In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
__________________
NO. 09-19-00032-CV __________________
IN THE INTEREST OF A.T.M., L.C.M, and J.M.M.
__________________________________________________________________
On Appeal from the 410th District Court Montgomery County, Texas Trial Cause No. 15-01-00518-CV __________________________________________________________________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Father appeals the trial court’s order in this suit to modify the parent-child
relationship with his three minor children, A.T.M., L.C.M., and J.M.M.1 In three
issues, Father asks: (1) whether the trial judge’s conduct and comments during trial
denied Father his right to a fair trial before an impartial judge; (2) whether the trial
court abused its discretion by failing to recuse itself from hearing Father’s motion
for new trial; and (3) whether the trial court abused its discretion by failing to confer
1 In order to protect the privacy rights of the parties involved in this suit to modify the parent-child relationship, we identify the children by their initials and other individuals by pseudonyms. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 109.002(d). 1 with one of the children, A.T.M., then 12 years of age, pursuant to Texas Family
Code section 153.009(a). After careful consideration of each issue, we affirm the
trial court’s modification order.
I. Background
A. Procedural History
Father and Mother divorced on March 17, 2015. Three children were born of
the marriage, A.T.M., L.C.M., and J.M.M. In August of 2016, Mother filed suit to
modify the parent-child relationship, and the trial judge ultimately signed an agreed
order between the parties on December 13, 2016. In 2017, the parties began having
difficulties communicating.
In July of 2017, Father sought to modify a prior child support order, followed
by a request for emergency temporary orders filed in August of 2017 after A.T.M.
reported inappropriate conduct by Mother’s fiancé, Trevor. The conduct that A.T.M.
reported included Trevor walking around Mother’s home naked, revealing his
genitals in the presence of the children, and playing inappropriate games with the
children. A trial judge entered an ex parte restraining order which prohibited Trevor
from being in the children’s presence. Following a hearing, the trial judge entered a
temporary order appointing Father and Mother joint managing conservators with
Mother having the right to designate the children’s primary residence during the
pendency of the case but prohibiting Trevor from being in the home while the
2 children were present, and requiring a custody evaluation, among other things. The
trial court later entered an agreed order appointing a custody evaluator.
Mother filed a counterpetition seeking sole managing conservatorship. In an
amended petition, Father requested that he be appointed as the person to designate
the children’s primary residence, or in the alternative, that he be appointed joint
managing conservator with an expanded standard possession order, along with
reimbursement for overpayment of child support.
Both parents filed motions requesting that the judge confer with the children
“to determine the children’s wishes” as to custody and conservatorship. 2 They each
requested that the record of the interview be made part of a record in the case.
B. Trial Proceedings
A visiting judge presided over the bench trial. The parties stipulated to a
geographic restriction for purposes of designating the children’s residence and to a
permanent injunction prohibiting Trevor from being in the home while the children
2 Father also filed an emergency motion for the judge to confer immediately with the children shortly after the hearing on the temporary orders and over a year before trial. In his emergency motion to confer, Father complained that A.T.M. reported Mother may have been discussing matters with the children in violation of the temporary orders and sought to have the court determine whether the children were endangered and if further orders were “necessary to protect the children during the pendency of this case.” There is nothing in the record to indicate the judge ever conferred with the children on an emergent basis. 3 were present.3 The only issues remaining for the trial court to determine were
possession, access, communication, and a co-parenting coordinator.
1. Testimony of Dr. Lesley Compton
The first witness to testify at trial was Dr. Lesley Compton, a licensed
psychologist and the children’s counselor. In 2017, Father first contacted her about
A.T.M., who began having difficulty getting along with his siblings and friends. Dr.
Compton observed that the children experienced conflicts when dealing with divorce
issues in the separate households and outlined some of the differences the children
reported in the homes.
In July 2017, A.T.M. reported for the first time that Trevor sometimes walked
around the house naked and would expose his genitals outside of his pants which Dr.
Compton described as “unusual” and “inappropriate behavior.” She consulted with
another psychologist, and they concluded that while inappropriate, Trevor’s
behavior did not rise to the level of being abusive at that time and did not necessitate
that they call CPS. The boys reported that Mother suggested to Trevor that he stop,
but he disregarded Mother’s rules.
