IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 20-0309 Filed April 15, 2020
IN THE INTEREST OF L.J., Minor Child.
T.B., Mother, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, Daniel L. Block,
Associate Juvenile Judge.
A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her child.
AFFIRMED.
Michelle Jungers of Iowa Legal Aid, Waterloo, for appellant mother.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Ellen Ramsey-Kacena, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee State.
Tammy L. Banning of Juvenile Public Defender’s Office, Waterloo, attorney
and guardian ad litem for minor child.
Considered by Mullins, P.J., Schumacher, J., and Scott, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206
(2020). 2
SCOTT, Senior Judge.
The mother and child came to the attention of the Iowa Department of
Human Services (DHS) at the time of the child’s birth in January 2019 when the
mother tested positive for marijuana and the child for marijuana and opioids. The
mother admitted to ongoing use of marijuana and methamphetamine throughout
her pregnancy. The parents agreed to voluntary safety services. The family was
residing with the paternal grandparents. In April, the parents relapsed on
methamphetamine and marijuana. It was also discovered that the paternal
grandparents were engaged in marijuana use. The child was removed from the
parents’ care and adjudicated as in need of assistance.
Thereafter, the mother obtained housing and reported her participation in
treatment. She tested positive for methamphetamine in July, upon which DHS
investigated and learned the mother had participated very little in substance-abuse
or mental-health treatment. The mother again admitted to using
methamphetamine later that month. The mother’s participation in visits with the
child was inconsistent, and a service provider reported the mother appeared to be
under the influence and fell asleep at a visit in late August. Following a mental-
health evaluation, the mother was diagnosed with affective major depressive
disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, other
specified personality disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, impulsive
presentation, and amphetamine type substance-abuse disorder. The mother’s
substance-abuse counselor recommended the mother engage in inpatient
treatment; the mother refused. The mother was directed to submit to random drug
testing. By the time of the termination hearing in December, the mother had only 3
submitted to three of the fourteen requests for drug testing. While she tested
negative on all occasions,1 a service provider opined the mother was being
selective as to when she would submit to drug testing, and she would only
participate when she was confident she would test negative. At some point, the
child’s maternal grandmother moved into the mother’s apartment, despite the
mother’s knowledge it would serve as a barrier to reunification given the
grandmother’s history of substance abuse.
Following a permanency hearing, the juvenile court directed the State to
initiate termination proceedings. By November, the mother was homeless. The
mother’s participation in substance-abuse and mental-health treatment continued
to be sporadic. Later that month, the mother moved in with a new boyfriend, an
individual with a long history of criminal activity, including several controlled-
substance violations. The juvenile court ultimately terminated the mother’s
parental rights under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(e), (h), and (l) (2019).
The mother now appeals.2 She challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting the statutory grounds for termination cited by the juvenile court and
argues she should have been granted an additional six months to work toward
reunification.
We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. In re L.T.,
924 N.W.2d 521, 526 (Iowa 2019). Our primary consideration is the best interests
of the child, In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 798 (Iowa 2006), the defining elements of
1 The first test the mother submitted to only tested for alcohol. 2 The parental rights of the child’s father were also terminated. He does not appeal. 4
which are the child’s safety and need for a permanent home. In re H.S., 805
N.W.2d 737, 748 (Iowa 2011).
As noted, the juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights under
Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(e), (h), and (l). “On appeal, we may affirm the
juvenile court’s termination order on any ground that we find supported by clear
and convincing evidence.” In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa 2010). As to
termination under section 232.116(1)(h), the mother only challenges the State’s
establishment of the final element of that provision—that the child could not be
returned to her care at the time of the termination hearing. See Iowa Code
§ 232.116(1)(h)(4) (requiring clear and convincing evidence that the child cannot
be returned to the custody of the child’s parents at the present time); D.W., 791
N.W.2d at 707 (interpreting the statutory language “at the present time” to mean
“at the time of the termination hearing”).
