NUMBERS 13-23-00463-CV, 13-23-00465-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
IN THE INTEREST OF L.F.W.N. AND K.L.N., CHILDREN
ON APPEAL FROM THE 197TH DISTRICT COURT OF CAMERON COUNTY, TEXAS
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Benavides, Longoria, and Silva Memorandum Opinion by Justice Benavides
Appellant M.O. (Miranda)1 appeals from the trial court’s judgments related to the
child support obligation she owes to appellee E.N. III (Ernest) for the support of their minor
children, L.F.W.N. (Louis) and K.L.N. (Kayla). In appellate cause number 13-23-00465-
CV, Miranda argues the trial court erred by: (1) sua sponte converting a temporary orders
1 We refer to the parties and their children by pseudonyms. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 109.002(d)
(“On the motion of the parties or on the court’s own motion, the appellate court in its opinion may identify the parties by fictitious names or by their initials only.”); TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8 cmt. (“The rule does not limit an appellate court’s authority to disguise parties’ identities in appropriate circumstances in other cases.”). hearing into a final hearing without providing adequate notice; (2) denying Miranda’s
request to modify child support; and (3) failing to file findings of fact and conclusions of
law. In both appellate causes, Miranda argues that the trial court erred by denying her
motion to disqualify Ernest’s attorney. And in appellate cause number 13-23-00463-CV,
Miranda contends the trial court erred by: (5) awarding child support arrears despite the
motion to enforce containing insufficient information; (6) enforcing an ambiguous
judgment; (7) failing to offset child support arrears; and (8) awarding attorney’s fees
based on insufficient evidence. We reverse and remand in appellate cause number 13-
23-00465-CV, and we affirm in part and reverse and remand in part in appellate cause
number 13-23-00463-CV.
I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
According to the record, Miranda and Ernest divorced on October 23, 2013. The
attendant orders concerning custody and child support have apparently been modified
several times throughout the years, with the rendition of the penultimate order regarding
the children having occurred on October 22, 2021.
On March 4, 2022, Miranda filed a petition to modify the parent-child relationship,
specifically requesting a modification of the October 2021 order as it pertained to child
support and asserting that her circumstances “have materially and substantially changed
since” the October 2021 order. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 156.401(a)(1)(A). She later
filed an amended petition also seeking to modify the custody orders, as she believed
Louis “will express to the Court in chambers . . . the conservator the child prefers to have
the exclusive right to designate the primary residence of the child.” See id. §§ 153.009,
2 156.101(a)(2).
On May 26, 2022, Ernest filed an answer. On November 17, 2022, Miranda filed a
motion to confer and request for temporary orders. Miranda requested that the trial court
speak in chambers with Louis about his preferences and that the conversation be
transcribed. Miranda also requested that the trial court temporarily modify the custody
orders to appoint Miranda as the parent with the “exclusive right to designate the
residence of” Louis. Miranda’s request for temporary orders did not mention child support.
The trial court ultimately granted Miranda’s motion to confer, but as to both Louis and
Kayla, rather than just Louis. The court reporter transcribed this conference.
On January 9, 2023, Ernest filed his motion to enforce the child support orders and
a motion for contempt, alleging that Miranda violated the court’s October 2021 order by
failing: (1) “to pay child support in the amount [of] $1,039.00 per month since September
1, 2021 till the present in the amount of $17,633.00” and (2) “to provide health insurance
for the minor children.” Ernest’s motion alleged that, “based on the repeated past
violations of the Court’s order,” he believed that Miranda “will continue to fail to comply
with the order.” As relief, Ernest sought a judgment on the delinquent child support and
that Miranda “be held in contempt, jailed for up to 180 days, and fined up to $500.” Ernest
filed an amended motion on February 23, 2023, that was not substantively different from
his initial motion.2
That same day, Miranda filed a motion to disqualify Ernest’s attorney, arguing that
the attorney “is related to the children and is a fact witness.” Miranda further argued that
2 The only discernable difference between his initial motion and his live pleading is the listed location of where Miranda should be served. 3 Ernest’s attorney had personal knowledge of an incident that occurred during the 2022
holiday season.
On February 24, 2023, the trial court began the first of four hearings in this case.
The court explained that the anticipated subject-matter of the hearing involved “a motion
for contempt and . . . a motion for temporary orders wherein the movant is attempting to
modify on a temporary basis the current arrangement for the children.” However, due to
“a rush of motions” filed by the parties the day before, the court agreed to hear Miranda’s
motion to disqualify Ernest’s counsel but recess the motion for contempt.
