IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 19-0719 Filed July 24, 2019
IN THE INTEREST OF J.B. and J.B., Minor Children,
A.T., Mother, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Poweshiek County, Rose Ann
Mefford, District Associate Judge.
A mother appeals from the termination of her parental rights. AFFIRMED.
Peter Stiefel, Victor, for appellant mother.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Anna T. Stoeffler, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee State.
Dusty L. Clements of Clements Law & Mediation, LLC, Newton, guardian
ad litem for minor children.
Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Doyle and May, JJ. 2
MAY, Judge.
The juvenile court terminated a mother’s parental rights to her children,
Ja.B. and Jo.B. On appeal, the mother contends the juvenile court erred in (1)
denying the mother’s motion for recusal; (2) denying the mother’s motion to
continue; (3) granting a motion to amend the termination petition; (4) concluding
the statutory requirements for termination were satisfied; (5) finding termination
was in the children’s best interests; (6) declining to apply a permissive exception
to termination; and (7) declining to provide her with an additional six months to
work toward reunification.1 We affirm the juvenile court.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
Ja.B. and Jo.B. were born in 2012 and 2016, respectively. Ja.B. suffers
from short bowel syndrome, a life-threatening medical condition that requires an
intensive treatment regimen. In 2016, the Iowa Department of Human Services
(DHS) became involved with this family after receiving reports that Ja.B.’s medical
needs were not being met.
Ja.B. received medical care at the Children’s Hospital and Medical Center
in Omaha, Nebraska. However, the mother did not bring him to several of his
scheduled appointments. The hospital banned both parents because they made
“concerning statements.” As a result, most of Ja.B.’s treatment was transferred to
the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics.
In an effort to avoid removing the children from the home, the juvenile court
ordered DHS to provide daily homemaker-home health aide services to the family.
1 The father’s parental rights were also terminated. He did not appeal. His rights are not at issue here. 3
However, by May 2017, the State applied for removal of the children from the home
because of the mother’s admitted use of marijuana, the parents’ violation of an
established safety plan, the presence of methamphetamine paraphernalia in the
home, evidence the mother was not following essential medical protocol with
regards to Ja.B., and reports that Ja.B. was found playing with knives. The same
day, the court issued an order removing the children. Both children were “dirty and
unclean” at the time of removal.
Jo.B. entered foster care. Ja.B. was admitted to the University of Iowa
hospital for a central line infection. Ja.B. also underwent drug testing. He tested
positive for marijuana, methamphetamine, and amphetamine. Upon Ja.B.’s
discharge, he joined the same foster family that was caring for Jo.B.
In June 2017, the juvenile court adjudicated Ja.B. as a child in need of
assistance pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.2(6)(b), (c)(2), and (e) (2017). The
court also adjudicated Jo.B. as a child in need of assistance pursuant to section
232.2(6)(c)(2).
The same month, Ja.B. was admitted to the hospital over concerns of a
central line infection. However, the mother did not visit Ja.B. in the hospital
because she had an active warrant related to a possession charge. Ultimately, the
mother turned herself in and pled guilty to the charge.
Also in June, the mother received referrals for the Parents as Teachers and
Parent Partner programs. But in August, the Parents as Teachers provider could
not make contact with the mother. So the provider ventured out to her home. The
provider found the home abandoned and dismissed the family from the program.
The family was also dismissed from the Parent Partner program due to a lack of 4
engagement. The family again sought out the Parent Partner program in October,
but they were again dismissed due to lack of engagement.
In early 2018, the mother was charged with child endangerment for her care
of Ja.B. preceding removal. She pled guilty. The district court entered a no-contact
order between the mother and the children. It was later modified to permit
supervised visitation between the children and mother.
In May, the juvenile court held a permanency and termination hearing. Both
parents failed to attend due to “sickness.”
The next month, the mother’s probation was revoked because she missed
two appointments with her probation officer and tested positive for
methamphetamine and marijuana.