The mother simply argues the State failed to show placement of the child in
her care would not expose the child to a threat of harm. The mother failed to
consistently and meaningfully address the issues precipitating removal, her
substance abuse and mental health. The mother’s participation in treatment to
remedy those issues was inconsistent and sporadic. The mother points to the lack
of positive drug tests in the months leading up to the termination hearing.
However, she fails to recognize the fact that she largely evaded drug testing. We
presume these missed drug screens would have resulted in positive screens. See,
e.g., In re L.B., No. 17-1439, 2017 WL 6027747, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 22,
2017); In re C.W., No. 14-1501, 2014 WL 5865351, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 13,
2014) (“She has missed several drug screens, which are thus presumed ‘dirty,’ 5
i.e., they would have been positive for illegal substances.”). The mother was also
inconsistent in attending visitation and demonstrating her ability to properly care
for a young child. Upon our de novo review of the record, we conclude the State
met its burden to show the child could not be returned to the mother’s care at the
time of the termination hearing.3
We turn to the mother’s request for a six-month extension. If, following a
termination hearing, the court does not terminate parental rights but finds there is
clear and convincing evidence that the child is a child in need of assistance, the
court may enter an order in accordance with section 232.104(2)(b). Iowa Code
§ 232.117(5). Section 232.104(2)(b) affords the juvenile court the option to
continue placement of a child for an additional six months if the court finds “the
need for removal . . . will no longer exist at the end of the additional six-month
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 20-0309 Filed April 15, 2020
IN THE INTEREST OF L.J., Minor Child.
T.B., Mother, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, Daniel L. Block,
Associate Juvenile Judge.
A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her child.
AFFIRMED.
Michelle Jungers of Iowa Legal Aid, Waterloo, for appellant mother.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Ellen Ramsey-Kacena, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee State.
Tammy L. Banning of Juvenile Public Defender’s Office, Waterloo, attorney
and guardian ad litem for minor child.
Considered by Mullins, P.J., Schumacher, J., and Scott, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206
(2020). 2
SCOTT, Senior Judge.
The mother and child came to the attention of the Iowa Department of
Human Services (DHS) at the time of the child’s birth in January 2019 when the
mother tested positive for marijuana and the child for marijuana and opioids. The
mother admitted to ongoing use of marijuana and methamphetamine throughout
her pregnancy. The parents agreed to voluntary safety services. The family was
residing with the paternal grandparents. In April, the parents relapsed on
methamphetamine and marijuana. It was also discovered that the paternal
grandparents were engaged in marijuana use. The child was removed from the
parents’ care and adjudicated as in need of assistance.
Thereafter, the mother obtained housing and reported her participation in
treatment. She tested positive for methamphetamine in July, upon which DHS
investigated and learned the mother had participated very little in substance-abuse
or mental-health treatment. The mother again admitted to using
methamphetamine later that month. The mother’s participation in visits with the
child was inconsistent, and a service provider reported the mother appeared to be
under the influence and fell asleep at a visit in late August. Following a mental-
health evaluation, the mother was diagnosed with affective major depressive
disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, other
specified personality disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, impulsive
presentation, and amphetamine type substance-abuse disorder. The mother’s
substance-abuse counselor recommended the mother engage in inpatient
treatment; the mother refused. The mother was directed to submit to random drug
testing. By the time of the termination hearing in December, the mother had only 3
submitted to three of the fourteen requests for drug testing. While she tested
negative on all occasions,1 a service provider opined the mother was being
selective as to when she would submit to drug testing, and she would only
participate when she was confident she would test negative. At some point, the
child’s maternal grandmother moved into the mother’s apartment, despite the
mother’s knowledge it would serve as a barrier to reunification given the
grandmother’s history of substance abuse.
Following a permanency hearing, the juvenile court directed the State to
initiate termination proceedings. By November, the mother was homeless. The
mother’s participation in substance-abuse and mental-health treatment continued
to be sporadic. Later that month, the mother moved in with a new boyfriend, an
individual with a long history of criminal activity, including several controlled-
substance violations. The juvenile court ultimately terminated the mother’s
parental rights under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(e), (h), and (l) (2019).
