IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 16-0571 Filed May 25, 2016
IN THE INTEREST OF C.T., I.T., and M.N., Minor Children,
J.O., Mother, Appellant,
M.N., Father, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, David F.
Staudt, Judge.
A mother and father appeal separately from the order terminating their
parental rights. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.
Michele R. McCann of Snow, Knock, Sevcik & Hinze, Cedar Falls, for
appellant mother.
Nina M. Forcier of Forcier Law Office P.L.L.C., Waterloo, for appellant
father M.N.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee State.
Melissa A. Anderson-Seeber of the Juvenile Public Defender’s Office,
Waterloo, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor children.
Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Mullins and McDonald, JJ. 2
MULLINS, Judge.
The mother of three children, C.T., I.T., and M.N., and the father of M.N.
appeal separately from the juvenile court’s order terminating their parental
rights.1 Both parents argue the State failed to prove the statutory grounds for
termination by clear and convincing evidence and termination is not in the
children’s best interests. The mother also asserts she shares a bond with her
children that weighs against termination and the juvenile court should have
granted her an additional six months to work toward reunification. We affirm on
both appeals.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
The Iowa Department of Human Services became involved with the family
in September 2014 due to allegations the children were living in a bus at C.T.
and I.T.’s father’s auto repair shop and salvage yard. Around the same time,
local police were investigating a homicide at the business and discovered
methamphetamine and weapons accessible to the children. Following their
removal, M.N. tested positive for methamphetamine. He was placed with his
paternal grandmother while C.T. and I.T. were placed in family foster care. The
children were later adjudicated children in need of assistance (CINA).
At the time of removal, the father of M.N. was serving a twenty-year
sentence for a conviction of sexual abuse in the third degree. The mother had
1 At the time of the termination hearing, the father of C.T. and I.T. was serving a sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole for a conviction of first-degree murder. The juvenile court terminated his parental rights pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and (j) (2015). He filed an untimely notice of appeal, which the supreme court dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.101(1)(a); Robco Transp., Inc. v. Ritter, 356 N.W.2d 497, 498 (Iowa 1984). 3
been arrested for a violation of a no-contact order and charged with a probation
violation. She admitted to using methamphetamine daily for the year leading up
to the children’s removal and to suffering ongoing mental health issues. From
the time of the children’s removal through the termination hearing, the mother
was either incarcerated or living in a residential treatment facility.
In March 2016, the juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights
to her three children pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and (l) and the
father’s parental rights to M.N. pursuant to section 232.116(1)(e), (f), and (j). The
mother and father of M.N. separately appeal.
II. Standard of Review
We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. In re
M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 219 (Iowa 2016). “We are not bound by the juvenile
court’s findings of fact, but we do give them weight, especially in assessing the
credibility of witnesses.” Id. (quoting In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 110 (Iowa
2014)). Our primary consideration is the best interests of the children. See In re
J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 798 (Iowa 2006).
III. Analysis
“Our review of termination of parental rights under Iowa Code chapter 232
is a three-step analysis.” In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d at 219. First, we must
determine whether the State established the statutory grounds for termination by
clear and convincing evidence. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1); In re M.W., 876
N.W.2d at 219. Second, if the State established statutory grounds for
termination, we consider whether termination is in the children’s best interests
under section 232.116(2). See In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d at 219–20. Finally, we 4
consider whether any exceptions under section 232.116(3) weigh against
termination. See id. at 220.
A. Statutory Grounds
Both parents argue the State failed to prove the statutory grounds for
termination by clear and convincing evidence. When a court terminates parental
rights on more than one ground, we may affirm the order on any of the statutory
grounds supported by clear and convincing evidence. In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d
703, 707 (Iowa 2010).
Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) provides the court may terminate a
parent’s parental rights if the State proves by clear and convincing evidence the
child (1) is four years of age or older; (2) has been adjudicated CINA; (3) has
been removed from the physical custody of the parent for at least twelve of the
last eighteen months, or the last twelve consecutive months and any trial period
at home has been less than thirty days; and (4) cannot be returned to the
parent’s custody at the time of the termination hearing.
Neither parent disputes the first three elements; rather, both parents argue
the State failed to prove the final element—whether the children could be
returned to the custody of a parent.2 The father concedes he was not available
to parent M.N. at the time of the termination hearing due to his incarceration but
contends M.N. could have been returned to the custody of the mother within a
reasonable period of time following the termination hearing. The mother also
2 The State contends the parents failed to preserve error on this issue because the mother did not request the immediate return of the children at the time of the termination hearing but rather requested permanency be deferred for a period of six months pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.104. We assume without deciding the issue was preserved and reach the merits. 5
asserts that, although she was confined to a correctional facility at the time of the
termination hearing, she was released shortly thereafter and “[o]nce living in the
community, [she] would have [had] the opportunity to fully engage in the case
plan and progress rapidly toward reunification.” We cannot ignore the plain
language of the statute. It is undisputed the children could not be returned to the
custody of either the mother or the father at the time of the termination hearing
due to their incarceration.
