Opinion issued September 27, 2018
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-18-00319-CV ——————————— IN THE INTEREST OF J.I.L. AND A.V.L., CHILDREN
On Appeal from the 314th District Court Harris County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 2017-01445J
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Following a bench trial, the trial court signed a judgment terminating the
parent-child relationship between N.P. (“Mother”) and her eight-year-old daughter
(“Daughter”) and nine-year-old son (“Son”). In one issue, Mother contends that
the evidence was not legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s determination that termination of her parental rights was in the children’s best
interest.
We affirm.
Background
In September 2016, the Department of Family and Protective Services (“the
Department”) received a referral, alleging “neglectful supervision” of Daughter
and Son by Mother. The report alleged that Mother had left the children
unsupervised outside after school for about seven hours without food or water.
The report stated that this had happened numerous other times.
The report also alleged that Mother regularly used marijuana and possibly
other drugs. The reporter claimed that Mother acted “crazy” because of her drug
use and “stabs . . . the walls.” The reporter also claimed that Mother had gotten
into a physical altercation with her neighbors “when she is under the influence of
drugs.”
Over the next several months, the Department investigated the report. The
investigation revealed that Mother was arrested for illegal drug possession in
December 2016. In January 2017, Mother submitted to drug testing and tested
positive for methamphetamine and marijuana. Mother informed the Department
that the children’s father (“Father”) was incarcerated in another state.
2 In March 2017, Mother signed an Agreement for Participation in a Pre-trial
Intervention Program with the Harris County District Attorney’s Office related to
her December 2016 arrest for possession of methamphetamines. In the agreement
Mother acknowledged that she had been “charged with the felony offense of
possession of a controlled substance.” She agreed to “participate in the
intervention program for one year beginning today and that I will be supervised
during this period by the Harris County Community Supervision and Corrections
Department.” She also agreed to “follow the recommendations set forth in the
copy of the assessment.” She further agreed to “participate faithfully in any and all
programs recommended by the [Corrections] Department and I will comply with
all [Corrections] Department rules and regulations.” She indicated that she
understood that if she was “terminated from the . . . program for non-compliance,
my case will be presented to a grand jury for indictment.” Mother agreed that
“during the period of intervention,” she would “not use, consume, or possess any
controlled substances.”
Also, in March 2017, the Department filed suit, seeking emergency orders to
obtain possession of the children and requesting appointment as their temporary
managing conservator. The trial court granted the emergency orders and the
temporary managing conservator appointment. In its petition, the Department also
requested that the trial court terminate Mother’s and Father’s parental rights and
3 sought sole managing conservatorship of the children if family reunification could
not be achieved.
In April 2017, with respect to this case, the Department developed a family
service plan for Mother. The service plan indicated that the Department had the
following “initial concerns”: (1) “[Mother] has a history of drug abuse and unable
to provide for the children while under the influence of drugs”; (2) “[Mother] is
unable to provide the children with adequate care and nurturance due to her drug
use”; (3) “[Mother] is unable to provide the children with a stable, drug free home
environment”; and (4) “[Mother] is still using drugs and unable to provide the
children with a stable, drug free home environment.”
The service plan set out a number tasks and services for Mother to complete
before reunification with her children could occur. Mother was required to (1)
“participate fully in a drug and alcohol assessment” and “follow [the assessment’s]
recommendations including inpatient and or outpatient drug treatment, individual,
group and or family therapy, and or random urine analysis”; (2) “attend all court
hearings, permanency conference meetings and family visits”; (3) “submit to
random urinalysis/hair follicle drug testing and . . . test negative at all times”; (4)
participate in a psych-social assessment and follow all recommendations made by
the provider; and (5) complete parenting classes.
4 In its May 2017 status-hearing order, the trial court approved the family
service plan and made it an order of the court. The court found that the goal of the
service plan was “to return the children to the parent” and that the plan “adequately
ensure[s] that reasonable efforts are being made to enable the parent to provide a
safe environment for the children.” The trial also found that the plan was
“reasonably tailored to address any specific issues identified by the Department.”
The court determined that Mother had reviewed the service plan and understood it.
The court also found that Mother had been advised that
unless she is willing and able to provide the children with a safe environment, even with the assistance of a service plan, within the reasonable period of time specified in the plan, her parental and custodial duties and rights may be subject to restriction or to termination or the children may not be returned to her.