3 While there was extensive testimony regarding Trevor’s inappropriate conduct, because Mother stipulated to a permanent injunction prohibiting him from being around the children, we only discuss the portions of this testimony necessary for an understanding of the remaining issues between the parties and what gave rise to the modification proceeding. 4 Dr. Compton testified that A.T.M. had difficulties transitioning between his
parents’ homes. Dr. Compton also described issues A.T.M. had with his Mother
involving phone calls, questioning why he did not want to come to her house, and
what he perceived as Mother’s disparate treatment between him and his brothers.
Dr. Compton provided testimony regarding the parents’ significant others.
A.T.M. reported that if he had a problem at Father’s house, he felt he could speak
with Sandra, Father’s girlfriend, but A.T.M. did not feel the same about Mother. Dr.
Compton described the children’s relationship with Sandra as “a good relationship.”
Dr. Compton testified that by the end of September, Trevor “was not in the picture,”
but A.T.M. continued to express concerns about Mother’s relationship with him.
A.T.M. also questioned why Mother did not believe him and his siblings and why
she “chooses [Trevor] over us.” Dr. Compton testified that based on A.T.M.’s
comments, A.T.M. felt there was a rift between himself and Mother.
Dr. Compton testified that A.T.M. preferred to spend more time at Father’s
house, but he felt guilty about that. He asked Dr. Compton how old he had to be to
choose which parent he wanted to live with and expressed his preference to live with
Father and visit Mother on special occasions.
Dr. Compton testified that the children were “in good emotional health.” She
said A.T.M., as the oldest, is more sensitive, has a “little bit of anxiety[,]” and wants
to make both parents happy. Dr. Compton described instances of medical treatment
5 that the parents disagreed on for the children. Dr. Compton diagnosed A.T.M. “with
an adjustment disorder with depressed mood.”
Dr. Compton was familiar with the concept of alienation and acknowledged
that if a parent was doing that, it was not healthy. She agreed that it could result in
the loss of a proper parent-child relationship and that if Father told the children not
to text Mother or blocked phone calls, that would be inappropriate alienating
behavior on the Father’s part. She explained that alienating behavior creates division
in a family and could cause a child to have an emotional reaction.
Dr. Compton said that Mother’s structured routine around bedtimes and eating
meals together was good for the children. Dr. Compton testified that the children
need both parents to support them and work together but Mother and Father do not
do this, and “that’s the huge issue.” Dr. Compton did not see any evidence that
Mother and Father are able to co-parent and felt co-parenting counseling would
benefit both parents.
2. Testimony of Dr. Kit Harrison, Custody Evaluator
Dr. Kit Harrison, the custody evaluator, also testified. As part of his
evaluation, Dr. Harrison interviewed the children, both parents, the parents’
significant others, grandparents, and Trevor’s mother. Dr. Harrison found there was
some evidence of abuse by Trevor, but he did not find abuse in the home and
understood Trevor was no longer in the home. He testified there was “cause to be
6 concerned about the living arrangements in mom’s home[,]” but “at the very end of
[the] evaluation, those were about to be remedied.”
He also spoke with Dr. Compton and reviewed her records. Dr. Harrison
explained that while he found Dr. Compton “to be fairly neutral[,]” Mother “always
perceived the therapist as being aligned against her” and advised both attorneys that
it was “preferable that they had someone that both parties selected.”
Dr. Harrison testified that Father was not an active Father until sometime in
2016 and explained that Father wanted to be the father he never had, which he
described as a “reaction formation.” Dr. Harrison described Father as “attentive[,]
. . . playful[,] . . . boyish[,] . . . permissive, and he has anxiety when it’s time to crack
down.” He also explained that Father felt Mother focused her efforts toward her
relationship with Trevor at the expense of the kids, whereas Mother believed
Father’s behavior was an attempt to alienate the children from her because of her
life changes.
Dr. Harrison confirmed that in July 2017, A.T.M. and L.C.M. reported to
Father that Trevor struck them in the genitals. Dr. Harrison indicated Father became
angry and contacted CPS and the sheriff’s department, which was a reasonable
response. He testified that Mother minimized Trevor’s conduct and tended to deny
it happened, but she was also a victim of Trevor’s deception. Dr. Harrison agreed
that a conflict developed between the older two boys regarding Mother’s relationship
7 with Trevor, which he characterized as “a normal feeling in a blended family.” Dr.