In October, the juvenile court terminated both parents’ rights. Both parents
appealed. This court reversed both terminations on procedural grounds. See In
re J.B., No. 18-1807, 2018 WL 6706266, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 19, 2018)
(concluding “the juvenile court abused its discretion in failing to continue the
combined permanency and termination hearing and proceeding to terminate the
parents’ parental rights”).
On remand, the mother moved for the presiding judge to recuse. The
mother reasoned that because the judge presided over the first termination hearing
and issued an order terminating her parental rights, the judge could not be impartial
as the case proceeded forward. The juvenile court denied the motion.
The juvenile court scheduled a permanency and termination hearing for
January 23, 2019. On the day before the hearing, the mother moved for a
continuance. She argued she had received insufficient notice of the hearing. The 5
mother did not appear at the hearing, but her attorney did. Her attorney advised
the court that the mother had transportation issues and concerns regarding road
conditions.
Ultimately, the court granted the continuance and rescheduled the hearing
for February. Later, the hearing was again rescheduled for March 20.
On March 19—the day prior to the rescheduled hearing—the State moved
to amend the petition to correctly cite one of the statutory grounds for termination
with respect to Ja.B.2 At the termination hearing, the mother’s counsel objected to
the amendment. Counsel argued the mother is entitled to notice of the grounds
for termination at least seven days prior to the hearing. The court granted the
motion to amend.
The mother did not appear for the March 20 termination hearing. The
mother’s counsel moved for a continuance based on the mother’s absence.
Counsel advised the court that the mother had planned on attending and he did
not know why she was absent. He further advised the court that he had received
no answer to his text messages and calls to the mother from that morning and the
day before. The court denied the motion and proceeded with the termination
hearing.
The juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights pursuant to Iowa
Code section 232.116(1)(d) and (f) (2018) with respect to Ja.B., and section
2 The petition had cited to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h), which applies to children three years old or younger. Because Ja.B. was older than three years, this paragraph was inapplicable to him. The motion to amend sought to change this code reference to section 232.116(1)(f), which apples to children four years of age or older. Both paragraphs (h) and (f) authorize termination if the child cannot be returned to the parent’s care. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(f), (h). Their requirements only differ with respect to the age of the child and the length of time the child is out of the parent’s care. See id. 6
232.116(1)(d) and (h) with respect to Jo.B. The mother appealed. Our supreme
court transferred the case to this court.
II. Standard of Review
We review termination proceedings de novo. In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 40
(Iowa 2010). “We examine both the facts and law, and we adjudicate anew those
issues properly preserved and presented.” In re C.S., No. 13-1796, 2014 WL
667883, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 19, 2014). “Although we are not bound by them,
we give weight to the trial court’s findings of fact, especially when considering
credibility of witnesses.” In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000).
III. Analysis
We generally use a three-step analysis to review the termination of a
parent’s rights. In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 472 (Iowa 2018). First, we must
determine whether a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) has been
established. Id. at 472–73. If a ground for termination has been established, we
must then consider “whether the best-interest framework as laid out in section
232.116(2) supports the termination of parental rights.” Id. at 473 (citation
omitted). Finally, we must consider “whether any exceptions in section 232.116(3)
apply to preclude termination of parental rights.” Id. (quoting In re M.W., 876
N.W.2d 212, 220 (Iowa 2016)). We also address any additional issued raised by
the parties.
A. Grounds for Termination
Our first step is to determine if a ground for termination under section
232.116(1) has been established. See id. at 472–73. “The State has the burden
of proving the grounds for termination by clear and convincing evidence.” In re 7
H.L.B.R., 567 N.W.2d 675, 677 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997). “When the juvenile court
terminates parental rights on more than one statutory ground, we may affirm the
juvenile court’s order on any ground we find supported by the record.” In re A.B.,
815 N.W.2d 764, 774 (Iowa 2012). We choose to address grounds for termination
under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(d) for both children.