In June 2017, Mother completed a substance-abuse assessment. During the
assessment, Mother admitted to using marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamine.
She also stated that she had recently been diagnosed with anxiety and depression.
Based on the assessment, it was recommended that Mother participate in individual
and group substance-abuse counseling. Mother was referred to Santa Maria Hostel
Intensive Outpatient Program (“Santa Maria”) for the counseling.
In addition to her initial positive drug test in January 2017, Mother again
tested positive for methamphetamine, cocaine, and marijuana in March 2017. Two
months later, in May 2017, she tested positive for methamphetamine and cocaine.
5 In August 2017, Mother tested positive for methamphetamine, cocaine, and
marijuana. In October 2017, Mother was discharged from the substance-abuse
program at Santa Maria without successfully completing it because she had failed
to consistently attend her therapy sessions, and she had failed to maintain sobriety.
After her discharge from the program, Mother tested positive for cocaine,
marijuana, and Tramadol in December 2017. Mother also missed several
scheduled drug tests.
In January 2018, the district attorney’s office filed a motion to revoke
Mother’s bond in the criminal action for possession of methamphetamines. The
State pointed out that Mother had been “placed in the PCS Pretrial Intervention
Program” in March 2017. However, the State claimed that Mother was in violation
of the agreement that she had signed to remain in the program. The State alleged
that Mother had been discharged from the Santa Maria outpatient program without
successfully completing it “due to lack of attendance and multiple positive
urinalyses.” The State averred that Mother “tested positive for cocaine, marijuana,
methamphetamine on March 27, marijuana and methamphetamine on April 26,
2017, cocaine on June 9 and July 12, 2017, and failed to submit to a sample on
August 16, 2017.” It further alleged that Mother had “failed to report for
supervision on September 29 and October 23, 2017” and her “whereabouts are
currently unknown.” The State asserted that Mother “is now considered to be an
6 absconder and is being terminated from the PCS/PTI program at this time due to
non-compliance.”
In February 2018, Mother requested a continuance of trial, which was set for
March 2018. Mother argued that trial should be continued because she was
starting a new drug-treatment program. She stated that she needed additional time
to complete her services. The trial court denied the motion.
A bench trial commenced on March 8, 2018 with the Department seeking to
terminate the parent-child relationship between Mother and Son and Daughter and
between Father and the two children.1 At trial, the Department first offered the
testimony of T. Ratcliff, the children’s caseworker. On direct examination,
Ratcliff confirmed that the children came to the Department’s attention when it
was reported that Mother left the children “outside by themselves for a long period
of time and they had no food and water.” She said it was also alleged that Mother
“would stab holes in the wall and just behave violently.” Ratcliff also confirmed
that, during the Department’s initial investigation, Mother tested positive for
methamphetamine and marijuana.
Ratcliff testified that Mother was arrested for possession of a controlled
substance in December 2016. Ratcliff stated that Mother had received pretrial
1 Father does not appeal the trial court’s judgment. For this reason, we focus on the facts and evidence as it relates to Mother. 7 intervention for the offense, but Mother had not honored the terms of the pretrial
intervention agreement, resulting in an open warrant for her arrest.
Ratcliff also testified that Mother had failed to complete her outpatient
substance-abuse counseling at Santa Maria and had been discharged from the
program due to lack of attendance. Ratcliff testified that she had gotten special
permission for Mother to reenroll at Santa Maria. The admissions representative
from Santa Maria told Ratcliff that she had called Mother and left a voice mail
regarding reenrollment. Ratcliff reminded Mother to follow-up with Santa Maria,
however, Santa Maria later told Ratcliff that they had never heard from Mother
regarding reenrolling in the program. Ratcliff also testified that she had referred
Mother to the Bess Group but later learned that Mother had missed two of three
scheduled sessions.
In addition, Ratcliff testified that, at first, Mother attended the scheduled
visitation with her children. But in September and October 2017, Mother did not
attend visitations. Ratcliff stated that, after a hearing in December, Mother once
again resumed visiting the children.
Ratcliff further testified that she did not know where Mother is living.
Ratcliff had been to Mother’s home early in the case but had learned that the home
flooded during Hurricane Harvey, and Mother no longer lived there. She said that
Mother had not given her a new address. Ratcliff also testified that Mother had
8 told her that she was working, but Mother had never provided Ratcliff with proof
of employment.