Counsel for Miranda argued that Ernest’s attorney had knowledge of an essential
fact, specifically, that “the children don’t live in a stable home” and had to stay with
Ernest’s attorney on occasion. Counsel for Miranda also represented that Ernest’s
attorney was the children’s uncle. Ernest’s attorney responded that he believed “it would
be a huge mistake” to call him as a witness and that he did not “know anything that’s
contrary to [his] client.” The trial court suggested that Miranda’s attorney was “the johnny-
come-lately . . . to a certain extent,” as Ernest’s attorney had been representing Ernest
“for years in the litigation of this case,” and that it came out in the prior modification
proceeding “that the kids had stayed with” Ernest’s attorney on prior occasions.
The court ultimately denied Miranda’s motion to disqualify but ruled that Miranda
could call Ernest’s attorney as a witness if she so desired. It then proceeded on Miranda’s
request for temporary orders. Counsel for Miranda announced “present and ready for our
motion to modify.” The Court later clarified, “Just so we can be perfectly clear, we’re going
to proceed on the motion for temporary orders today only.” The trial court briefly heard
4 testimony, and then continued the hearing to a later date at the request of both parties.
On March 23, 2023, the trial court picked up where it left off. At the conclusion of
that hearing, the following exchange occurred:
[Counsel for Miranda]: At this time, Your Honor, . . . I don’t know if you also wanted to hear the child support stuff. I can try and briefly go over that with my client, because I just wanted to concentrate on the custody part, and, then, the child support part, which is way more straightforward, if that’s okay with you.
THE COURT: So right now, you don’t have any more witnesses in regards to this motion to modify?
[Counsel for Miranda]: The custody, yes, Your Honor.
....
THE COURT: So, you—so you rest?
[Counsel for Miranda]: Well, not technically. I would like to put on my evidence as to child support now, and then I can rest, because it’s also—I just don’t know if you want to do that later or you want to hear that now.
THE COURT: Are you talking about [the] motion for contempt for the child support, or what?
[Counsel for Miranda]: No. He filed, also, in addition to—our original modification was as to child support, and we still haven’t gotten any relief regarding that. I don’t know if you want to hear that—
THE COURT: The original motion? I’m sorry.
[Counsel for Miranda]: Our original petition, when we filed this last year, was to modify child support.
5 That was our original petition.
THE COURT: Right.
[Counsel for Miranda]: We, subsequently, amended it to as per custody of [Louis].
[Counsel for Miranda]: So, I don’t know—as with respect to my case for custody, I—I feel I put on my case. With respect to child support, I feel I need to just fl[e]sh out some things. If you would like to make that ruling at this time, or, obviously, we can save it for closing—for—for the end of the whole thing. I don’t know how you would like to proceed.
THE COURT: [Ernest’s counsel]? What’s your position on it?
[Counsel for Ernest]: However the Court wants to proceed, Judge. I think we brought out most of the information about child support that you would want to hear. . . . What I think she—she originally filed was a motion to lower the child support.
THE COURT: Right. I believe that’s what she’s talking about.
[Counsel for Miranda]: Yes.
THE COURT: All right.
Call your next witness.
6 You’re still under oath. So I guess this is going to be offered for the limited purpose of trying to modify the original child support orders, I guess.
[Counsel for Miranda]: That’s correct. This is to modify child support.
At the conclusion of this hearing, the trial court again continued the hearing to a later date.
Miranda’s attorney asked, “And at that time, will you be giving a ruling as to our request?”
The trial judge responded that he would “like to defer any findings until [he] hear[d] . . . the
entire case.”
On March 23, 2023, the trial court signed an “ORDER SETTING FINAL
HEARING,” notifying the parties that “the Temporary Orders hearing, Motion for
Enforcement and Modification of Child Support” would resume on March 30, 2023.
However, on March 29, 2023, the trial court signed an order resetting the hearing to April
20, 2023. This reset order did not include any language indicating the hearing would be
a final hearing.
On April 20, 2023, the trial court resumed its hearing. Miranda represented to the
court that “we’re set here for temporary orders on our motion to modify child support.” The
trial court responded, “That was—we had already kind of rested on that one. We’re strictly
concentrating on the motion to reduce.” Miranda agreed, “Right.” At the conclusion of this
hearing, the trial court ordered Miranda to pay a lump-sum of $5,000 in “temporary child
support” and reset the hearing.