Section 232.116(1)(d) authorizes termination of a parent’s parental rights
when both of the following have occurred:
(1) The court has previously adjudicated the child to be a child in need of assistance after finding the child to have been physically or sexually abused or neglected as the result of the acts or omissions of one or both parents, or the court has previously adjudicated a child who is a member of the same family to be a child in need of assistance after such a finding. (2) Subsequent to the child in need of assistance adjudication, the parents were offered or received services to correct the circumstance which led to the adjudication, and the circumstance continues to exist despite the offer or receipt of services.
Here, the mother concedes the first element but challenges the second.
We agree with the juvenile court that the mother was offered corrective
services and the circumstances leading to adjudication continue to exist. The
juvenile court adjudicated Ja.B. as a child in need of assistance under Iowa Code
section 232.2(6)(b).3 The court cited several conditions leading to the adjudication
including, but not limited to: the medical neglect of Ja.B., the parents’
methamphetamine and marijuana use, and the mother’s failure to comply with drug
testing. The court then ordered the parents to cooperate with drug testing, obtain
3 A child is a child in need of assistance under Iowa Code section 232.2(6)(b) when the child’s “parent, guardian, other custodian, or other member of the household in which the child resides has physically abused or neglected the child, or is imminently likely to abuse or neglect the child.” 8
substance-abuse and mental-health evaluations, and comply with the resulting
treatment recommendations. The court also ordered the parents to attend all of
Ja.B.’s medical appointments.
However, the mother largely failed to comply with the court’s orders despite
a plethora of offered services. She was offered gas cards to assist her travel to
substance-abuse treatment. Family safety, risk, and permanency (FSRP) service
providers offered transportation to necessary appointments, including drug testing.
Service providers also offered consultations regarding mental health and
substance abuse.
Even so, the mother failed to ever complete a substance-abuse or mental-
health evaluation. She never completed substance-abuse treatment. She never
completed a drug test for DHS. She failed to attend all of Ja.B.’s medical
appointments. When visitation occurred in the family home, the floor was covered
by cigarette butts and butane fuel, and there were “cigarettes and piles of ashes”
on the furniture.
Yet we can hardly overstate the need for this mother to provide a clean
home and consistent attention to these children’s needs. Ja.B., in particular,
requires a clean environment and attentive care. He has both a gastrointestinal
tube and a central line. Infection of the central line has serious health implications.
The administration of intravenous nutrition feeding, known as TPN, through Ja.B.’s
central line is critical to his care. Moreover, the formulation of the TPN changes
weekly depending on the results of weekly lab testing. Accordingly, his caregiver
must take him to weekly appointments so the TPN formulation can be adjusted to
his needs each week. 9
The mother has not shown she can provide this critical care. Because the
mother has not completed any mental-health or substance-abuse evaluations, we
cannot say the issues that caused her to neglect Ja.B. and his medical needs are
now resolved. Rather, because she received no treatment, we infer her mental-
health and substance-abuse issues continue. Likewise, because the mother failed
to complete drug testing when requested by the DHS, we assume each test would
have resulted in a positive result. Cf. In re C.W., No. 14-1501, 2014 WL 5865351,
at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 13, 2014) (noting missed drug screenings are presumed
positive).
We conclude the State offered the mother services to correct the conditions
leading to adjudication. Even so, those conditions remain. Termination is
authorized pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(d). The first step of our
analysis is satisfied.
B. Best-Interest Framework
Our next step is to consider the best-interest framework set forth in section
232.116(2). A.S., 906 N.W.2d at 473. Section 232.116(2) provides in relevant
part:
In considering whether to terminate the rights of a parent under this section, the court shall give primary consideration to the child’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs of the child.
See Iowa Code § 232.116(2)(a), (b), (c) (identifying factors that may be relevant to
the court’s best-interest analysis).
Here, the mother contends termination is not in the children’s best interest.
