IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-13-00223-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF D.D., C.C., C.C., AND C.C., CHILDREN
From the 361st District Court Brazos County, Texas Trial Court No. 12-000325-CV-361
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Raising one issue with four subparts, which we will treat as four issues,
Appellant G.R. challenges the trial court’s order of termination of her parental rights to
her four children.1 We will affirm.
Appellant’s children were removed after D.D. was brutally attacked and sexually
assaulted by C.B., Appellant’s thirteen-year-old nephew. Appellant had left all four of
the children in C.B.’s care while she went to the store.
After a bench trial, the trial court found the following predicate violations as
1 The four children and their ages at the time of removal are D.D. (4), C-1 (3), C-2 (2), and C-3 (10 months). The parental rights of the father of D.D. and of the father of C-1, C-2, and C-3 were also terminated, but they have not appealed. grounds for termination of Appellant’s parental rights: (1) Appellant knowingly placed
or knowingly allowed the children to remain in conditions or surroundings that
endangered the children’s physical or emotional well-being (Family Code subsection
161.001(1)(D)); (2) Appellant engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the children with
persons who engaged in conduct that endangered the children’s physical or emotional
well-being (Family Code subsection 161.001(1)(E)); and (3) Appellant failed to comply
with provisions of a court order specifically establishing actions necessary for the
parent to obtain return of the children (Family Code subsection 161.001(1)(O)). The trial
court also found that termination of Appellant’s parental rights was in the children’s
best interest.
In a proceeding to terminate the parent-child relationship brought under section
161.001, the Department must establish by clear and convincing evidence two elements:
(1) one or more acts or omissions enumerated under subsection (1) of section 161.001,
termed a predicate violation; and (2) that termination is in the best interest of the child.
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1), (2) (West Supp. 2013); Swate v. Swate, 72 S.W.3d 763,
766 (Tex. App.—Waco 2002, pet. denied). The factfinder must find that both elements
are established by clear and convincing evidence, and proof of one element does not
relieve the petitioner of the burden of proving the other. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d
367, 370 (Tex. 1976); Swate, 72 S.W.3d at 766. If multiple predicate violations under
section 161.001(1) were found in the trial court, we will affirm based on any one ground
because only one predicate violation under section 161.001(1) is necessary to a
termination judgment. In re T.N.F., 205 S.W.3d 625, 629 (Tex. App.—Waco 2006, pet.
In the Interest of D.D., C.C., C.C., and C.C., Children Page 2 denied), overruled in part on other grounds by In re A.M., 385 S.W.3d 74, 79 (Tex. App.—
Waco 2012, pet. denied).
Predicate Violation
In issue three, Appellant contends that there is no or insufficient evidence to
support the finding that she failed to comply with the provisions of a court order
specifically establishing the actions necessary for the parent to obtain return of the
children who have been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of
the Department for not less than nine months as a result of the children’s removal from
the parent under Chapter 262 for the abuse or neglect of the children.
The standards of review for legal and factual sufficiency in termination cases are
well established. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264-68 (Tex. 2002) (legal sufficiency); In re
C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. 2002) (factual sufficiency). In reviewing the legal
sufficiency, we view all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to
determine whether a trier of fact could reasonably have formed a firm belief or
conviction about the truth of the Department’s allegations. In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 84-
85 (Tex. 2005); J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 265-66. We do not, however, disregard undisputed
evidence that does not support the finding. J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. In reviewing the
factual sufficiency of the evidence, we must give due consideration to evidence that the
factfinder could reasonably have found to be clear and convincing. Id. We must
consider the disputed evidence and determine whether a reasonable fact-finder could
have resolved that evidence in favor of the finding. Id. If the disputed evidence is so
significant that a fact-finder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or
In the Interest of D.D., C.C., C.C., and C.C., Children Page 3 conviction, the evidence is factually insufficient. Id.
Appellant’s brief asserts that she made a “concerted effort” to comply with her
court-ordered service plan, but Appellant admitted on cross-examination that she did
not complete her service plan. On direct examination, she had testified: “I feel like I’ve
done -- I’m still – I’m still am doing the best I can, and still willing to do whatever needs
to be done.” Michelle Hudiburgh, the Department caseworker, also testified that
Appellant did not complete her service plan. Moreover, Appellant admitted that she
was given a fair opportunity to complete her service plan, that other than changing
counselors, nothing had kept her from completing her service plan, and that she had
understood that if she did not complete her service plan, her rights could be restricted
or terminated.