Harrison explained there was a “confluence of those issues on top of the
inappropriate behavior from [Trevor.]”
Dr. Harrison testified that A.T.M. wanted to live with Father. He also agreed
that Father “unintentionally” was an alienator and exercised “some undue influence”
of A.T.M. Dr. Harrison felt the rift between A.T.M., L.C.M. and Mother is Father’s
responsibility, as well as Mother’s. Dr. Harrison testified positively about Sandra,
Father’s girlfriend, and described her as a “stabilizing influence.”
Dr. Harrison indicated that blocking the children’s phones at the carrier level,
such that Mother could not reach the children even when they were in her possession,
would be “[h]ighly inappropriate.” Dr. Harrison was not surprised that the
relationship between Mother and A.T.M. wavered since the phones were blocked;
she could not call or text the children nor could they contact her, but Father had
unfettered access. He agreed that Father “caused or participated” in a lot of the
problem. Dr. Harrison explained that a parent must not use conservatorship powers
and access to a child to interfere with that child’s relationship with the other parent,
and Father doing so “was a mistake.” By helping A.T.M. prevent Mother from
looking at his phone, Father helped align A.T.M. with himself, and A.T.M. “sees a
powerful ally” in Father.
8 Dr. Harrison described A.T.M. as “a ball of anxiety about [Father]” and
explained that A.T.M. was very insecure in his attachment with Father, because in
the past, Father was not there for him. Dr. Harrison testified that A.T.M. and Father
are trying to make up for it now and described these attempts as “inartful,”
suggesting that the only way to form a secure attachment in an older child like
A.T.M. is to become “predictable.” Dr. Harrison testified that Father “reacts to
situations” and agreed this included cutting off cell phones, blocking Mother, and
sending nasty emails.
Dr. Harrison testified that the kids are “extremely attached” to Mother, but
she also reacts to environmental circumstances and panicked when A.T.M. started
pulling back from the relationship. He also testified that A.T.M.’s mood deteriorated
as he became more adamant about not spending time with Mother. He testified that
A.T.M. was secure in his attachment with Mother and knew she would be there, but
A.T.M. was worried about Father. He agreed that Father instructing the children not
to speak to Mother was potentially alienating behavior but disagreed that Father was
evilly motivated to segregate the kids from Mother. However, Dr. Harrison testified
that Father tried “to increase his bond and attachment with the kids and decrease
their bond with Mom.” Father had a rule that the kids could not call or text Mother,
which he described as “a bad idea.”
9 Dr. Harrison agreed that Mother was emotionally reluctant to be around
Father due to abusive emails he sent to her and to third parties, including her
employer. He stated these emails to third parties was part of Father’s “exhilaration
of reentering the kids’ lives and the righteous indignation that goes therewith.” Dr.
Harrison testified that in custody cases, “you don’t mess with . . . your ex-spouse’s
employment[,]” because “it’s in everyone’s best interest for each parent to be
gainfully employed.”
He testified that the parties should remain joint managing conservators. Dr.
Harrison ultimately recommended that the children continue having primary
residence with Mother and have liberal visitation with an expanded possession order
for Father. Dr. Harrison testified that if Mother was to retain this right, there should
be a permanent injunction preventing Trevor from being in the home when the
children are present, to which Mother stipulated. Dr. Harrison testified that both
parents had strengths that would include them as being managing conservators and
both have weaknesses that in some ways would disqualify them; he felt “either could
do the job.” He testified that conflict was the problem for the children, not the lack
of co-parenting—naming someone sole managing conservator was not a good idea
and would not eliminate the conflict in this case. Dr. Harrison also confirmed that
both parents “indisputably” loved the children. Dr. Harrison explained that the
reason he recommended Mother remain as primary conservator was due to her
10 history of caretaking, and he focused on J.M.M. as the “neediest of the children”
who should be with his mother, which tipped the scale. Dr. Harrison testified that
neither Mother nor Father co-parent very well and he did not see that they could do
so soon without further assistance, which necessitated a parenting coordinator.
