trial courts must “observe fundamentally fair
procedures” and, on review, termination proceedings will be “strictly construed in favor of
the parent.” Id. at 332 (citing In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d 552, 555 (Tex. 2012)).
We review a trial court’s decision to grant a motion to withdraw as counsel for
abuse of discretion. B.B. v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., No. 03-15-00082-
CV, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 4544, at *8 (Tex. App.—Austin May 5, 2015, no pet.) (mem.
op.). Under an abuse of discretion standard, an appellate court may reverse the decision
of a trial court only if the trial court’s ruling was without reference to any guiding rules or
principles. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241–42 (Tex. 1985).
ANALYSIS
Mother’s Right to Counsel
In her sole issue, Mother contends that the trial court erred in allowing her court-
appointed attorney to withdraw on the day of the final termination hearing, in violation of
section 107. See § 107.013(a)(1). The Department responds that Mother effectively 4 waived her right to representation by not participating in the case and failing to
communicate with her attorney.
Given the fundamental nature of the interests at stake, Texas laws afford indigent
parents opposing state-initiated termination proceedings the right to appointed counsel.
See id. (requiring appointment of attorney for “indigent parent of the child who responds
in opposition to the termination”); In re R.R.-L., No. 05-19-00507-CV, 2019 Tex. App.
LEXIS 9351, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Oct. 23, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.) (failure to appoint
counsel for indigent parent in state-initiated termination proceedings constitutes
reversible error). A parent found to be indigent remains indigent for the duration of the
suit and any subsequent appeal unless there is a determination that the parent is no
longer indigent. § 107.013(e); In re P.M., 520 S.W.3d 24, 26 (Tex. 2016). The right to
counsel under section 107.013(a)(1) includes all court proceedings through the
exhaustion of appeals under section 107.016(2). In re P.M., 520 S.W.3d at 27. Having
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In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-22-00349-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF M.H., JR., A CHILD
On Appeal from the 99th District Court Lubbock County, Texas Trial Court No. DC-2022-FM-0034, Honorable Kara L. Darnell, Associate Judge Presiding
March 30, 2023 MEMORANDUM OPINION Before QUINN, C.J., and PARKER and YARBROUGH, JJ.
Appellant, Mother, appeals the trial court’s order terminating her parental rights to
her son, M.H.1 By her appeal, Mother argues that the trial court abused its discretion by
granting her court-appointed counsel’s motion to withdraw at the commencement of trial.
We reverse and remand.
1 To protect the privacy of the parties involved, we will refer to Appellant as “Mother,” and to the child by initials. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 109.002(d); TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8(b). BACKGROUND
In January of 2022, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services
opened an investigation after Mother and M.H. tested positive for methamphetamine
shortly after M.H. was born. On January 10, the Department filed its petition for
protection, conservatorship, and termination of parental rights.2 On that same day, the
court found Mother was indigent and appointed her an attorney. The attorney
represented Mother at the adversary hearing on February 1. The court entered temporary
orders appointing the Department as temporary managing conservator of M.H.
The Department prepared a family service plan, which Mother signed. Mother did
not complete the service plan requirements, but she did participate in visitation with M.H.
The Department provided transportation to Mother for her visitation with M.H. According
to her caseworker, the last time Mother visited with M.H. was a month and a half before
the final hearing.
The associate judge conducted a bench trial on October 13, 2022. Mother did not
appear for trial.3 When the judge called the case for trial, Mother’s court-appointed
counsel made the following announcement:
Attorney: Your Honor, I’m [L.M.] on behalf of [Mother]. Your Honor, I am not ready. I have not had contact with my client since March of 2022. At this point I have attempted. I’ve contacted the caseworker several times to update my phone numbers to make sure I had the correct contact information. I tried even as of yesterday. I called and left messages and there has been no contact, so at this time I would offer a – I would like to
2 Father’s parental rights were also terminated in this proceeding. Father does not appeal. 3 No evidence in the record indicates that Mother was given notice of the trial date.
2 file a Motion to Withdraw as I do not have and am not able to present a case today.
The Court: Okay. The Court will grant your Motion to Withdraw, Ms. [M], and you are free to go. If you will just file that in writing today and send me an order, I will sign it.