On May 25, 2023, the hearing resumed. At the top of the hearing, the court relayed
that at the April 20, 2023 hearing, it “concluded evidence on temporary orders on
7 the . . . temporary request for modification of temporary custody of the children. And the
Court started petitioner’s request to modify the child support.” The trial court discussed
with Miranda’s attorney the lack of a specific pleading regarding a temporary reduction of
child support. Miranda’s attorney agreed that she did not specifically plead for temporary
child support; however, she represented that the court had the “power, discretion, to order
orders regarding all matters on temporary orders for conservatorship, visitation, and child
support.” After discussing the matter further, the following colloquy occurred:
THE COURT: The only thing we really have left is the money issues.
[Ernest’s counsel]: The money issues.
THE COURT: I.e., the motion to reduce and/or the contempt.
[Miranda’s counsel]: Correct.
THE COURT: And that shouldn’t take too long.
[Miranda’s counsel]: So these are temporary orders, so it’s just temporary. It’s not a final order.
THE COURT: I know. What I’d like to do is—let’s get rid of the evidence. And I’ll send it to mediation, if you want to, at the end after we conclude your evidence. And, then, if you are able to mediate—I won’t make a decision today. And if at the end y’all reach an agreement, without the Court’s—you know, amongst yourselves, well, I’ll—I’ll hear it out. And if it’s—if it’s satisfactory with the parties, it will be satisfactory to me.
However, at the conclusion of the hearing, the court stated, “Obviously, I’m not going to
8 grant the motion to . . . reduce at this time. Okay? That will be denied. So I’m going to
render judgment, court costs. I’m going to render attorney’s fees of $4,000.” The court
also granted Ernest’s motion to enforce and motion for contempt. The court further
ordered that the entirety of Miranda’s child support arrearages—$23,698—were to be
paid within thirty days of its order.
In response to the court’s ruling on her petition to modify, Miranda’s counsel
argued, “But we’re not set for final hearing. This is not a final hearing.” The Court
responded, “No. There was no—you have filed no motion for temporary—to modify
temporary child support.” Miranda’s counsel reiterated that she believed the purpose of
the hearing was solely to “temporarily” deal with the issue of child support. Ultimately, the
hearing concluded with the parties agreeing to go to mediation on the remaining issues
affecting custody.
On September 18, 2023, the trial court signed an order denying Miranda’s petition
to modify the parent-child relationship solely as it pertained to child support. It also signed
its enforcement order that same day. On October 24, 2023, Miranda filed a notice of
nonsuit, which disposed of the remaining issues, and rendered the trial court’s judgments
final. These appeals followed.
II. MODIFICATION OF CHILD SUPPORT–NOTICE OF FINAL HEARING
By her first issue, Miranda contends that the trial court provided insufficient notice
of the final hearing.
A. Applicable Law & Standard of Review
“The Court may set contested cases on written request of any party, or on the
9 court’s own motion, with reasonable notice of not less than forty-five days to the parties
of a first setting for trial, or by agreement of the parties . . . .” TEX. R. CIV. P. 245. “[A] lack
of notice violates basic principles of due process.” Highsmith v. Highsmith, 587 S.W.3d
771, 778 (Tex. 2019) (per curiam). However, “the law presumes that a trial court will hear
a case only after proper notice to the parties.” Delgado v. Hernandez, 951 S.W.2d 97, 99
(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 1997, no writ). “Thus, a party challenging a trial
court[’]s judgment for lack of notice has the burden of proving there was no notice.” Carter
v. Carter, 225 S.W.3d 649, 651 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2006, no pet.); see In re Marriage of
Rodriquez, 149 S.W.3d 858, 859 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2004, no pet.) (per curiam).
Further “[t]o preserve a complaint about non-compliance with the notice requirement of
Rule 245, a party must object to the untimely notice.” Abend v. Fed. Nat’l Mortg. Ass’n,
466 S.W.3d 884, 886 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.); see Padilla v.
Comm’n for Law. Discipline, 87 S.W.3d 624, 626 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, pet.
denied); In re Marriage of Parker, 20 S.W.3d 812, 818 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, no
pet.). A hearing that is dispositive of a case is effectively a trial setting, even if it is not
noticed as such. LBL Oil Co. v. Int’l Power Servs., Inc., 777 S.W.2d 390, 391 (Tex. 1989).