She does not provide any support for her contention, and we find no such support 10
in the record. The children suffered while in the mother’s care. Both experienced
developmental delays. In contrast, both children began progressing once removed
from the mother’s home. We also note the foster placement has expressed
interest in adopting the children. See id. § 232.116(2)(b). We conclude termination
is in the children’s best interest. The second step of our analysis is satisfied.
C. Exceptions
Next, we consider section 232.116(3), which provides as follows:
The court need not terminate the relationship between the parent and child if the court finds any of the following: (a) A relative has legal custody of the child. (b) The child is over ten years of age and objects to the termination. (c) There is clear and convincing evidence that the termination would be detrimental to the child at the time due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship. (d) It is necessary to place the child in a hospital, facility, or institution for care and treatment and the continuation of the parent- child relationship is not preventing a permanent family placement for the child. (e) The absence of a parent is due to the parent’s admission or commitment to any institution, hospital, or health facility or due to active service in the state or federal armed forces.
“[T]he parent resisting termination bears the burden to establish an
exception to termination” under section 232.116(3). A.S., 906 N.W.2d at 476. If
the parent proves an exception, this court may conclude termination is
inappropriate. Id. We are not, however, required to reach that conclusion. In re
A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 113 (Iowa 2014). Rather, we exercise our discretion,
“based on the unique circumstances of each case and the best interests of the
child,” to determine whether the parent-child relationship should be saved. Id.
(citation omitted). 11
The mother argues the strength of the parent-child bond should preclude
termination pursuant to section 232.116(3)(c). We disagree. While the FSRP
notes indicate the children share a bond with the mother, nothing suggests that
bond is strong enough to overcome the mother’s parenting deficiencies. See In re
D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 709 (Iowa 2010) (“[O]ur consideration must center on
whether the child will be disadvantaged by termination, and whether the
disadvantage overcomes [the parent]’s inability to provide for [the child]’s
developing needs.”).
D. Additional Issues
We now turn to the mother’s remaining challenges.
1. Additional time
The mother contends the juvenile court erred in declining to provide an
additional six months to work toward reunification. The juvenile court may defer
termination for a period of six months if it is able to “enumerate the specific factors,
conditions, or expected behavioral changes which comprise the basis for the
determination that the need for removal of the child from the child’s home will no
longer exist at the end of the additional six-month period.” Iowa Code
§ 232.104(2)(b).
The mother points to no changes that will likely eliminate the need for
removal in the next six months. Moreover, the mother’s “past performance is
indicative of the quality of care [s]he is capable of providing in the future.” In re
N.A.S., No. 13-0074, 2013 WL 988895, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 13, 2013); accord
In re C.W., 554 N.W.2d 279, 283 (Iowa Ct. App. 1996) (“Evidence from a parent’s
past performance may be used to gauge the quality of life the child may receive in 12
the future.”). Here, the mother’s past reveals her refusal to make the changes
necessary to adequately care for her children. The juvenile court reasonably
concluded it could not rely on the mother to turn over a new leaf within the next six
months.
2. Motion for recusal
We next address the mother’s claim that the juvenile court erred in denying
her motion for recusal. “We review a court’s decision to recuse or not to recuse
itself for an abuse of discretion.” Taylor v. State, 632 N.W.2d 891, 893 (Iowa 2001).
“An abuse of discretion is found when the . . . court has clearly exercised its
discretion on untenable grounds or acted unreasonably.” Id. (citation omitted).
The mother contends the presiding judge’s impartiality was reasonably
called into question because the judge entered findings of facts and conclusions
with regard to the first termination proceeding. The mother contends this
compromised the judge’s ability to function as a “neutral and detached judge.” Cf.
State v. Mann, 512 N.W.2d 528, 532 (Iowa 1994) (noting litigants have “a
constitutional right to have a neutral and detached judge”).
However, “[a]ctual prejudice must be shown before a recusal is necessary.
The appearance of impropriety is not sufficient to merit recusal.” In re C.W., 522
N.W.2d 113, 117 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994). The party seeking recusal “has the burden
of establishing prejudice with allegations of fact.” See State v. Smith, 282 N.W.2d
138, 142 (Iowa 1979).
