AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed July 27, 2018.
In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-17-00929-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF L.S.B., A CHILD
On Appeal from the 59th Judicial District Court Grayson County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. FA-16-2030
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Chief Justice Wright, Justice Francis, and Justice Thomas1 Opinion by Justice Thomas At issue in this appeal is Texas Family Code section 102.004(b), which governs a
“grandparent or other person[’s]” standing to intervene in a pending suit affecting the parent-child
relationship. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. 102.004(b) (West Supp. 2017).2 Appellant seeks to
reverse the trial court’s order dismissing her petition to intervene in a termination and adoption
suit concerning her niece, L.S.B. “due to her substantial past contact” with the child. We disagree
and affirm the trial court’s order.
BACKGROUND
Appellee, a distant relative of the child, filed the termination and adoption suit in November
2016. At the time, L.S.B. was almost three years old and had been living with appellee for over
two years as a result of a placement by Child Protective Services (CPS). Appellee sought to
1 The Honorable Linda Thomas, Chief Justice, Retired, sitting by assignment. 2 Section 102.004(b) was amended after this appeal was filed. Nonetheless, we cite to the current statute as the amendment does not affect the issue before us. terminate the rights of L.S.B.’s mother, who had signed an affidavit of voluntary relinquishment
and consented to the adoption. L.S.B’s father’s rights had been previously terminated.
Based on pictures showing appellee drinking and appearing to exercise poor judgment,
appellant petitioned to intervene and she requested that she be appointed sole managing
conservator of L.S.B. Appellant alleged she had standing to intervene “due to her substantial past
contact” with L.S.B. See FAM. § 102.004(b). Specifically, CPS placed L.S.B. with Appellant for
“almost three months” in 2014.
Appellee challenged appellant’s standing by motion to strike, and the trial court held a
hearing in April 2017. Testimony at the hearing reflected that, since caring for L.S.B. in 2014,
appellant had visited with her for one hour in October 2016 and had sent a few gifts.
Finding the motion to strike should be granted, the trial court dismissed appellant’s petition
and subsequently granted appellee’s petition to terminate and adopt.
APPLICABLE LAW
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to strike a petition in intervention for abuse of
discretion. See Mendez v. Brewer, 626 S.W.2d 498, 499 (Tex. 1982); In re J.P., 196 S.W.3d 434,
440 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.). A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts in an
unreasonable or arbitrary manner, “without reference to any guiding rules or principles.”
Beaumont Bank, NA v. Buller, 806 S.W.2d 223, 226 (Tex. 1991) (quoting Downer v. Aquamarine
Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985)). We will not reverse a trial court for abuse
of discretion because we disagree with its decision if that decision was within the court’s
discretionary authority. Id. A trial court has no discretion in determining what the law is or in
applying the law to the facts. Baylor Coll. of Med. v. Camberg, 247 S.W.3d 342, 345 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. denied)
Generally, intervention in a lawsuit is allowed as a matter of right; permission by the trial
court is not required. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 60; Smith v. City of Garland, 523 S.W.3d 234, 241 (Tex. –2– App.—Dallas 2017, no pet.); Prototype Mach. Co. v. Boulware, 292 S.W.3d 169, 172 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2009, no pet.). However, in suits affecting the parent-child relationship,
where the child’s best interest is “always” the court’s primary consideration, the circumstances
under which a person may intervene is left to the trial court’s discretion. See FAM. §§ 102.004(b),
153.002 (West 2014); In re M.T., 21 S.W.3d 925, 927 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2000, no pet.).
Under family code section 102.004(b), the trial court may grant leave to intervene to grandparents
and those “deemed by the court to have had substantial past contact with the child.” See FAM. §
102.004(b). “Substantial past contact” is not defined by the code, but is determined on a case-by-
case basis. See id.; In re N.L.D., 412 S.W.3d 810, 815 n.3 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, no pet.).
DISCUSSION
In arguing she had standing to intervene because she had “substantial past contact” with
L.S.B., appellant notes that, unlike other standing provisions in the family code requiring a
minimum period of time with the child, section 102.004 imposes “no time limitation or
qualification” on the requirement of “substantial past contact.” See, e.g., FAM. §§ 102.003(a)(9)
(West Supp. 2017) (allowing original suit to be filed by “a person, other than a foster parent, who
has had actual care, control, and possession of the child for at least six months ending not more
than 90 days preceding the date” suit is filed); 102.003(a)(12) (same – foster parent of a child
placed with him by the Department of Family and Protective Services “for at least 12 months
ending not more than 90 days” before suit is filed). Appellant contends that whether a person has
standing to intervene under section 102.004 should turn on “the substantial nature of the contacts”
and not when the contacts occurred. In support, appellant relies on In re H.B.N.S., No. 14-05-
00410-CV, 2007 WL 2034913 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] July 17, 2007, pet. denied).