B. Analysis
Throughout the trial court proceedings there were certain indicators that the
continued hearing could result in a final judgment. For instance, the trial court’s order
setting a final hearing specifically differentiated between Miranda’s request for temporary
orders and her motion to modify child support. At the beginning of the April 20, 2023
hearing, Miranda’s counsel represented that “we’re here set for temporary orders on our
10 motion to modify child support,” and the court responded, “That was—we had already
kind of rested on that one. We’re strictly concentrating on the motion to reduce.” Miranda’s
counsel nonetheless replied, “Right.”
But Miranda continued to assert at each hearing her understanding that any orders
resulting from the hearings would be temporary orders only. And when it mattered most,
i.e., at the May 25, 2023 hearing, the trial court assuaged Miranda’s counsel’s fears and
agreed that the hearing was not a final determination on the merits of her petition. That
day, the trial court confirmed that it “kn[e]w” the hearing was a temporary orders hearing,
not a final hearing, that it would allow the parties to mediate, and that it would not make
a final decision that day. Miranda was not unreasonable for believing that the trial court
would not issue a final ruling that day on her request to modify child support. But, over
her objection, the trial court did just that. “The due process requirement of notice must be
provided ‘at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.’” In re K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d
101, 119–20 (Tex. 2014) (quoting Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333 (1976)).
Surprising Miranda with a final ruling on the merits of her petition to modify child support,
when it had just assured her that such an outcome was not in the cards, does not satisfy
the requirement that notice must be provided “at a meaningful time and in a meaningful
manner.”3 See id. (quoting Mathews, 424 U.S. at 333); Union Carbide Corp. v. Moye, 798
S.W.2d 792, 793 (Tex. 1990); see also In re Marriage of Hughes, No. 07-08-0292-CV,
3 Nonetheless, we are sympathetic to the trial judge’s position. In our review of the record, he
appeared to be understandably frustrated by the length of time this case lingered with no resolution. Our ruling should in no way be construed as obligating the trial court to conduct further temporary orders hearings in this matter. Additionally, if Miranda fails to timely request a final hearing, certainly nothing in our holding prevents the trial court from dismissing this cause for want of prosecution. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 165a. 11 2009 WL 1491866, at *3 (Tex. App.—Amarillo May 29, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.).
“[T]he remedy for a denial of due process is due process.” Mosley v. Tex. Health
& Hum. Servs. Comm’n, 593 S.W.3d 250, 268 (Tex. 2019) (quoting Univ. of Tex. Med.
Sch. at Hous. v. Than, 901 S.W.2d 926, 933 (Tex. 1995)). Accordingly, we remand to the
trial court to afford Miranda an opportunity to be fully heard on her petition to modify child
support. See id. at 254; see also In re I.A.B.N., No. 01-22-00306-CV, 2022 WL 4540813,
at *8–9, (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Sept. 29, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.) (concluding
that the trial court should not have granted an order terminating Father’s parental rights
after “repeatedly stating during the . . . hearing that it was only hearing evidence on the
question of whether Father should be granted supervised visitation”); In re Marriage of
Hughes, 2009 WL 1491866, at *3. We sustain Miranda’s second issue.4
III. DISQUALIFICATION
We next address whether the trial court erred by failing to grant Miranda’s motion
to disqualify Ernest’s attorney in both matters.
“Disqualification is a severe remedy.” In re Nitla S.A. de C.V., 92 S.W.3d 419, 422
(Tex. 2002) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam) (quoting Spears v. Fourth Ct. of Appeals, 797
4 Because her second and third issues would not provide her with any additional relief, we need
not address whether the trial court erred by failing to: (1) modify child support; and (2) file findings of fact and conclusions of law. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1 (“The court of appeals must hand down a written opinion that is as brief as practicable but that addresses every issue raised and necessary to final disposition of the appeal.”); cf. In re A.A.T., 583 S.W.3d 914, 924–25 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2019, no pet.) (“We therefore conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in denying Tellez’s motion to modify the prior child support order, but given the inherently fact-finding nature of child support issues, we will reverse and remand to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with our opinion.”); Tucker v. Tucker, 908 S.W.2d 530, 535 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1995, writ denied) (reversing and remanding despite holding that “appellant has conclusively established a substantial and material change in circumstances to warrant a reduction in child support” because of “the inherently fact-finding nature of child support issues”). 12 S.W.2d 654, 656 (Tex. 1990)). “In considering a motion to disqualify, the trial court must
strictly adhere to an exacting standard to discourage a party from using the motion as a
dilatory trial tactic.” Id. (citing Spears, 797 S.W.2d at 656). “The fact that a lawyer serves
as both an advocate and a witness does not in itself compel disqualification.” In re
Sanders, 153 S.W.3d 54, 57 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding). “Disqualification is only
appropriate if the lawyer’s testimony is ‘necessary to establish an essential fact.’” Id.