Ratcliff averred that Mother had not been consistent in keeping in contact
with her. She stated that Mother’s failure to stay in contact with her was a result of
Mother’s drug use. Ratcliff testified that Mother had admitted to her that she was
using illegal drugs and “needed help.”
Ratcliff stated that she considered Mother’s drug use to be conduct that
endangered the children. Mother had tested positive for cocaine,
methamphetamine, and marijuana throughout the pendency of the case. Mother
last tested positive for cocaine in December 2017.
Ratcliff also testified that the children had been exposed to domestic
violence in Mother’s home. Ratcliff testified that, in a forensic interview,
Daughter had reported that she and Son “were in the bedroom and [Mother] and
[Mother’s live-in] boyfriend [were] arguing in another room and then they saw a
knife come through the door. So there were knives that were thrown and it ended
up through the door.”
Ratcliff stated that the children were currently in a residential facility. She
said that the children are “doing fine” and that both children attend therapy twice a
month. Ratcliff stated that the Department had hoped to place the children with
family members, but none of the suggested family members had qualified, after
9 undergoing home studies, to care for the children. She said that the Department
had “done a legal risk broadcast” for the children and three families had been
selected for placement of the children. The families were scheduled to be
interviewed the next week.
Ratcliff further testified that Daughter’s therapist recommended Daughter
have “trauma therapy” because she was “not doing as well as she was.” The
therapist believed that Daughter’s worsened behavior was “partly due to some of
[Mother’s] missed visits.” Ratcliff acknowledged that Daughter loved Mother and
would “act out” when visits were canceled due to Mother’s failure to attend.
Ratcliff confirmed that additional therapy would be made available to the children.
Ratcliff stated that she believed terminating the parents’ parental rights and
naming the Department as permanent managing conservator were in the children’s
best interest. She said that she “believe[d] that the children have a right to be safe
and they have a right to permanency. . . . I don’t believe that they would have that
with [Mother], so I believe that that would be in their best interest.” She agreed
that the children “have a better chance of a stable permanent home” if the parents’
rights are terminated.
On cross-examination, Ratcliff stated that she believes Mother loves the
children and acknowledged that, when Mother did visit them, the visits went well.
Ratcliff also acknowledged that Mother recently told her that she had enrolled in
10 the Bess Group for counseling and that Mother said that she would pay for the
counseling herself.
The Department also called L. Buckenham, a representative of Child
Advocates. Buckenham testified that Child Advocates did not “believe that Mom
can offer a safe and stable environment.” She stated, “[W]e think it would be in
the best interest of [the children] if the parental rights were terminated.” She
indicated that the children had improved in school since they were removed from
Mother and that they would benefit from additional therapy.
Mother also testified at trial. She explained to the trial court that she had
asked for more time to complete her services because she had recently learned that
she suffered from “a severe case of depression.” She said that she was under the
care of a doctor and was taking “depression medication.” Mother said that she had
also learned that she had been self-medicating her depression with illegal drugs.
Mother testified that she was receiving substance-abuse therapy from the
Bess Group and that she was paying for the therapy herself. She claimed that the
counseling she had received through Santa Maria had not been helpful. Mother
said that, at the time of trial, she was sober and had stopped using drugs. She
claimed that she was “a hundred times better” than she had been at the beginning
of the case. Mother also testified that she realized that she could not parent her
children while abusing drugs. She stated that was the reason “why I’m paying for
11 the substance abuse classes now because I want to put myself in somewhere that I
know is actually gonna help me.”
Mother disputed that there was a warrant out for her arrest. She
acknowledged that she had been charged with possession and had been placed in
the pretrial intervention program. She pointed out that she was 37 years old and
had “never been in trouble before.” She said “This is a bump in my life and it’s a
bad bump because they’re taking my children.”
Regarding her children’s witnessing domestic abuse, Mother denied that she
had an altercation with her boyfriend during which a knife went through the door.
She did, however, acknowledge that the children had witnessed one of her past
boyfriends grab her and hold her against the wall, and they had also heard
arguments she had with her boyfriend.