In H.B.N.S., the parents of the child’s babysitter were deemed to have had substantial past
contact with the child where, over a period of five years, they cared for the child for “large amounts
of time;” provided her with clothing, medical and dental care, and her own room at their house and –3– lake house; were involved in her education; and, considered her a member of the family. Id. at
*1, 4 & n.4. Appellant asserts there can be no contact “more substantial” than caring for a child
for a significant period of time, and she cared for L.S.B. for three months.
Although section 102.004(b) has no temporal limitation or requirement, neither does it
define “substantial past contact.” See FAM. § 102.004(b). Whether a person has had “substantial
past contact” with a child so as to have standing to intervene is left to the sound discretion of the
court, to be determined on a case-by-case basis. See id.; In re N.L.D., 412 S.W.3d at 815 n.3.
Unlike the H.B.N.S. intervenors who had an ongoing relationship with the child over a period of
five years, appellant here had limited contact with L.S.B. after the three-month period L.S.B. lived
with her. Moreover, L.S.B. had lived two of her three years of life with appellee and was living
with appellee at the time suit was filed.
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AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed July 27, 2018.
In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-17-00929-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF L.S.B., A CHILD
On Appeal from the 59th Judicial District Court Grayson County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. FA-16-2030
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Chief Justice Wright, Justice Francis, and Justice Thomas1 Opinion by Justice Thomas At issue in this appeal is Texas Family Code section 102.004(b), which governs a
“grandparent or other person[’s]” standing to intervene in a pending suit affecting the parent-child
relationship. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. 102.004(b) (West Supp. 2017).2 Appellant seeks to
reverse the trial court’s order dismissing her petition to intervene in a termination and adoption
suit concerning her niece, L.S.B. “due to her substantial past contact” with the child. We disagree
and affirm the trial court’s order.
BACKGROUND
Appellee, a distant relative of the child, filed the termination and adoption suit in November
2016. At the time, L.S.B. was almost three years old and had been living with appellee for over
two years as a result of a placement by Child Protective Services (CPS). Appellee sought to
1 The Honorable Linda Thomas, Chief Justice, Retired, sitting by assignment. 2 Section 102.004(b) was amended after this appeal was filed. Nonetheless, we cite to the current statute as the amendment does not affect the issue before us. terminate the rights of L.S.B.’s mother, who had signed an affidavit of voluntary relinquishment
and consented to the adoption. L.S.B’s father’s rights had been previously terminated.
Based on pictures showing appellee drinking and appearing to exercise poor judgment,
appellant petitioned to intervene and she requested that she be appointed sole managing
conservator of L.S.B. Appellant alleged she had standing to intervene “due to her substantial past
contact” with L.S.B. See FAM. § 102.004(b). Specifically, CPS placed L.S.B. with Appellant for
“almost three months” in 2014.
Appellee challenged appellant’s standing by motion to strike, and the trial court held a
hearing in April 2017. Testimony at the hearing reflected that, since caring for L.S.B. in 2014,
appellant had visited with her for one hour in October 2016 and had sent a few gifts.
Finding the motion to strike should be granted, the trial court dismissed appellant’s petition
and subsequently granted appellee’s petition to terminate and adopt.
APPLICABLE LAW
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to strike a petition in intervention for abuse of
discretion. See Mendez v. Brewer, 626 S.W.2d 498, 499 (Tex. 1982); In re J.P., 196 S.W.3d 434,
440 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.). A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts in an
unreasonable or arbitrary manner, “without reference to any guiding rules or principles.”