After the judge granted the oral motion to withdraw, she proceeded to hear
evidence from the Department caseworker supporting the termination of Mother’s
parental rights. At the conclusion of the trial, the judge terminated Mother’s parental rights
to M.H. based on the ground of failure to comply with a court order that established actions
necessary to retain custody of the child. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(O).4
The judge also found that termination was in the best interest of M.H. See id.
§ 161.001(b)(2). The Department was appointed the managing conservator of M.H. The
judge adjourned the trial. The motion to withdraw was filed later that same day.
One week later, the associate judge appointed appellate counsel on the basis that
Mother was an indigent parent. Mother timely filed this appeal.
In her sole issue, Mother contends the trial court abused its discretion in permitting
the withdrawal of her court-appointed attorney ad litem on the morning of trial, leaving
Mother without representation.
4 The trial court orally pronounced that termination was based on the grounds in section 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), and (O), but the written termination order references subsection (O) only.
Further references to provisions of the Texas Family Code will be by reference to “section ___” or § ___.”
3 STANDARD OF REVIEW
“Rights that inure in the parent-child relationship are of constitutional dimensions.”
In re J.C., 108 S.W.3d 914, 917 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, no pet.) (citing Stanley v.
Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 658, 92 S. Ct. 1208, 31 L. Ed. 2d 551 (1972)); see also Santosky
v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982) (“A parental rights
termination proceeding encumbers a value ‘far more precious than any property right.’”).
We have previously characterized parental rights as “sacred.” In re J.F., 589 S.W.3d 325,
331 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2019, no pet.). Because of the importance of these rights and
the finality of a termination order, trial courts must “observe fundamentally fair
procedures” and, on review, termination proceedings will be “strictly construed in favor of
the parent.” Id. at 332 (citing In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d 552, 555 (Tex. 2012)).
We review a trial court’s decision to grant a motion to withdraw as counsel for
abuse of discretion. B.B. v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., No. 03-15-00082-
CV, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 4544, at *8 (Tex. App.—Austin May 5, 2015, no pet.) (mem.
op.). Under an abuse of discretion standard, an appellate court may reverse the decision
of a trial court only if the trial court’s ruling was without reference to any guiding rules or
principles. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241–42 (Tex. 1985).
ANALYSIS
Mother’s Right to Counsel
In her sole issue, Mother contends that the trial court erred in allowing her court-
appointed attorney to withdraw on the day of the final termination hearing, in violation of
section 107. See § 107.013(a)(1). The Department responds that Mother effectively 4 waived her right to representation by not participating in the case and failing to
communicate with her attorney.
Given the fundamental nature of the interests at stake, Texas laws afford indigent
parents opposing state-initiated termination proceedings the right to appointed counsel.
See id. (requiring appointment of attorney for “indigent parent of the child who responds
in opposition to the termination”); In re R.R.-L., No. 05-19-00507-CV, 2019 Tex. App.
LEXIS 9351, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Oct. 23, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.) (failure to appoint
counsel for indigent parent in state-initiated termination proceedings constitutes
reversible error). A parent found to be indigent remains indigent for the duration of the
suit and any subsequent appeal unless there is a determination that the parent is no
longer indigent. § 107.013(e); In re P.M., 520 S.W.3d 24, 26 (Tex. 2016). The right to
counsel under section 107.013(a)(1) includes all court proceedings through the
exhaustion of appeals under section 107.016(2). In re P.M., 520 S.W.3d at 27. Having
undertaken to grant the right to counsel to an indigent parent, the State must administer
that right consistent with the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. See In
re K.L., 91 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, no pet.) (indigent parent’s right to
appointed counsel in termination proceeding should be administered “consistent with the
Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment”; due process requires “fundamental
fairness” and “meaningful process”).
Once appointed by the trial court, an attorney may withdraw from representation
only for good cause. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 10 (specifying requirements for attorneys
seeking to withdraw, including written motion showing good cause, delivering a copy of
5 the motion to the client, and notifying the client in writing of the right to object to the
motion).