Mother also testified that she had missed visits with her children because the
home she had been renting for six years flooded during Hurricane Harvey. She
testified that “the reason for my missed visits and all that was because of the
condition of my home.” She said that she worked with her landlord to fix the
home so that she could live there again. She testified that the home was repaired,
she is living there again, and it is ready for her children to come home. However,
she also stated that she plans to move to a better school district for her children.
12 The Department also offered documentary evidence at trial. The evidence
included the affidavit supporting initial removal of the children, Mother’s family
service plan, Mother’s drug test results, Mother’s records from the Santa Maria
outpatient program, filings from the criminal case against Mother for possession of
methamphetamine, and a Permanency Plan and Permanency Progress Report from
February 2018.
At the end of trial, the court granted the Department’s request for
termination of the parent-child relationship between Mother and her two children.
On April 3, 2018, the trial court signed a judgment terminating Mother’s parental
rights, finding that termination was in the children’s best interest and that Mother
had engaged in the predicate acts listed in Family Code subsections
161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), and (O). Specifically, the trial court found that clear and
convincing evidence showed that (1) Mother had knowingly placed or knowingly
allowed the children to remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger their
physical or emotional well-being (Subsection (D)); (2) Mother had engaged in
conduct or knowingly placed the children with persons who engaged in conduct
that endangered her physical or emotional well-being (Subsection (E)), and (3)
Mother had failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically
established the actions necessary for her to obtain the return of the children.
13 (Subsection (O)). The trial court also appointed the Department as the children’s
sole managing conservator.
Mother now appeals the trial court’s judgment.
Sufficiency of Best-Interest Finding
Mother presents one issue in which she contends that the evidence was
legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court’s best-interest finding.
She does not challenge the trial court’s findings that she had engaged in the
statutory predicate acts found in Family Code Subsections 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E)
and (O).
A. Standard of Review
Termination of parental rights requires proof by clear and convincing
evidence. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b) (West 2014). This heightened
standard of review is mandated not only by the Family Code but also by the Due
Process Clause of the United States Constitution. In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d 796,
802 (Tex. 2012). The Family Code defines clear and convincing evidence as “the
measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm
belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.”
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007 (West 2014); see also In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d
256, 264 (Tex. 2002).
14 Family Code section 161.001(b) provides that “the [trial] court may order
termination of the parent-child relationship if the court finds by clear and
convincing evidence” that (1) one or more of the acts enumerated in section
161.001(b)(1) was committed and (2) termination is in the best interest of the child.
See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)–(2). Although termination may not be
based solely on the best interest of the child as determined by the trier of fact, Tex.
Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987), “[o]nly one
predicate finding under section 161.001(1) is necessary to support a judgment of
termination when there is also a finding that termination is in the child’s best
interest.” In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003). Thus, if multiple predicate
grounds are found by the trial court, and termination is found to be in the best
interest of the child, we will affirm on any one predicate ground because only one
is necessary for termination of parental rights. In re G.A.A., No. 01–12–01052–
CV, 2013 WL 1790230, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 25, 2013, no
pet.) (mem. op.). Here, the Department was required to establish, by clear and
convincing evidence, that Mother’s actions satisfied one of the predicate grounds
listed in Family Code section 161.001(b)(1) and that termination was in the
children’s best interest. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)–(2).
When determining legal sufficiency, we review all the evidence in the light
most favorable to the trial court’s finding “to determine whether a reasonable trier
15 of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.” In
re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. To give appropriate deference to the fact finder’s
conclusions, we must assume that the fact finder resolved disputed facts in favor of
its finding if a reasonable fact finder could do so. Id. We disregard all evidence
that a reasonable fact finder could have disbelieved or found to have been not
credible. Id. This does not mean that we must disregard all evidence that does not
support the finding. Id. The disregard of undisputed facts that do not support the
finding could skew the analysis of whether there is clear and convincing evidence.
Id. Therefore, in conducting a legal-sufficiency review in a parental-termination
case, we must consider all the evidence, not only that which favors the verdict. See
City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 817 (Tex. 2005).
In determining a factual-sufficiency point, the higher burden of proof in
termination cases also alters the appellate standard of review. In re C.H., 89
S.W.3d 17, 25–26 (Tex. 2002). “[A] finding that must be based on clear and
convincing evidence cannot be viewed on appeal the same as one that may be
sustained on a mere preponderance.” Id. at 25. In considering whether evidence
rises to the level of being clear and convincing, we must consider whether the
evidence is sufficient for the fact finder to reasonably form a firm belief or
conviction as to the truth of the allegation sought to be established. Id. We
consider whether disputed evidence is such that a reasonable factfinder could not
16 have resolved that disputed evidence in favor of its finding. In re J.F.C., 96
S.W.3d at 266. “If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a
reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so
significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or
conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient.” Id.