(quoting TEX. DISCIPLINARY RULES PROF’L CONDUCT 3.08(a)). Consequently, if “other
sources revealed in the record” could be used to establish that essential fact instead of
the attorney’s testimony, a trial court does not abuse its discretion by declining to
disqualify an attorney on this basis. Id. at 57. Further, although we often look “to our
disciplinary rules to decide disqualification issues[,] . . . the disciplinary rules are merely
guidelines—not necessarily controlling standards—for such motions.” In re Meador, 968
S.W.2d 346, 350 (Tex. 1998) (orig. proceeding). “Rule 3.08 ‘should rarely be the basis for
disqualification.’” In re Chu, 134 S.W.3d 459, 464 (Tex. App.—Waco 2004, orig.
proceeding) (quoting May v. Crofts, 868 S.W.2d 397, 399 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1993,
orig. proceeding)).
“Because she has sought disqualification,” Miranda “bears the burden of showing
that” Ernest’s attorney’s “testimony is necessary” to establish a material fact. See In re
Sanders, 153 S.W.3d at 57. Miranda has wholly failed to make such a showing here.
Miranda argues that Ernest’s attorney’s testimony was necessary to establish facts
concerning the children’s wishes as it relates to custody and the instability of Ernest’s
13 home, as the children were reportedly kicked out of their home and Ernest’s attorney took
care of them. But Miranda non-suited her request to modify custody and has not sought
any relief related to that non-suit. Miranda does not argue that Ernest’s attorney had any
knowledge that was directly applicable to the motion to enforce or petition to modify child-
support, and the orders resulting from those pleadings are the only ones we have been
asked to review. See San Jacinto River Auth. v. Duke, 783 S.W.2d 209, 210 (Tex. 1990)
(“A court of appeals may not reverse a trial court’s judgment in the absence of properly
assigned error.”). Additionally, both children spoke to the trial court at length about their
stated desires, and a record of that conversation was made. See In re Sanders, 153
S.W.3d at 57. Finally, Miranda called the woman with whom Ernest and the children lived,
who testified about the incident that led to the children being kicked out of the house.
There were also other adult family members that were referenced in this woman’s
testimony—e.g., the children’s paternal grandfather—that seemed to have knowledge
about this specific incident. Accordingly, it is unclear what facts only Ernest’s attorney
would be able to testify to. See id.
Because Miranda has failed to show that Ernest’s attorney’s testimony was
necessary to establish an essential fact, we overrule Miranda’s fourth issue. See id.
IV. CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT–NOTICE
By her fifth issue, Miranda argues that Ernest’s motion to enforce did not contain
sufficient information.
A motion for enforcement must, in ordinary and concise language:
(1) identify the provision of the order allegedly violated and sought to be enforced;
14 (2) state the manner of the respondent’s alleged noncompliance;
(3) state the relief requested by the movant; and
(4) contain the signature of the movant or the movant’s attorney.
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 157.002(a). For motions to enforce child support specifically, the
motion “must include the amount owed as provided in the order, the amount paid, and the
amount of arrearages.” Id. § 157.002(b).
We agree that Ernest’s motion did not comply perfectly with § 157.002. See id.
§ 157.002. However, “[e]very defect, omission or fault in a pleading either of form or of
substance, which is not specifically pointed out by exception in writing and brought to the
attention of the judge . . . before the judgment is signed, shall be deemed to have been
waived by the party seeking reversal on such account.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 90; see In re
Marriage of Pyrtle, 433 S.W.3d 152, 162 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, pet. denied). Here,
Miranda did not file any special exceptions, and she did not object to the sufficiency of
Ernest’s motion until weeks after he began presenting evidence on the motion.
Accordingly, this issue was waived. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 90; In re B.G.B., 580 S.W.3d 310,
319–20 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2019, no pet.); Ex parte Occhipenti, 796 S.W.2d 805, 810 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, no writ); see also Campos v. Russell, No. 03-00-00395-
CV, 2001 WL 660687, at *1 (Tex. App.—Austin June 14, 2001, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“In
child-support enforcement proceedings, as in other civil proceedings, special exceptions
must be made in the district court to allow the movant the chance to replead.”).