Here, we find the judge’s past involvement in the case is insufficient to
warrant recusal. See C.W., 522 N.W.2d at 117. Certainly, the mother has not
identified any evidence that the presiding judge was actually prejudiced against 13
her. Moreover, in its termination order, the court specifically noted it did not take
judicial notice of the transcript or ruling from the original termination proceeding.
This helps to alleviate any concern that the prior proceeding impacted the current
proceeding.
We conclude the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in denying the
motion for recusal.
3. Motion to continue
The mother also argues the court should have granted her motion to
continue the termination hearing due to her absence. “[O]ur review of a . . . court’s
denial of a motion for continuance is for an abuse of discretion.” In re M.D., 921
N.W.2d 229, 232 (Iowa 2018). “Where constitutional rights are implicated, our
review is de novo.” In re R.B., 832 N.W.2d 375, 378 (Iowa Ct. App. 2013).
With respect to the constitutional dimensions of the mother’s argument, she
argues her absence from the hearing inhibited her due process rights. “Due
process requires ‘fundamental fairness’ in judicial proceedings.” In re J.S., 470
N.W.2d 48, 52 (Iowa Ct. App. 1991). When “a parent receives notice of the petition
and hearing, is represented by counsel, counsel is present at the termination
hearing, and the parent has an opportunity to present testimony . . . , we cannot
say the parent has been deprived of fundamental fairness.” Id. The question here
is whether the mother’s absence deprived her of an opportunity to present
testimony.
In answering that question, we begin by noting due process does not
provide parents with an absolute right to be physically present at a termination
hearing. See M.D., 921 N.W.2d at 236 (noting incarcerated parents must have 14
right to participate by phone or other means of communication). Moreover, in this
case, we find the mother had an opportunity to be present and provide testimony,
but she did not avail herself of it. She was not prevented from participating through
some form of detainment or procedural mechanism. Although she claims her
absence was caused by transportation woes4 and illness, we find no support in the
record for these claims. We find no violation of due process.
Likewise, with respect to the non-constitutional dimensions of the mother’s
argument, we find no abuse of discretion. “Motions to continue ‘shall not be
granted except for good cause.’” R.B., 832 N.W.2d at 378 (quoting Iowa Ct. R.
8.5). Here, the mother’s counsel provided no justification for the continuance other
than the absence of the mother. This does not amount to good cause, particularly
given the mother’s history of missing court hearings. See, e.g., In re K.M., No. 16-
0778, 2016 WL 4379361, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 17, 2016) (concluding the
juvenile court did not abuse its discretion when it denied a motion to continue on
the basis that the parent was not present).
4. Motion to amend petition/denial of the mother’s motion to continue
Finally, the mother challenges the grant of the State’s motion to amend and
the denial of her related motion to continue. The State moved to amend its petition
to cite the correct paragraphs of Iowa Code section 232.116(1). Specifically, as to
Ja.B., the State sought to clarify that it was relying on paragraph (f), which applies
to children of Ja.B.’s age, rather than paragraph (h), which applies to children
4 An FSRP worker previously informed the mother that a worker would assist in transportation to court if the mother requested it. Yet, it appears the mother did not make such a request. 15
younger than Ja.B. After the court permitted this amendment, the mother moved
for a continuance so she could have the seven days notice required by Iowa Code
section 232.112(3). The court denied the mother’s motion.
As explained above, however, we have found that the State met its burden
of proving statutory grounds for termination under paragraph (d). Therefore, we
need not address whether there were also grounds for termination under
paragraph (f). See A.B., 815 N.W.2d at 774. Accordingly, we need not address
the State’s motion to amend or the mother’s related motion to continue, both of
which concerned paragraph (f) but not paragraph (d).
IV. Conclusion
The juvenile court properly terminated the mother’s parental rights to both
children.
AFFIRMED.