We give due deference to the fact finder’s findings, and we cannot substitute
our own judgment for that of the fact finder. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108
(Tex. 2006). The fact finder is the sole arbiter when assessing the credibility and
demeanor of witnesses. Id. at 109.
We are mindful that the natural rights that exist between parents and their
children are of constitutional dimension. Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex.
1985). Therefore, termination proceedings should be strictly scrutinized, and the
involuntary termination statutes should be strictly construed in favor of the parent.
Id. at 20–21; see also In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d 552, 563 (Tex. 2012). However,
“[j]ust as it is imperative for courts to recognize the constitutional underpinnings of
the parent–child relationship, it is also essential that emotional and physical
interests of the child not be sacrificed merely to preserve that right.” C.H., 89
S.W.3d at 26; see also In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239, 240 (Tex. 2013).
17 B. Best Interest of the Children
1. Applicable Legal Principles
There is a strong presumption that the best interest of the child will be
served by preserving the parent-child relationship. See In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112,
116 (Tex. 2006). In Holley v. Adams, the Supreme Court of Texas identified
factors that courts may consider when determining the best interest of the child,
including: (1) the desires of the child; (2) the emotional and physical needs of the
child now and in the future; (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now
and in the future; (4) the parental abilities of the individual seeking custody; (5) the
programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best interest of the
child; (6) the plans for the child by the individuals or by the agency seeking
custody; (7) the stability of the home or proposed placement; (8) the acts or
omissions of the parent that may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship
is not a proper one; and (9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. 544
S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976). This is not an exhaustive list, and a court need
not have evidence on every element listed to make a valid finding as to the child’s
best interest. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27. While no one factor is controlling,
analysis of a single factor may be adequate in a particular situation to support a
finding that termination is in the best interest of the child. In re A.P., 184 S.W.3d
410, 414 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.).
18 The evidence supporting the predicate grounds for termination may also be
used to support a finding that the best interest of the child warrants termination of
the parent-child relationship. C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28; In re H.D., No. 01–12–
00007–CV, 2013 WL 1928799, at *13 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May 9,
2013, no pet.). Furthermore, in conducting the best-interest analysis, a court may
consider not only direct evidence but also may consider circumstantial evidence,
subjective factors, and the totality of the evidence. See H.D., 2013 WL 1928799,
at *13.
2. Analysis
Here, Mother’s history of past illegal drug abuse, continuing drug use while
this case was pending, and her inability to demonstrate that she can provide a safe
and stable home for her children supports the trial court’s best-interest
determination. See In re M.R., 243 S.W.3d 807, 821 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
2007, no pet.) (explaining that parent’s history of drug use is relevant to trial
court’s best-interest finding); In re K.C., 219 S.W.3d 924, 927 (Tex. App.–Dallas
2007, no pet.) (recognizing that factfinder can give “great weight” to the
“significant factor” of drug-related conduct). As discussed, the evidence showed
that the initial referral to the Department indicated that Mother was neglecting her
children, used drugs, and had a history of acting erratically. During its
investigation of the report, the Department learned that Mother had recently been
19 arrested for possession of methamphetamine. Mother then tested positive for
methamphetamine and marijuana in January 2017, prompting the Department to
seek temporary conservatorship of the children.
The initial substance-abuse assessment of Mother, contained in Santa
Maria’s records, states that 37-year-old Mother reported as follows with respect to
her past drug use:
[Mother’s] drug of choice is marijuana, in which [sic] client reported that she would smoke all day every day about 5 to 10 joints. [Mother] reported that she was 30 years of age when she first tried marijuana. [Mother] reported that her drug use increased since she first started smoking. [Mother] reported that she started snorting cocaine around 32 or 33 years of age. [Mother] reported that she would snort cocaine 1 to 2 times a month but she did not use cocaine too long. [Mother] reported she started smoking meth in 2016 and she really likes meth. [Mother] reported that she would smoke meth daily 1-2 times a day. [Mother] reported that she would spend about $150 to $200 per week on meth.