The Family Code does not provide for substantial compliance with a court-
ordered service plan under subsection 161.001(1)(O), nor does subsection 161.001(1)(O)
allow for excuses for failure to complete the service plan. In re R.N.W., No. 10-11-00441-
CV, 2012 WL 2053857, at *2 (Tex. App.—Waco June 6, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.); see also
In re M.C.G., 329 S.W.3d 674, 676 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. denied).
Because the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s
finding that Appellant failed to comply with the provisions of a court order specifically
establishing the actions necessary for her to obtain return of her children, we overrule
issue three. We thus need not address issues one and two, which are sufficiency
complaints against the trial court’s subsection 161.001(1)(D) and subsection
161.001(1)(E) findings.
In the Interest of D.D., C.C., C.C., and C.C., Children Page 4 Best Interest
In her fourth issue, Appellant asserts that the evidence is legally and factually
insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination was in the children’s
best interest. In determining the best interest of a child, a number of factors have been
considered, including (1) the desires of the child; (2) the emotional and physical needs
of the child now and in the future; (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child
now and in the future; (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody; (5)
the programs available to assist these individuals; (6) the plans for the child by these
individuals; (7) the stability of the home; (8) the acts or omissions of the parent that may
indicate the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one; and (9) any excuse for
the acts or omissions of the parent. Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371-72. This list is not
exhaustive, but simply indicates factors that have been or could be pertinent. Id.
The Holley factors focus on the best interest of the child, not the best interest of
the parent. Dupree v. Tex. Dep’t Prot. & Reg. Serv’s., 907 S.W.2d 81, 86 (Tex. App.—Dallas
1995, no writ). The goal of establishing a stable permanent home for a child is a
compelling state interest. Id. at 87. The need for permanence is a paramount
consideration for a child’s present and future physical and emotional needs. In re
S.H.A., 728 S.W.2d 73, 92 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1987, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (en banc).
Evidence of past misconduct or neglect can be used to measure a parent’s future
conduct. See Williams v. Williams, 150 S.W.3d 436, 451 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, pet.
denied); Ray v. Burns, 832 S.W.2d 431, 435 (Tex. App.—Waco 1992, no writ) (“Past is
often prologue.”); see also In re V.A., No. 13-06-00237-CV, 2007 WL 293023, at *5-6 (Tex.
In the Interest of D.D., C.C., C.C., and C.C., Children Page 5 App.—Corpus Christi 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.) (considering parent’s past history of
unstable housing, unstable employment, unstable relationships). A factfinder can infer
from a parent’s failure to work programs offered by the Department that the parent
“did not have the ability to motivate herself to seek out available resources needed …
now or in the future.” In re W.E.C., 110 S.W.3d 231, 245 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003,
no pet.). Evidence of a parent’s home and job instability can show a lack of parental
abilities. Doe v. Brazoria Cty. Child Prot. Serv’s., 226 S.W.3d 563, 574 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.). Evidence of a recent improvement does not absolve a
parent of a history of irresponsible choices. In re T.C., No. 10-10-00207-CV, 2010 WL
4983512, at *8 (Tex. App.—Waco Dec. 1, 2010, pet. denied) (mem. op.); Smith v. Tex.
Dep’t Prot. & Reg. Serv’s., 160 S.W.3d 673, 681 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, no pet.).
In February 2012, Appellant, who was age twenty-three at the time of trial, was
living in a three-bedroom apartment in College Station with her four young children;
she was unemployed. On February 3, Appellant left the children in the care of her
thirteen-year-old nephew C.B. while she allegedly went to the store with her sister,
C.B.’s mother. No adult was with the children, and police estimated that the children
were alone with C.B. for at least two hours. Sometime between 1:00 pm and 3:00 pm,
C.B. brutally attacked and sexually assaulted D.D., who was age four. After the attack,
C.B. called his mother and then called 9-1-1. Police contacted Appellant, who went to
the hospital.