Beaumont Bank, NA v. Buller, 806 S.W.2d 223, 226 (Tex. 1991) (quoting Downer v. Aquamarine
Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985)). We will not reverse a trial court for abuse
of discretion because we disagree with its decision if that decision was within the court’s
discretionary authority. Id. A trial court has no discretion in determining what the law is or in
applying the law to the facts. Baylor Coll. of Med. v. Camberg, 247 S.W.3d 342, 345 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. denied)
Generally, intervention in a lawsuit is allowed as a matter of right; permission by the trial
court is not required. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 60; Smith v. City of Garland, 523 S.W.3d 234, 241 (Tex. –2– App.—Dallas 2017, no pet.); Prototype Mach. Co. v. Boulware, 292 S.W.3d 169, 172 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2009, no pet.). However, in suits affecting the parent-child relationship,
where the child’s best interest is “always” the court’s primary consideration, the circumstances
under which a person may intervene is left to the trial court’s discretion. See FAM. §§ 102.004(b),
153.002 (West 2014); In re M.T., 21 S.W.3d 925, 927 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2000, no pet.).
Under family code section 102.004(b), the trial court may grant leave to intervene to grandparents
and those “deemed by the court to have had substantial past contact with the child.” See FAM. §
102.004(b). “Substantial past contact” is not defined by the code, but is determined on a case-by-
case basis. See id.; In re N.L.D., 412 S.W.3d 810, 815 n.3 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, no pet.).
DISCUSSION
In arguing she had standing to intervene because she had “substantial past contact” with
L.S.B., appellant notes that, unlike other standing provisions in the family code requiring a
minimum period of time with the child, section 102.004 imposes “no time limitation or
qualification” on the requirement of “substantial past contact.” See, e.g., FAM. §§ 102.003(a)(9)
(West Supp. 2017) (allowing original suit to be filed by “a person, other than a foster parent, who
has had actual care, control, and possession of the child for at least six months ending not more
than 90 days preceding the date” suit is filed); 102.003(a)(12) (same – foster parent of a child
placed with him by the Department of Family and Protective Services “for at least 12 months
ending not more than 90 days” before suit is filed). Appellant contends that whether a person has
standing to intervene under section 102.004 should turn on “the substantial nature of the contacts”
and not when the contacts occurred. In support, appellant relies on In re H.B.N.S., No. 14-05-
00410-CV, 2007 WL 2034913 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] July 17, 2007, pet. denied).
In H.B.N.S., the parents of the child’s babysitter were deemed to have had substantial past
contact with the child where, over a period of five years, they cared for the child for “large amounts
of time;” provided her with clothing, medical and dental care, and her own room at their house and –3– lake house; were involved in her education; and, considered her a member of the family. Id. at
*1, 4 & n.4. Appellant asserts there can be no contact “more substantial” than caring for a child
for a significant period of time, and she cared for L.S.B. for three months.
Although section 102.004(b) has no temporal limitation or requirement, neither does it
define “substantial past contact.” See FAM. § 102.004(b). Whether a person has had “substantial
past contact” with a child so as to have standing to intervene is left to the sound discretion of the
court, to be determined on a case-by-case basis. See id.; In re N.L.D., 412 S.W.3d at 815 n.3.
Unlike the H.B.N.S. intervenors who had an ongoing relationship with the child over a period of
five years, appellant here had limited contact with L.S.B. after the three-month period L.S.B. lived
with her. Moreover, L.S.B. had lived two of her three years of life with appellee and was living
with appellee at the time suit was filed. On the record before us, we cannot conclude the trial court
erred in striking appellant’s petition in intervention. Compare In re A.M., 60 S.W.3d 166, 168-69
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.) (no abuse of discretion in allowing foster parents
to intervene under former provision of section 102.004 where child had spent “nearly all her life
up to the time of the filing of the intervention” with them) with Segovia-Slape v. Paxson, 893
S.W.2d 694, 696-97 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1995, orig. proceeding) (no clear abuse of discretion in
striking aunt’s plea in intervention under former code provision where only proof of “substantial
past contact” was allegation that child had resided with aunt for “a few weeks”).
We decide appellant’s sole issue against her and affirm the trial court’s order dismissing
the intervention.
/Linda Thomas/ LINDA THOMAS JUSTICE, ASSIGNED 170929F.P05
–4– Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas JUDGMENT
IN THE INTEREST OF L.S.B., A CHILD On Appeal from the 59th Judicial District Court, Grayson County, Texas No. 05-17-00929-CV Trial Court Cause No. FA-16-2030. Opinion delivered by Justice Thomas. Chief Justice Wright and Justice Francis participating.
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, we AFFIRM the trial court’s “order on motion to strike intervention or, alternatively, to dismiss for lack of standing.”
We ORDER appellee Taylor Alexandra Cowie recover her costs of this appeal from appellant Melinda Joann Byers.
Judgment entered this 27th day of July, 2018.
–5–