Mother continued to use cocaine, methamphetamine, and marijuana
throughout the pendency of the case even in the face of a court order conditioning
her reunification with her children on her ability to remain drug-free. The
evidence showed that, after her positive drug test in January 2017, Mother again
tested positive for methamphetamine, cocaine, and marijuana in March 2017. Two
months later, in May 2017, she tested positive for methamphetamine and cocaine.
In August 2017, Mother tested positive for methamphetamine, cocaine, and
marijuana. In December 2017, Mother tested positive for cocaine, marijuana, and
20 Tramadol. And the record indicates that Mother also missed several scheduled
drug tests.
A factfinder need not ignore a history of drug dependence and destructive
behavior when the evidence establishes that past substance abuse was more than
just “remote and isolated incidents.” In re R.W., 129 S.W.3d 732, 741 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied). Evidence of Mother’s past pattern of drug
use is relevant not only to the stability of the home she can provide, but it is
relevant to the emotional and physical needs of her children now and in the future
and to the emotional and physical danger in which the children could be placed
now and in the future. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72 (factors two, three, and
seven); see also In re A.C., 394 S.W.3d 633, 642 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2012, no pet.) (finding pattern of illegal drug use suggested mother was not willing
and able to provide child with safe environment—a primary consideration in
determining child’s best interest).
Mother points out that “[s]he was quite candid [with the trial court] about
her drug use and mental health issues,” and “[s]he acknowledged that at the
beginning of the case that she did not have ‘all [her] stuff together’; suffered from
‘severe depression’ and was self-medicating with illegal drugs.” Mother points to
her testimony that she “now takes prescribed medication for her depression; is
‘doing much better;’ and recently started attending the Bess Group for her
21 substance abuse problem.” Mother also pointed to evidence in the Santa Maria
outpatient records indicating that, when she did attend group therapy, she “was
attentive.”
Other than her own testimony, Mother provided no evidence to show that
she was under a doctor’s care for depression. She also offered no additional
evidence to show why she would be successful in completing therapy with the
Bess Group when she had failed to successfully complete it at Santa Maria during
the pendency of the case. Mother asserts that her failure to complete therapy at
Santa Maria was not her fault. She asserts that she was discharged without
successfully completing the outpatient program because her home flooded during
Hurricane Harvey, causing her to miss her scheduled therapy sessions. See Holley,
544 S.W.2d at 371–72 (factors five and nine: the programs available to assist these
individuals to promote the best interest of the child and any excuse for the acts or
omissions of the parent). However, the records from Santa Maria indicate that,
after missing therapy sessions because of the hurricane, Mother “did not attempt to
call [her] counselor to inform when she would be returning back to groups.” And
the evidence showed that the missed sessions were not the only reason Mother did
not successfully complete her substance-abuse therapy. Mother was discharged
because she failed to maintain sobriety.
22 Mother also claims that Santa Maria was not an adequate program to help
her with her drug use. She asserts that the Bess Group will be a better program for
her. However, the evidence showed that, by the time of trial, Mother had missed
two of three scheduled visits with the Bess Group. She testified that she missed
one visit because she was ill and missed the other by mistake.
When determining best interest, a trial court may measure a parent’s future
conduct by her past conduct. In re D.S., 333 S.W.3d 379, 384 (Tex. App.—
Amarillo 2011, no pet.). Evidence was presented from which the trial court could
have reasonably inferred that Mother’s drug abuse would continue in the future.
As discussed, the Department presented evidence indicating that Mother had a
history of drug use. And, even though she knew her parental rights were in
jeopardy, Mother continued to use cocaine, methamphetamine, and marijuana
throughout the case and failed to complete the substance-abuse therapy provided to
her. In short, the trial court, as fact finder, was free to disbelieve Mother’s
testimony that she was on a path to sobriety. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at
819; H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108.
Mother also asserts that the evidence showed that, despite her drug abuse,
her children were being well cared for at the time of their removal. She points to
the removal affidavit in which the Department’s representative stated that the
agency’s investigation indicated that the children appeared to be cared for and not
23 abused or neglected. Mother points out that the affidavit indicates that the
investigation did not show that Mother used drugs “in front of the children or cared
for them while intoxicated.” Nonetheless, a parent’s drug use is a condition
indicative of instability in the home environment because it exposes a child to the
possibility that the parent may be impaired or imprisoned. See In re A.M., 495
S.W.3d 573, 579 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. denied); P.W. v. Dep’t
of Family & Protective Servs., 403 S.W.3d 471, 479 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2013, pet. dism’d w.o.j.).