Here, after the Department filed its petition for termination, the associate judge
found that Mother was indigent and appointed an attorney to represent her. There is
nothing in the record to indicate that Mother’s indigency status changed before the final
hearing. See § 107.013(e). When the court called the case for final hearing, Mother’s
attorney announced, “not ready” and urged an oral motion to withdraw. No prior notice
of the withdrawal was given to Mother and the trial court did not make a finding of “good
cause” on the record.5 Mother was effectively abandoned by her attorney at a critical
stage of the proceeding. See In re J.M.O., 459 S.W.3d 90, 94 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
2014, no pet.) (final hearing on petition to terminate parent-child relationship is critical
stage of termination proceeding); In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 343 (Tex. 2009)
(recognizing that attorney must satisfy requirements of Rule 10 in order to withdraw and
stating that attorney’s failure to do so left parent without representation at critical stage of
proceeding). Moreover, the attorney’s filing of a written motion to withdraw after the
motion had been granted and after the trial concluded does not fulfill the requirements of
Rule 10.
Notwithstanding an attorney’s responsibilities under Rule 10, the trial court also
has a duty to see that withdrawal of counsel will not result in foreseeable prejudice to the
5 See § 107.016(2)(C) (an attorney appointed to represent the interests of an indigent parent “continues to serve in that capacity until . . . the date the attorney is relieved of the attorney’s duties or replaced by another attorney after a finding of good cause is rendered by the court on the record”).
6 indigent parent. In re P.M., 520 S.W.3d at 27. We presume harm to the indigent parent
when she is denied counsel at a critical stage of termination proceedings. In re B.H., No.
05-18-00291-CV, 2018 Tex. App. LEXIS 7616, at *8, *10 (Tex. App.—Dallas Sept. 18,
2018, no pet.) (mem. op.).
We hold the trial court abused its discretion in allowing counsel to withdraw, leaving
Mother without representation at a critical stage of the proceeding. See In re P.M., 520
S.W.3d at 27; In re V.L.B., 445 S.W.3d 802, 808 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014,
no pet.) (op. on reh’g); see also In re R.R.-L., 2019 Tex. App. LEXIS 9351, at *3–4 (trial
court abused its discretion in failing to appoint a new attorney for indigent parent after
granting withdrawal of prior court-appointed attorney).
Right to Counsel Not Waived
The Department argues that Mother waived her right to representation because
she failed to communicate with her attorney despite this admonishment in the court’s
original order appointing counsel:
YOUR FAILURE TO TIMELY CONTACT OR MAINTAIN PROPER CONTACT WITH THE APPOINTED ATTORNEY WILL BE CONSIDERED AS GOOD CAUSE TO ALLOW THE WITHDRAWAL OR DISCHARGE OF THE ATTORNEY AS YOUR APPOINTED ATTORNEY WITH NO FURTHER DUTY TO REPRESENT YOU IN THIS CASE.
We reject the Department’s argument that Mother waived her right to an attorney
based on the admonishment contained in the order appointing her counsel. A parent’s
waiver of the right to counsel must, at the very least, be knowing and intelligent. See In
re C.L.S., 403 S.W.3d 15, 19–20 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet. denied); see
7 also In re A.J., 559 S.W.3d 713, 717–18 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2018, no pet.). There was no
evidence presented at the hearing that Mother knowingly and intelligently waived the right
to her court-appointed attorney. Moreover, the trial court made no findings to support a
waiver. Even if the trial court found on the record that Mother’s failure to maintain contact
with her attorney constituted good cause for withdrawal, section 107.016(2) explicitly
contemplates a replacement attorney be appointed for an indigent parent. See
§ 107.016(2)(C) (appointed attorney continues to serve until relieved or replaced after
finding of good cause).
Harm Analysis
Generally, finding error requires a harm analysis under Rule 44.1(a)(1). TEX. R.
APP. P. 44.1(a)(1). However, when the statutory scheme mandated by section 107.013(a)
has been violated, prejudice is presumed. In re J.F., 589 S.W.3d at 335; In re A.J., 559
S.W.3d at 722. Therefore, this Court need not conduct a harm analysis under Rule
44.1(a)(1).
Based upon the clear mandate of Texas law governing the appointment of
attorneys for indigent parents in termination suits brought by the Department, we
conclude the trial court abused its discretion in allowing court-appointed counsel to
withdraw, leaving Mother without representation at a critical stage of the proceeding. We
sustain Mother’s sole issue.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, we reverse the judgment and remand the cause
to the trial court for appointment of an attorney ad litem and a new trial. Any proceeding 8 on remand must be commenced within 180 days of this Court’s mandate. TEX. R. APP.
P. 28.4.
Judy C. Parker Justice