Further, to the extent that Miranda brought her objections to the trial court’s
attention prior to its judgment, she only objected on the basis that Ernest’s motion
15 “failed . . . to list th[e] specific dates, the specific amount, the amount that she was
supposed to pay, and what’s owed.” Ernest’s motion did list the specific amount she was
required to pay per the prior court order; $1,039.00 per month. He also alleged that, at
the time of filing, Miranda owed $21,315.91 in child support arrears, and that he
anticipated future violations of a similar nature would occur. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.
§ 157.002(e) (“The movant may allege repeated past violations of the order and that
future violations of a similar nature may occur before the date of the hearing.”).
Accordingly, Ernest adequately notified Miranda of the specific amount she was required
to pay under the October 2021 order and the amount owed.
Finally, the requirement that a motion to enforce list the individual dates of
noncompliance is specific to contempt proceedings. See id. § 157.002(b)(2). But this case
is before us on direct appeal. “Contempt orders are not reviewable by appeal.” In re
Roisman, 651 S.W.3d 419, 433 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2022, orig. proceeding).
“This is true even when, as here, the contempt order is appealed along with a judgment
that is appealable.” Id. Rather, contempt orders “are reviewed only by petition for writ of
mandamus or habeas corpus.” Id. Accordingly, to the extent that Miranda complains of
the lack of notice as it pertains to matters specifically related to the trial court’s finding of
contempt, we have no jurisdiction to review that portion of the order. See id.
We overrule Miranda’s fifth issue.
V. CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT–AMBIGUITY
By her sixth issue, Miranda argues that the trial court had no authority to enforce
its October 2021 judgment, as some of its provisions were ambiguous.
16 A. Standard of Review & Applicable Law
“The same rules of interpretation apply in ascertaining the meaning of judgments
as in ascertaining the meaning of other written instruments.” State Farm Lloyds, Inc. v.
Williams, 791 S.W.2d 542, 546 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1990, writ denied). Whether an order
is ambiguous is a question of law that we review de novo. Shanks v. Treadway, 110
S.W.3d 444, 447 (Tex. 2003). To be enforceable, “a child support obligation must be
‘sufficiently definite and certain.’” Office of Att’y Gen. of Tex. v. Wilson, 24 S.W.3d 902,
905–06 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2000, no pet.) (quoting Villanueva v. Office of the Atty. Gen.,
935 S.W.2d 953, 955 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, writ denied)). When an order’s
terms are unable to be readily understood, such an ambiguity “renders it unenforceable.”
Ex parte Slavin, 412 S.W.2d 43, 45 (Tex. 1967) (orig. proceeding).
The trial court’s enforcement order provides that Miranda violated the following
provision of the October 22, 2021 order:
IT IS ORDERED that [Miranda] is obligat[ed] to continue to pay [Ernest] child support of $1,039.00 per month as previously ordered on September 1, 2021. [Miranda’s] requests to change the amount [are] hereby denied. Child support payments will continue to be payable on the 1[st] day of each month without disruption and a like payment being due and payable on the 1[st] day of each month thereafter, until the first month following the date of the earliest occurrence of one of the events specified below.
Miranda contends the October 22, 2021 order is ambiguous because: (1) its reference to
September 1, 2021 is confusing; (2) the order does not explicitly state that her child
support obligation will terminate upon the occurrence of certain events; and (3) the order
does not contain customary “step-down” language.
17 First, we disagree that the reference to September 1, 2021, renders this provision
ambiguous. From reading this provision as a whole, it is apparent that Miranda’s child
support obligation in the amount of $1,039.00 was initially imposed on September 1,
2021. The trial court’s October 22, 2021 order clearly contemplates that Miranda’s child
support obligation began on “September 1, 2021” and would “continue to be payable on
the 1[st] day of each month without disruption.” If a written instrument is so worded that it
can be given a definite or certain legal meaning, then it is not ambiguous. Kachina
Pipeline Co. v. Lillis, 471 S.W.3d 445, 450 (Tex. 2015). Here, the plain meaning of the
trial court’s order is that Miranda was obligated to pay $1,039.00 on the first of each month
every month beginning on September 1, 2021. Accordingly, this provision is not
ambiguous. See id.
Second, the other two provisions that Miranda challenges are not properly before
us. Attached to Miranda’s brief, but appearing nowhere in the appellate record, is the
October 22, 2021 order in its entirety.5 “A trial court may sua sponte take judicial notice
of its own records of a former trial in the same case. . . . ” Brown v. Brown, 236 S.W.3d
343, 349 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.). Indeed, we presume a trial court
takes judicial notice of its own file even if “the trial court was not asked” to take judicial
notice “and did not formally announce that it had done so.” Vahlsing, Inc. v. Mo. Pac. R.