Here, the record demonstrates that Mother’s continued drug use has placed
her in jeopardy of being incarcerated. In December 2016, Mother was arrested for
the offense of possession of methamphetamine and served nine days in jail. In
March 2017, the district attorney’s office provided Mother with an opportunity to
avoid prosecution by allowing her to participate in a pre-trial drug program. As
part of the program, Mother agreed to abide by certain terms, including refraining
from illegal narcotics use to avoid prosecution.
The evidence showed that Mother failed to abide by the terms of the
agreement because she continued to use illegal narcotics and failed to report to the
corrections department. As a result, the district attorney’s office filed a motion to
revoke her bond. In the motion, the district attorney’s office stated that it
considered Mother to be “an absconder” and was terminating her participation in
24 the pre-trial intervention program “due to non-compliance.” Ratcliff testified that
there was a warrant out for Mother’s arrest. Thus, the evidence showed that
Mother continued to use drugs while this case was pending even though she knew
that doing so would put her at risk of incarceration.
In addition, the trial court heard evidence that the children were exposed to
domestic violence, which is supportive of the trial court’s best-interest finding
under the third Holley factor: the emotional and physical danger to the child now
and in the future. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72; In re J.I.T.P., 99 S.W.3d at
846 (stating domestic violence, even when child is not intended victim, supports
finding that termination is in child’s best interest). During a forensic interview,
Daughter reported that she and Son were in a bedroom when a knife came through
the door during an argument between Mother and her live-in boyfriend. Although
she generally denied that they had witnessed any domestic abuse, Mother
acknowledged that the children had heard arguments between her and her
boyfriend, and they had witnessed her boyfriend grab her and hold her against the
wall.
The Department presented additional evidence relevant to the best-interest
finding under the following factors: the emotional and physical needs of the
children now and in the future, the programs available to assist these individuals to
25 promote the best interest of the child, and the plans for the children by those
seeking custody. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72 (factors two, five, and six).
The evidence showed that the Department had made efforts to place the
children with family members identified by Mother. However, the Department
determined the suggested family members not to be suitable placements.
Caseworker Ratcliff testified that the children currently reside in a
residential facility. She stated that the Department had “done a legal risk
broadcast” for the children and three families had been selected for placement of
the children. She said that the families were scheduled to be interviewed the next
week.
Ratcliff also testified that the children are in therapy twice a month. She
said that Daughter’s therapist recommended Daughter have “trauma therapy”
because she was “not doing as well as she was.” The therapist believed that
Daughter’s worsened behavior was “partly due to some of [Mother’s] missed
visits.” Ratcliff acknowledged that Daughter loved Mother and would “act out”
when visits were canceled due to Mother’s failure to attend. Mother points out that
the permanency report indicates that it was recommended that Son also receive
trauma therapy as well. The permanency report also indicates that Son has ADHD
for which he is prescribed two medications.
26 Mother points out that Ratcliff agreed that “there’s supposed to be some
therapy with the children and the mother to help transition saying goodbye to the
mother.” When asked whether Mother participated in that type of therapy, Ratcliff
stated, “There was a therapist, because it was difficult to get the therapist to come
out and visit, but we did have one visit where the therapist was present and that
was on February 21st.”
Mother also highlights that the permanency report shows that the
recommendation for trauma therapy was made following an assessment of the
children in June 2017. Other recommended services were also made for the
children, such as speech therapy for Son and “participation in activities to develop
verbal comprehension” for Daughter. Mother states in her brief that “the record
does not establish what, if anything, [the Department] did to meet those
recommendations beyond Ratcliff’s statement that the children were receiving
some type of unspecified therapy twice per month.” However, when asked,
Ratcliff indicated that additional therapy would be made available to the children.
Evidence was also presented relevant to the fourth Holley factor, the parental
abilities of the individual seeking custody. See id. The evidence showed that
Mother missed scheduled visits with the children. In this regard, Ratcliff testified
that initially Mother “was doing great with her visits up until August.” Ratcliff
27 said there were no visits in September and October, and “then when we came to
court in December, [Mother] started visits back up after that last hearing.”