Police officer Angela Thomas first saw D.D. in the hospital on the evening of
February 3, and D.D. was in “extremely poor” condition; she was unconscious and
In the Interest of D.D., C.C., C.C., and C.C., Children Page 6 breathing only with a ventilator because of swelling in the brain, and she was covered
in marks and bruises. A rape exam revealed that D.D. had been sexually assaulted. C-1
had been slapped in the face, but the other two children were not injured that day.
Thomas said that at least C-1 was a witness to C.B.’s attack on D.D., and the children’s
therapist believes that all three children witnessed the attack, though C-3 was only ten
months old. D.D. was transferred to a Houston hospital for eleven days and then to a
Dallas rehabilitation hospital for another thirty days. While D.D. was in Dallas,
Appellant asked Hudiburgh to see D.D. only twice.
Thomas and Officer Benton Keough, who together investigated the assault, both
thought that C.B. was developmentally delayed. Thomas said that C.B. was immature
for his age, that he was not suitable to have been left to care for the four young children,
and that Appellant had placed the children in a dangerous situation. Keough said that
leaving the children with C.B. placed them in danger and that C.B. became combative
and aggressive during one of their interviews. C.B. was ultimately arrested for the
assault.
Thomas interviewed Appellant, who acted as if nothing had happened to her
children and seemed unconcerned about D.D., who was in intensive care. Appellant
admitted to Thomas that she should not have left C.B. with the children, and Thomas
said that Appellant knew of a prior incident where C.B. has possibly stuck a stick in the
anus of another relative’s child. Appellant denied previously knowing of that
allegation, saying that she had learned of it from a CPS investigator after the attack on
D.D. Appellant admitted to knowing that C.B. had gotten in trouble at school for
In the Interest of D.D., C.C., C.C., and C.C., Children Page 7 fighting and had been fighting with neighborhood children. On the day of the assault,
C.B. was not in school because he had been suspended from riding the bus because of
an outburst. Although her children had been around C.B. a lot and he had helped care
for them, Appellant said that she had never before asked him to care for the children by
himself. She admitted that it was a mistake to leave the children in the care of C.B.
After visiting the hospital, Thomas went to Appellant’s apartment. It was
“unkempt” and “dirty,” there was not sufficient food, and there was a pornographic
DVD. On February 4, Thomas interviewed C.C., the father of C-1, C-2, and C-3, who
was not at the apartment the day before. C.C. was arrested that day on an outstanding
warrant for family violence against Appellant; C.C. and Appellant were well-known to
the police because of multiple incidences of domestic violence. Appellant initially
cooperated with law enforcement with respect to D.D.’s assault and the prosecution of
C.B., but as C.B.’s trial date approached, she stopped cooperating—in Keough’s
opinion, to protect C.B.
Hudiburgh testified that the children’s basic needs had not been met by
Appellant; they had eating issues, developmental delays, sleeping issues, and speech
problems. The three older children had rotten teeth, and D.D. and C-1 had to have
complete dental surgery. Appellant admitted that she knew the children’s teeth were
rotting and said she had taken them to the dentist and had future appointments set up,
but she could not recall how many times the children had been to the dentist. All of the
children were behind on their vaccinations, and C-3 may not have had any.
Rachel, the foster mother of the three oldest children, testified about their
In the Interest of D.D., C.C., C.C., and C.C., Children Page 8 condition when they came into foster care. C-2 was anxious and crying, C-1 was
aggressive and “bouncing off the walls,” and D.D. was very quiet and withdrawn and
sucked her thumb a lot. The children used a lot of bad language, exhibited physical
aggression, and had eating issues. D.D. and C-2 required speech therapy, but Appellant
believed that the children did not have speech problems. D.D. and C-1 acted out
sexually. Appellant denied observing that conduct or their regular use of foul
language, though she admitted that they would repeat bad words if they heard them.
Appellant believed that the children were on target developmentally when they were
removed.
Karen Coffman, the three oldest children’s therapist, said that D.D. was initially
very non-trusting and difficult to engage in play, that C-1 was very aggressive, difficult
to engage in play, and used inappropriate language, and that C-2 was extremely
anxious. All of them were “hypervigilant” and did not seem to know how to play,
which Coffman said was a sign of abuse or neglect because it shows that the children
are too busy guarding against danger to play. D.D. and C-1 both told Coffman that C.C.
had beaten them and that Appellant had beaten them with a belt; they both were afraid
of Appellant. Appellant denied beating the children with a belt but did admit to
spanking them. Coffman said that, in addition to witnessing C.B.’s assault of D.D., the
children were traumatized from previous incidents of seeing C.C. taken away by the
police and from different relatives coming in and out of their lives.