Co., 563 S.W.2d 669, 674 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 1978, no writ); see
Marble Slab Creamery, Inc. v. Wesic, Inc., 823 S.W.2d 436, 439 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 1992, no writ). “We, however, may not take judicial notice of those records
5 The portions of the October 2021 order that we review stem from the trial court’s order finding
Miranda violated said order. 18 unless they are provided as part of the appellate record.” Brown, 236 S.W.3d at 349. The
appellate record consists of the clerk’s record and, if necessary, the reporter’s record.
TEX. R. APP. P. 34.1. “It is well established that documents attached to an appellate brief
which are not part of the record may generally not be considered by the appellate court.”
Robb v. Horizon Cmtys. Improvement Ass’n, 417 S.W.3d 585, 589 (Tex. App.—El Paso
2013, no pet.). Accordingly, because the trial court’s October 22, 2021 order is not a part
of the appellate record, it would not be appropriate for us to pass on these issues. See
id.; Tex. Windstorm Ins. Ass’n v. Jones, 512 S.W.3d 545, 552 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2016, no pet.) (“[A]n appellate court may not take judicial notice of records unless
they are provided as part of the appellate record.”).
Nonetheless, even assuming arguendo these provisions are properly before us,
neither of them renders the trial court’s child support order ambiguous. Miranda suggests
that most child support orders contain customary language that when one child comes of
age, the obligor’s amount of child support will lower automatically. But an order is only
“ambiguous if it is legitimately ‘susceptible of more than one reasonable interpretation.’”
Estate of Hoskins, 501 S.W.3d 295, 302 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2016, no
pet.). Miranda does not explain how the absence of this language leaves the court’s order
open to multiple interpretations. See id. Further, it would be inappropriate for us to resort
to extrinsic evidence like Miranda’s representation of what is ordinary for child support
orders to determine whether an ambiguity exists. See Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of
Pittsburgh, PA v. CBI Indus., Inc., 907 S.W.2d 517, 520 (Tex. 1995).
Finally, Miranda does not suggest that she was legitimately confused as to whether
19 these provisions affected her obligation to pay child support. Accordingly, even if these
provisions were ambiguous, it would not excuse Miranda’s failure to comply with the trial
court’s order. See Mendez v. Att’y Gen. of Tex., 761 S.W.2d 519, 521–22 (Tex. App.—
Corpus Christi–Edinburg 1988, no writ).
We overrule Miranda’s sixth issue.
VI. CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT–CREDIT OR OFFSET
By her seventh issue, Miranda contends that the trial court abused its discretion
by failing to offset her arrearages by the amount she paid to her son Louis directly.
Several screenshots from Cash App were admitted into evidence and
demonstrated that Miranda made several direct payments to her son, Louis, in increments
of between $4 and $35. Miranda testified that she gave her son “around $4,700 total,”
although the receipts in evidence only total around $325. Miranda argues that the trial
court should have offset the total amount of arrearages it confirmed—$23,686.18—by the
amount she paid directly to Louis.
A parent who owes the duty of child support “must diligently satisfy it.” Off. of Att’y
Gen. of Tex. v. Scholer, 403 S.W.3d 859, 866–67 (Tex. 2013). In an enforcement action,
“[a]n obligor who has provided actual support to the child . . . may request reimbursement
for that support as a counterclaim or offset against the claim of the obligee.” TEX. FAM.
CODE ANN. § 157.008(d). But when an obligor makes payments in a manner not
contemplated by the support order, “[t]he court may determine that the payments did not
contribute to the satisfaction of the obligor’s child-support obligation, or it could conclude
that the obligor has satisfied h[er] duty.” Ochsner v. Ochsner, 517 S.W.3d 717, 724 (Tex.
20 2016). Either way, this is a matter wholly within the trial court’s discretion. Id.; see TEX.
FAM. CODE ANN. § 157.263(b-3) (providing that when confirming the total amount of child
support arrearages, a trial court “may allow a counterclaim or offset as provided by this
title” (emphasis added)); TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.016 (“‘May’ creates discretionary
authority or grants permission or a power.”).
The trial court may have concluded that allowing Miranda’s child support obligation
to be satisfied by providing her teenage son with unfettered access to hundreds of dollars
was not in his best interest. See Williams v. Patton, 821 S.W.2d 141, 144 (Tex. 1991)
(explaining that the family code indicates “that the legislature intended that the court
closely supervise child support proceedings to guarantee that the best interest of the child
is always considered”). Further, the trial court specifically noted that it felt “bothered” that
Miranda made direct payments to Louis without letting Ernest know, as it worried the
payments were akin to “buying a witness.” As there is support in the record for the trial
court’s decision to refuse to offset Miranda’s child support arrearages by the amount she
paid to Louis directly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by failing
to do so. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 157.263(b-3); Ochsner, 517 S.W.3d at 724. We
overrule Miranda’s seventh issue.