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 16-0571 Filed May 25, 2016
IN THE INTEREST OF C.T., I.T., and M.N., Minor Children,
J.O., Mother, Appellant,
M.N., Father, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, David F.
Staudt, Judge.
A mother and father appeal separately from the order terminating their
parental rights. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.
Michele R. McCann of Snow, Knock, Sevcik & Hinze, Cedar Falls, for
appellant mother.
Nina M. Forcier of Forcier Law Office P.L.L.C., Waterloo, for appellant
father M.N.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee State.
Melissa A. Anderson-Seeber of the Juvenile Public Defender’s Office,
Waterloo, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor children.
Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Mullins and McDonald, JJ. 2
MULLINS, Judge.
The mother of three children, C.T., I.T., and M.N., and the father of M.N.
appeal separately from the juvenile court’s order terminating their parental
rights.1 Both parents argue the State failed to prove the statutory grounds for
termination by clear and convincing evidence and termination is not in the
children’s best interests. The mother also asserts she shares a bond with her
children that weighs against termination and the juvenile court should have
granted her an additional six months to work toward reunification. We affirm on
both appeals.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
The Iowa Department of Human Services became involved with the family
in September 2014 due to allegations the children were living in a bus at C.T.
and I.T.’s father’s auto repair shop and salvage yard. Around the same time,
local police were investigating a homicide at the business and discovered
methamphetamine and weapons accessible to the children. Following their
removal, M.N. tested positive for methamphetamine. He was placed with his
paternal grandmother while C.T. and I.T. were placed in family foster care. The
children were later adjudicated children in need of assistance (CINA).
At the time of removal, the father of M.N. was serving a twenty-year
sentence for a conviction of sexual abuse in the third degree. The mother had
1 At the time of the termination hearing, the father of C.T. and I.T. was serving a sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole for a conviction of first-degree murder. The juvenile court terminated his parental rights pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and (j) (2015). He filed an untimely notice of appeal, which the supreme court dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.101(1)(a); Robco Transp., Inc. v. Ritter, 356 N.W.2d 497, 498 (Iowa 1984). 3
been arrested for a violation of a no-contact order and charged with a probation
violation. She admitted to using methamphetamine daily for the year leading up
to the children’s removal and to suffering ongoing mental health issues. From
the time of the children’s removal through the termination hearing, the mother
was either incarcerated or living in a residential treatment facility.
In March 2016, the juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights
to her three children pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and (l) and the
father’s parental rights to M.N. pursuant to section 232.116(1)(e), (f), and (j). The
mother and father of M.N. separately appeal.
II. Standard of Review
We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. In re
M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 219 (Iowa 2016). “We are not bound by the juvenile
court’s findings of fact, but we do give them weight, especially in assessing the
credibility of witnesses.” Id. (quoting In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 110 (Iowa
2014)). Our primary consideration is the best interests of the children. See In re
J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 798 (Iowa 2006).
III. Analysis
“Our review of termination of parental rights under Iowa Code chapter 232
is a three-step analysis.” In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d at 219. First, we must
determine whether the State established the statutory grounds for termination by
clear and convincing evidence. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1); In re M.W., 876
N.W.2d at 219. Second, if the State established statutory grounds for
termination, we consider whether termination is in the children’s best interests
under section 232.116(2). See In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d at 219–20. Finally, we 4
consider whether any exceptions under section 232.116(3) weigh against
termination. See id. at 220.
A. Statutory Grounds
Both parents argue the State failed to prove the statutory grounds for
termination by clear and convincing evidence. When a court terminates parental
rights on more than one ground, we may affirm the order on any of the statutory
grounds supported by clear and convincing evidence. In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d
703, 707 (Iowa 2010).
Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) provides the court may terminate a
parent’s parental rights if the State proves by clear and convincing evidence the
child (1) is four years of age or older; (2) has been adjudicated CINA; (3) has
been removed from the physical custody of the parent for at least twelve of the
last eighteen months, or the last twelve consecutive months and any trial period
at home has been less than thirty days; and (4) cannot be returned to the
parent’s custody at the time of the termination hearing.