Dr. Harrison testified that Father “absolutely” engages in alienating behavior,
and Mother gets desperate, but Dr. Harrison did not see that Father had an “evil
motive.” He confirmed that the outcry about Trevor is what instigated the custody
litigation “for the most part,” but added there were financial issues as well. Dr.
Harrison also felt that Trevor “was playing” Mother and not engaging in behavior
she would observe directly.
3. Trial Judge’s Comments
There are several specific comments by the trial judge that warrant a
background discussion as Father complains of them on appeal. In the first exchange,
Mother’s counsel noted that the trial judge was “one of the first people to hold my
firstborn son when I was walking around in court[,]” and “we all go way back[.]”
Father contends the “relationship could reasonably be viewed by the public as one
wherein the judge would be willing to treat the attorney with more favoritism than
she would an attorney who did not have such extensive contact.”
The second complained-of comment involved a discussion regarding the
potential future scenario that the children may desire tattoos and a recommendation
11 by the custody evaluator that both parents must provide written consent, which they
agreed to. During this discussion, the following exchange took place:
THE COURT: Could we get [Father] a pair of gloves? He needs some gloves.
FATHER’S COUNSEL: Judge, that is highly fashionable these days.
THE COURT: Oh, I know it.
Father argues that his hands are tattooed, and the judge’s comments show a prejudice
against him because of that.
Lastly, he complains that his attorney and the trial judge repeatedly asked him
if he would agree to allow the trial court to rule and waive his opportunity to present
more evidence. After Dr. Compton and Dr. Harrison testified, the trial judge
indicated she was prepared to rule. Father took the stand, and his attorney advised
him that he had the right to put on additional evidence, including “the right to insist
that the Court interview these children in chambers[,]” which Father indicated he
understood. At that point, Father’s counsel recommended that Father allow the trial
judge to rule. Initially, Father expressed some confusion about whether he would be
agreeing to the actual ruling or simply agreeing that the judge could make a ruling
without additional evidence. Following a lengthy discussion and a recess, which
allowed Father the opportunity to consult and confer with counsel, Father agreed on
the record to waive putting on additional evidence and agreed the judge could rule.
12 The pertinent portion of this exchange follows:
Q. (COUNSEL) And, [Father], earlier I asked you some questions about whether you wanted to -- or whether you insist on putting on more evidence before the Court concerning this case. Do you remember that?
A. Yes.
THE COURT. I’m asking for Tracy’s gun.
Q. (COUNSEL) Okay. You were asked if it was okay -- if the Judge could make a ruling now and you waived putting on any further evidence in this case? And that would be contingent, of course, on --
Q. -- [Mother] asking the Court to do the same thing.
Q. Are you okay with this?
Q. Are you saying it’s okay right now for the Court to rule in this case?
Father argues that he was confused, did not understand what he was agreeing to, and
only after the trial judge asked the bailiff for his gun did he agree to waive putting
on any other evidence. Mother also agreed to allow the trial judge to rule without
putting on any additional evidence.
13 4. Trial Court’s Ruling and Order
The modification order provided that (1) Father and Mother would remain
joint managing conservators, (2) Mother would have the right to designate the
children’s primary residence within a restricted geographic area, and (3) Father
would have expanded possession. Following entry of the modification order, Father
filed a motion for new trial and a motion to recuse based on certain comments the
trial judge made during the trial and her long-standing friendship with Mother’s
attorney. The trial judge immediately referred the motion to recuse to the presiding
judge for the administrative region. The presiding judge denied the motion to recuse.
The motion for new trial was overruled by operation of law. Father timely appealed.
II. Analysis
A. Issue One: Trial Judge’s Comments
In his first issue, Father argues that he was deprived of a fair trial by an
unbiased judge and points to the trial judge’s comments and friendship with
Mother’s attorney. We determine this issue has not been preserved for our review.