In her brief, Mother offers the following regarding her missed visits:
“[Mother’s] home flooded during Harvey and was inhabitable. Consequently, she
was unable to visit the children in September and October.” She also claimed that
standardized testing at the children’s school and “problems with [her] transporter’s
vehicle” also caused her to miss visits. However, Mother does not explain how
these reasons caused her to miss visits for the entirety of September and October
with Ratcliff testifying that the visits did not resume until sometime in December.
Nor does Mother address why she did not maintain contact with Ratcliff.
With respect to her living situation, Mother testified that that the home she
had been renting for six years was repaired after it flooded, and she was once again
living there. She said that it was ready for the children to come home.
Ratcliff testified that she knew that Mother’s residence had flooded during
the hurricane, and she said that she had visited Mother’s home before it had
flooded. However, Ratcliff also testified that Mother had not provided her proof of
where she was living at the time of trial. She further testified that Mother had not
provided her with employment verification. We note that “[a] parent who lacks
stability, income, and a home is unable to provide for a child’s emotional and
physical needs.” In re J.R.W., No. 14–12–00850–CV, 2013 WL 507325, at *9
28 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 12, 2013, pet. denied) (mem. op.); see also
Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72 (factor two: identifying emotional and physical
needs of child now and in the future as factor in assessing child’s best interest).
Mother further points out that no evidence was offered regarding the first
Holley factor, desires of the children, even though the children, who at eight and
nine years old, are old enough to express their desires. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at
371–72. She points out that Ratcliff’s testimony indicates that Daughter loves
Mother and that Mother loves her children. However, Texas courts have
recognized that when considering the best interests of a child, “[s]ometimes, love
is not enough.” J.D.S. v. Tex. Dep’t of Family Protective Servs., 458 S.W.3d 33,
46 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2014, no pet.).
Mother also relies on the evidence indicating that the children need
additional therapy because of their separation from her. However, Mother fails to
fully recognize the role that her own conduct played in the removal of the children
and in their continued separation from her. The evidence shows that the Mother’s
drug abuse led to children’s removal and caused the Department to pursue
termination of her parental rights.
In sum, Mother correctly cites some evidence in the record that weighs
against the trial court’s finding that termination was in the children’s best interest.
However, evidence cannot be read in isolation; it must be read in the context of the
29 entire record. See In re K.C.F., No. 01–13–01078–CV, 2014 WL 2538624, at *16
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June 5, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.). Significantly, a
parent’s past performance as a parent is relevant to a determination of her present
abilities to provide for a child. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28. “[E]vidence of
improved conduct, especially of short-duration, does not conclusively negate the
probative value of a long history of . . . irresponsible choices.” In re J.O.A., 283
S.W.3d at 346.
Here, Mother’s continuing drug abuse supports an inference of her future
inability to provide a safe and stable home for her children. Although evidence of
past misconduct, standing alone, may not be sufficient to show present unfitness, a
factfinder may gauge a parent’s future conduct by her past conduct, supporting a
finding that it is in a child’s best interest to terminate the parent-child relationship.
See In re A.N.D., No. 02–12–00394–CV, 2013 WL 362753, at *2 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth Jan. 31, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.); see also In re B.S.W., No. 14–04–
00496–CV, 2004 WL 2964015, at *9 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Dec. 23,
2004, no pet.) (mem. op.) (declaring that parent’s failure to show he or she is stable
enough to care for child for any prolonged period entitled trial court “to determine
that this pattern would likely continue and that permanency could only be achieved
through termination and adoption”).
30 After viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the best-interest
findings, we conclude that the evidence was sufficiently clear and convincing that
a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that
termination of the parent-child relationship between Mother and her children was
in their best interest. We also conclude that, viewed in light of the entire record,
any disputed evidence could have been reconciled in favor of the trial court’s
findings that termination of the parent-child relationship between Mother and her
children was in their best interest or was not so significant that the trial court could
not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction that termination was in the
children’s best interest. Therefore, after considering the relevant factors under the
appropriate standards of review, we hold the evidence is legally and factually
sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination of the parent-child
relationship between Mother and her two children was in the children’s best
We overrule Mother’s sole issue.
31 Conclusion
We affirm judgment of the trial court.
Laura Carter Higley Justice
Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Higley, and Massengale.