Neither parent disputes the first three elements; rather, both parents argue
the State failed to prove the final element—whether the children could be
returned to the custody of a parent.2 The father concedes he was not available
to parent M.N. at the time of the termination hearing due to his incarceration but
contends M.N. could have been returned to the custody of the mother within a
reasonable period of time following the termination hearing. The mother also
2 The State contends the parents failed to preserve error on this issue because the mother did not request the immediate return of the children at the time of the termination hearing but rather requested permanency be deferred for a period of six months pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.104. We assume without deciding the issue was preserved and reach the merits. 5
asserts that, although she was confined to a correctional facility at the time of the
termination hearing, she was released shortly thereafter and “[o]nce living in the
community, [she] would have [had] the opportunity to fully engage in the case
plan and progress rapidly toward reunification.” We cannot ignore the plain
language of the statute. It is undisputed the children could not be returned to the
custody of either the mother or the father at the time of the termination hearing
due to their incarceration. Accordingly, we affirm the termination of the mother’s
and father’s parental rights on statutory grounds under section 232.116(1)(f).
B. Best Interests
The parents next contend termination of their parental rights was not in the
children’s best interests under Iowa Code section 232.116(2).3 Even if a
statutory ground for termination is met under section 232.116(1), a decision to
terminate must still be in the best interests of the children under section
232.116(2). In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d at 224.
We have thoroughly reviewed the record before us “giv[ing] primary
consideration to the child[ren]’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the
long-term nurturing and growth of the child[ren], and to the physical, mental, and
emotional condition and needs of the child[ren].” Iowa Code § 232.116(2). At
the time of the termination hearing, both the mother and the father were
incarcerated. The father was serving a twenty-year sentence and, although the
father had had contact with M.N., who was placed with the father’s mother, he
had never met the child.
3 The State again contends neither parent preserved error on this issue. Assuming without deciding that error has been preserved, we reach the merits of the issue. 6
The mother was discharged shortly after the termination hearing.
Following the children’s removal, the mother admitted she had used illegal
substances—including methamphetamine, marijuana, and cocaine—since 2009,
and had used approximately one gram of methamphetamine daily in the year
leading up to the removal. She completed substance abuse treatment but
subsequently tested positive for marijuana. She took steps toward mental health
treatment on several occasions but failed to follow through. She visited with the
children only fifteen times between their removal and the termination hearing and
did not see them for the five months leading up to the hearing. She did not have
stable housing or employment and could not provide for the emotional needs of
her children. “It is well-settled law that we cannot deprive a child of permanency
after the State has proved a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) by
hoping someday a parent will learn to be a parent and be able to provide a stable
home for the child.” In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 777 (Iowa 2012) (quoting In re
P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 41 (Iowa 2010)). “It is simply not in the best interests of
children to continue to keep them in temporary foster homes while the natural
parents get their lives together.” Id. at 778 (citation omitted).
All of the children are happy, healthy, and thriving in their placements.
C.T. and I.T. are bonded with their foster family. M.N. is bonded to his
grandmother, who wishes to adopt him. “[A]t some point, the rights and needs of
the children rise above the rights and needs of the parent[s].” In re C.S., 776
N.W.2d 297, 300 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009). Upon our de novo review, we find
termination of the parents’ parental rights is in the children’s best interests. 7
C. Exceptions to Termination
“Once we have established that the termination of parental rights is in the
children’s best interests, the last step of our analysis is to determine whether any
exceptions in section 232.116(3) apply to preclude the termination.” In re M.W.,
876 N.W.2d at 225. The mother asserts an exception under section 232.116(3)
applies because she has a strong bond with her children. See Iowa Code
§ 232.116(3)(c) (providing a court may decide not to terminate a parent’s
parental rights if “[t]here is clear and convincing evidence that the termination
would be detrimental to the child[ren] at the time due to the closeness of the
parent-child relationship[s].”). “‘The factors weighing against termination in
section 232.116(3) are permissive, not mandatory,’ and the court may use its
discretion, ‘based on the unique circumstances of each case and the best
interests of the child[ren], whether to apply the factors in this section to save the
parent-child relationship[s].’” In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d at 113 (citation omitted).
The record shows the mother did not have a close relationship with her
children such that termination would be detrimental to them. She had not seen
her children for over five months at the time of the termination hearing because
she had failed to complete the five-and-a-half hours of community service
required of her to have day visits with her children and had had her probation
revoked. Accordingly, we find no permissive factors under section 232.116(3)
exist weighing against termination of the mother’s parental rights.
D. Additional Six Months
The mother also argues the juvenile court should have granted her an
additional six months to work toward reunification with her children. In order to 8
extend a child’s placement for an additional six months, the juvenile court must
find the need for removal will no longer exist at the end of the six-month period.
See Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b).
There is nothing in the record to indicate the circumstances would be such
that the need for removal would no longer exist at the end of six months. See id.
Accordingly, we affirm the juvenile court’s denial of the mother’s request for an
additional six months.
AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.