Also, C-1 disclosed to Coffman that C.C. had sexually abused her and that
Appellant had witnessed it. Appellant denied observing any sexual abuse. Appellant
In the Interest of D.D., C.C., C.C., and C.C., Children Page 9 testified that, at the time of trial, she was not in a relationship with C.C., but she had
been as recently as a month before. On occasion she had left C.C. to care for the
children, and there were times that C.C. had lived with them and that they had lived
with C.C. Appellant admitted that she had heard that C.C. had a drug problem. She
also admitted that there had been domestic violence incidents with C.C. and that he had
hit her once or twice in front of the children, though she later said that the children had
only witnessed verbal altercations.
While the children were in foster care, Appellant had supervised visitation.
Appellant said that she missed only a couple of visits, but Hudiburgh said that she
missed at least six. Hudiburgh said that in the visits, the children’s reaction to
Appellant showed a lack of bonding and that Appellant showed few parenting skills.
Also, the children would regress in their behavior and act out around Appellant. Over
time, Appellant’s interaction with the children improved, but the children were
exhibiting anxiety before Appellant’s visits and it took days for them to recover from
the emotional trauma. The Department thus stopped Appellant’s visitation with the
three oldest children on the recommendation of their therapist that the visitations were
emotionally traumatic and were impeding their therapeutic process.
Hudiburgh said that the three oldest children were doing “wonderfully” in
foster care and had progressed from being behind developmentally. C-3 was in a
separate foster home because the aggression of the older children posed a risk to her,
and her foster parents were considering adoption. No relative placements were found
to be suitable for the children. A potential adoptive home for the three oldest children
In the Interest of D.D., C.C., C.C., and C.C., Children Page 10 had been located.
Coffman, the children’s therapist, said that it would be detrimental to return the
children to Appellant; it would put them in emotional or physical danger, and it would
be very difficult for Appellant to regain the children’s trust. Coffman thought that
termination of Appellant’s parental rights was in the children’s best interest.
Appellant argues that she made mistakes with the children but that she has
learned from those mistakes and the children should thus be returned to her. Appellant
acknowledged that it would be difficult for the children if they were returned to her,
and her plan was that if they were returned, she would get her GED and then attend
nursing school. Appellant testified that it would be in the children’s best interest to
come home. She had started working on her GED when the children were removed but
stopped and did not finish. Following the children’s removal, Appellant lost her
subsidized apartment and moved to Washington, Texas and then to Bryan. At the time
of trial, Appellant had been living in an apartment in Bryan; her boyfriend had paid the
rent some of the time, but Appellant had recently been paying the bills. She was
working at a gas station for the last month and a half and mostly working the night
shift.
The children’s CASA volunteer, who had been assigned to the case since the
children had been removed, testified that it was in the children’s best interest for
Appellant’s parental rights to be terminated. While she had seen some temporary
improvement in Appellant’s parenting skills, she thought that Appellant was quick to
fall back into old habits. Hudiburgh said that it was also the Department’s
In the Interest of D.D., C.C., C.C., and C.C., Children Page 11 recommendation that Appellant’s parental rights be terminated and that it was in the
children’s best interest. Hudiburgh said that Appellant had not demonstrated that she
could provide a safe environment for the children because she had not complied with
her service plan and had not shown a willingness or ability to give them a safe or
appropriate home.
Considering all the evidence in relation to the Holley factors in the light most
favorable to the trial court’s finding, we hold that a reasonable factfinder could have
formed a firm belief or conviction that termination was in the children’s best interest.
For Appellant’s factual sufficiency complaint on best interest, after considering all of the
evidence, we hold that a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or
conviction that termination was in the children’s best interest. The evidence is legally
and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s best-interest finding.
We overrule Appellant’s fourth issue and affirm the trial court’s order of
termination.
REX D. DAVIS Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Davis, and Justice Scoggins Affirmed Opinion delivered and filed December 27, 2013 [CV06]
In the Interest of D.D., C.C., C.C., and C.C., Children Page 12