The mother now appeals.2 She challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting the statutory grounds for termination cited by the juvenile court and
argues she should have been granted an additional six months to work toward
reunification.
We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. In re L.T.,
924 N.W.2d 521, 526 (Iowa 2019). Our primary consideration is the best interests
of the child, In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 798 (Iowa 2006), the defining elements of
1 The first test the mother submitted to only tested for alcohol. 2 The parental rights of the child’s father were also terminated. He does not appeal. 4
which are the child’s safety and need for a permanent home. In re H.S., 805
N.W.2d 737, 748 (Iowa 2011).
As noted, the juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights under
Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(e), (h), and (l). “On appeal, we may affirm the
juvenile court’s termination order on any ground that we find supported by clear
and convincing evidence.” In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa 2010). As to
termination under section 232.116(1)(h), the mother only challenges the State’s
establishment of the final element of that provision—that the child could not be
returned to her care at the time of the termination hearing. See Iowa Code
§ 232.116(1)(h)(4) (requiring clear and convincing evidence that the child cannot
be returned to the custody of the child’s parents at the present time); D.W., 791
N.W.2d at 707 (interpreting the statutory language “at the present time” to mean
“at the time of the termination hearing”).
The mother simply argues the State failed to show placement of the child in
her care would not expose the child to a threat of harm. The mother failed to
consistently and meaningfully address the issues precipitating removal, her
substance abuse and mental health. The mother’s participation in treatment to
remedy those issues was inconsistent and sporadic. The mother points to the lack
of positive drug tests in the months leading up to the termination hearing.
However, she fails to recognize the fact that she largely evaded drug testing. We
presume these missed drug screens would have resulted in positive screens. See,
e.g., In re L.B., No. 17-1439, 2017 WL 6027747, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 22,
2017); In re C.W., No. 14-1501, 2014 WL 5865351, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 13,
2014) (“She has missed several drug screens, which are thus presumed ‘dirty,’ 5
i.e., they would have been positive for illegal substances.”). The mother was also
inconsistent in attending visitation and demonstrating her ability to properly care
for a young child. Upon our de novo review of the record, we conclude the State
met its burden to show the child could not be returned to the mother’s care at the
time of the termination hearing.3
We turn to the mother’s request for a six-month extension. If, following a
termination hearing, the court does not terminate parental rights but finds there is
clear and convincing evidence that the child is a child in need of assistance, the
court may enter an order in accordance with section 232.104(2)(b). Iowa Code
§ 232.117(5). Section 232.104(2)(b) affords the juvenile court the option to
continue placement of a child for an additional six months if the court finds “the
need for removal . . . will no longer exist at the end of the additional six-month
period.” The mother was requested to engage in inpatient substance-abuse
treatment. She refused. While she engaged in outpatient treatment, her
involvement can only be described as limited at best. The mother has also been
sporadic in attending visitation with the child. She would need to fully engage in
services for an extended period of time and would then need to progress well
beyond unsupervised visitation before the child could be placed in her care. We
3 The mother does not argue termination is contrary to the child’s best interests or should be averted by application of a statutory exception to termination. See Iowa Code § 232.116(2), (3). Thus, we need not address these steps in the termination framework. See In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 40 (Iowa 2010). To the extent the mother argues the State failed to make reasonable efforts at reunification, we agree with the State that the mother has not preserved error, as she did not raise the issue prior to the termination hearing. See In re A.A.G., 708 N.W.2d 85, 91 (Iowa Ct. App. 2005). Even if the mother had preserved error, we would conclude the State’s efforts were reasonable under the circumstances of the case. 6
are unable to conclude “the need for removal . . . will no longer exist at the end of
the additional six-month period,” and we therefore affirm the juvenile court’s denial
of the mother’s request for an extension. See id. § 232.104(2)(b).
We affirm the juvenile court’s termination of the mother’s parental rights.