VII. CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT–ATTORNEY’S FEES
By her final issue, Miranda contends the trial court erred by awarding $4,000 in
attorney’s fees.
A. Standard of Review & Applicable Law
“If the court finds that the respondent has failed to make child support payments,
21 the court shall order the respondent to pay the movant’s reasonable attorney’s fees and
all court costs in addition to the arrearages.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 157.167(a).
“Generally, we review a trial court’s decision to award attorney’s fees for an abuse of
discretion.” Russell v. Russell, 478 S.W.3d 36, 47 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015,
no pet.).
“[T]he fact finder’s starting point for calculating an attorney’s fee award is
determining the reasonable hours worked multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate, and the
fee claimant bears the burden of providing sufficient evidence on both counts.” Rohrmoos
Venture v. UTSW DVA Healthcare, LLP, 578 S.W.3d 469, 498 (Tex. 2019). “Sufficient
evidence includes, at a minimum, evidence of (1) particular services performed, (2) who
performed those services, (3) approximately when the services were performed, (4) the
reasonable amount of time required to perform the services, and (5) the reasonably hourly
rate for each person performing such services.” Id. Generalities about “an attorney’s
experience, the total amount of fees, and the reasonableness of the fees . . . . are not
sufficient to support a fee-shifting award under the lodestar method.” Id. at 496.
Ernest’s attorney testified that he had “been practicing since 1992,” that he
“practiced family law,” and had “done motions like this before.” He testified that
“reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees to bring a motion to . . . enforce child
support . . . is [$]4,000.” On cross-examination, Ernest’s attorney estimated that he spent
about “[a]n hour” preparing the motion to enforce. He explained that he did not have an
hourly rate, but “[f]or a case like this,” he usually charged a flat fee of $5,000. Ernest’s
22 attorney testified that if he “did bill by the hour, [he] would probably charge at least [$]200.”
He also testified that he had “spent at least 20 hours” on this matter, “[p]reparing, talking
to clients [sic], traveling back and forth, [and] listening to [Miranda’s attorney].” He
specified that “[i]t seem[ed] like” he had “talked to [Miranda’s attorney] for 20 hours.”
These generalities are not sufficient to support an award of attorney’s fees. See id.
Ernest’s attorney did not testify when these services were performed, how much time he
spent on each task, whether the amount of time spent on these services was reasonable,
or why $200 per hour was a reasonable rate for these services. See id.; El Apple I, Ltd.
v. Olivas, 370 S.W.3d 757, 763 (Tex. 2012). Nor did Ernest’s attorney present any time
records. See El Apple I, 370 S.W.3d at 763. Although Ernest’s attorney testified that he
customarily charged a flat rate of $5,000 for this type of case, he was still required to
show why the amount sought was reasonable and necessary in light of the time and effort
he spent on this specific case. See Rohrmoos Venture, 578 S.W.3d at 498 (“[T]he lodestar
calculation should produce an objective figure that approximates the fee that the attorney
would have received had he or she properly billed a paying client by the hour in a similar
case.”). In his testimony, besides the hour he spent on drafting the motion to enforce,
Ernest’s attorney did not segregate the time he spent on the enforcement action from the
time he spent on the modification proceeding. See Horizon Health Corp. v. Acadia
Healthcare Co., 520 S.W.3d 848, 884 (Tex. 2017). Accordingly, we agree that the trial
court abused its discretion by ordering Miranda to pay $4,000 in attorney’s fees. See id.;
Rohrmoos Venture, 578 S.W.3d at 496; El Apple I, 370 S.W.3d at 763. We sustain
Miranda’s final issue.
23 VIII. CONCLUSION
In appellate cause number 13-23-00465-CV, we reverse and remand for further
proceedings consistent with this memorandum opinion. In appellate cause number 13-
23-00463-CV, we affirm the trial court’s judgment in part, and we reverse and remand in
part for the trial court to reconsider the proper amount of attorney’s fees to award. See
Long v. Griffin, 442 S.W.3d 253, 256 (Tex. 2014) (per curiam).
GINA M. BENAVIDES Justice
Delivered and filed on the 18th day of July, 2024.