During the bench trial, Father was required to preserve his complaints about
the trial judge’s comments by objecting when the allegedly improper comments
were made. See Tex. R. App. 33.1(a); In re Estate of Parrimore, No. 14-14-00820-
CV, 2016 WL 750293, at *12 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 25, 2016, no
pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that in a bench trial appellant was required to object to
14 improper comments when they were made); see also Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46
S.W.3d 237, 240–41 (Tex. 2001) (explaining that during jury trial appellant was
required to object to improper comments when they were made). Father failed to
object during the trial to these allegedly improper comments. Instead, he first raised
the complaints almost thirty days after the judgment was signed in his motion to
recuse and motion for new trial. This was not sufficient to preserve these complaints
for our review. See In re I.C., No. 02-15-00300-CV, 2016 WL 1394539, at *13 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth Apr. 7, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (concluding that motion to
recuse filed the day after the allegedly improper comments failed to preserve error).
Because Father failed to contemporaneously object to these comments, he has failed
to preserve this issue for our review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a).
B. Issue Two: Motion to Recuse
In his second issue, Father contends that the trial court abused its discretion
by failing to recuse herself from hearing his motion for new trial, because her
“impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” 4 The trial judge referred the matter
to the presiding judge, who denied the motion to recuse.
We review the denial of a motion to recuse for an abuse of discretion. See Tex.
R. Civ. P. 18a(j)(1)(A); Vickery v. Vickery, 999 S.W.2d 342, 349 (Tex. 1999) (op.
4 Because it is unclear from the briefing whether Appellant is complaining about the denial of the motion to recuse generally based on alleged impartiality or the trial judge’s refusal to recuse herself and rather refer the matter, we address both. 15 on reh’g). This test is not whether the reviewing court believes the facts present an
appropriate case for the trial court’s action, but instead is a question of whether a
trial court acted without reference to any guiding rules or principles. Woodruff v.
Wright, 51 S.W.3d 727, 736 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2001, pet. denied).
Upon receiving a motion to recuse, a trial judge has two choices: (1) they can
sign an order of recusal; or (2) refer the motion to the regional presiding judge. See
Tex. R. Civ. P. 18a(f)(1)(A)–(B). Here, the trial judge’s referral of the motion to
recuse to the regional presiding judge was expressly authorized by the Texas Rules
of Civil Procedure. See id. Accordingly, the trial judge did not abuse her discretion
by acting without reference to any guiding rules or principles when she refused to
recuse herself and instead referred the matter to the regional presiding judge. See id.
We overrule Father’s second issue.
C. Issue Three: Motion to Confer Pursuant to 153.009(a)
In his third issue, Father argues that the trial court abused its discretion by
failing to confer with A.T.M. Specifically, Father contends that despite filing a
motion to confer pursuant to Texas Family Code section 153.009(a), the trial court
refused to do so. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.009(a) (providing that upon
request, the trial court shall interview in chambers a child twelve years of age or
older regarding the child’s wishes as to the person who shall have the right to
designate the child’s primary residence). Father argues that the trial court’s failure
16 to interview A.T.M. constituted an abuse of discretion, because the child was older
than twelve at the time of trial. In support of this contention, Father directs us to In
re McPeak. 525 S.W.3d 310 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.). In
that case, the court determined that the trial judge’s failure to confer with the child
constituted an abuse of discretion. See id. at 315–16. However, in the present case,
counsel apprised Father of his right to insist that the trial judge confer with the child
on the record, yet Father agreed to allow the judge to rule without doing so. Father
cannot now complain that the trial court ruled without conferring with the children
nor has he shown any harm in its failure to do so. See Tex. R. App. 44.1(a). On the
contrary, Father requested that he have the right to designate the children’s
residence, or in the alternative, that the parties continue as joint managing
conservators with him receiving expanded possession. The trial court’s order gave
him the alternative relief he requested.
We overrule Father’s third issue.
III. Conclusion
We hold Father failed to preserve error by contemporaneously objecting to
the trial court’s comments. We further hold that the trial judge acted within her
discretion by referring the motion to recuse to the presiding judge for the
administrative region. Finally, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
by not conferring with A.T.M. based on Father’s knowing agreement on the record
17 to forego the submission of additional evidence and further failed to show how he
was harmed by the trial judge’s failure to confer with the child. We affirm the trial
court’s modification order.
AFFIRMED.
_________________________ CHARLES KREGER Justice
Submitted on March 12, 2020 Opinion Delivered September 24, 2020
Before Kreger, Horton and Johnson, JJ.