IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-17-00006-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF A.N. AND K.N., CHILDREN
From the 249th District Court Johnson County, Texas Trial Court No. DC-D201600051
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Jeremy N. appeals from a judgment that terminated the parent-child relationship
between him and his children, A.N. and K.N.1 After hearing all the evidence, the trial
court found by clear and convincing evidence that Jeremy (1) knowingly placed or
knowingly allowed the children to remain in conditions or surroundings that endanger
the children, (2) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the children with persons who
engaged in conduct that endangers the children, (3) had been convicted or placed on
community supervision, including deferred adjudication community supervision, for
being criminally responsible for the death or serious injury of a child under section 22.04
1Jessica N. is the mother of A.N. and K.N. She executed a voluntary relinquishment of her parental rights and is not a party to this appeal. of the Penal Code TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001 (b) (1) (D) (E) (L) (West Supp. 2016).
The trial court further found by clear and convincing evidence that termination was in
the best interest of the children. We affirm.
Facts
Jeremy is the father of J.N.; twin boys, M.N. and M.N.; and twins A.N. and K.N.
A.N. and K.N were born on November 23, 2015. On January 23, 2016, Jeremy was
convicted for injury to a child and sentenced to seventy-five years confinement for
injuries M.N. received as a result of being shaken. This Court affirmed Jeremy’s
conviction on May 17, 2017 in Cause No. 10-16-00222-CR. Jeremy’s parental rights were
terminated to J.N. and M.N., and M.N., and this Court affirmed the trial court’s order of
termination for those children on February 22, 2017 in Cause No. 10-16-00234-CV.
Jeremy was incarcerated for the offense of injury to a child at the time A.N. and
K.N. were born, and he remained incarcerated during the pendency of the case. Jeremy
was never allowed visitation with A.N. and K.N. The children were removed from the
parents while they were still in the hospital and have been in foster care since being
released from the hospital.
Standard of Review
In eight issues Jeremy argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient
to support the trial court’s findings on each of the grounds for termination. Only one
predicate act under section 161.001 (b) (1) is necessary to support a judgment of
termination in addition to the required finding that termination is in the child's best
In the Interest of A.N. and K.N. Page 2 interest. In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex.2003). In conducting a legal sufficiency
review in a parental termination case:
[A] court should look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true. To give appropriate deference to the factfinder's conclusion and the role of a court conducting a legal sufficiency review, looking at the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment means that a reviewing court must assume that the factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so. A corollary to this requirement is that a court should disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved or found to be incredible. This does not mean that a court must disregard all evidence that does not support the finding. Disregarding undisputed facts that do not support the finding could skew the analysis of whether there is clear and convincing evidence.
In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex.2005) (per curiam) (quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d
256, 266 (Tex.2002)) (emphasis in J.P.B.).
In a factual sufficiency review,
[A] court of appeals must give due consideration to evidence that the factfinder could reasonably have found to be clear and convincing.... [T]he inquiry must be "whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the State's allegations." A court of appeals should consider whether disputed evidence is such that a reasonable factfinder could not have resolved that disputed evidence in favor of its finding. If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266-67 (Tex.2002) (quoting In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25
(Tex.2002)) (internal footnotes omitted) (alterations added).
In the Interest of A.N. and K.N. Page 3 Conviction for Injury to a Child
In the fifth and sixth issues, Jeremy complains that the evidence is legally and
factually insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that he was convicted of a crime
under Section 22.04 of the Texas Penal Code. Section 161.001 (b) (1) (L) of the Texas
Family Code allows termination of the parent-child relationship if the parent has:
been convicted or has been placed on community supervision, including deferred adjudication community supervision, for being criminally responsible for the death or serious injury of a child under the following sections of the Penal Code, or under a law of another jurisdiction that contains elements that are substantially similar to the elements of an offense under one of the following Penal Code sections, or adjudicated under Title 3 for conduct that caused the death or serious injury of a child and that would constitute a violation of one of the following Penal Code sections: …
(ix) Section 22.04 (injury to a child, elderly individual, or disabled individual);
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001 (b) (1) (L) (West Supp. 2016).
Jeremy argues that because his criminal conviction was being appealed it could
not be used as a ground for termination. In Rian v. Texas Department of Family and
Protective Services, the Austin Court of Appeals considered whether Section 161.001 (b)
(1) (L) had a finality requirement before it could be used as a ground for termination.
See Rian v. Tex. Dep't of Family and Protective Services, No. 03-08-00155-CV, 2009 Tex. App.
LEXIS 5925 at *3 (Tex.App.—Austin July 31, 2009, pet. denied). The court concluded that
the legislature intended to permit termination under section 161.001 based on conviction
without regard to whether appeals were exhausted. Rian v. Tex. Dep't of Family and
Protective Services, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 5925 at *6. The Amarillo Court of Appeals
In the Interest of A.N. and K.N. Page 4 agreed with the analysis in Rian v. Texas Department of Family and Protective Services and
held that Section 161.001 (b) (1) (L) does not require that the appeal of the conviction be
exhausted. In the Interest of T.C.C.H., No. 07-11-00179-CV, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 10134 at
*24 (Tex. App. – Amarillo December 22, 2011, no pet.).
We also hold that Section 161.001 (b) (1) (L) does not require that all appeals be
exhausted before the conviction can be used for termination. We overrule the fifth and
sixth issues.
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IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-17-00006-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF A.N. AND K.N., CHILDREN
From the 249th District Court Johnson County, Texas Trial Court No. DC-D201600051
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Jeremy N. appeals from a judgment that terminated the parent-child relationship
between him and his children, A.N. and K.N.1 After hearing all the evidence, the trial
court found by clear and convincing evidence that Jeremy (1) knowingly placed or
knowingly allowed the children to remain in conditions or surroundings that endanger
the children, (2) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the children with persons who
engaged in conduct that endangers the children, (3) had been convicted or placed on
community supervision, including deferred adjudication community supervision, for
being criminally responsible for the death or serious injury of a child under section 22.04
1Jessica N. is the mother of A.N. and K.N. She executed a voluntary relinquishment of her parental rights and is not a party to this appeal. of the Penal Code TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001 (b) (1) (D) (E) (L) (West Supp. 2016).
The trial court further found by clear and convincing evidence that termination was in
the best interest of the children. We affirm.
Facts
Jeremy is the father of J.N.; twin boys, M.N. and M.N.; and twins A.N. and K.N.
A.N. and K.N were born on November 23, 2015. On January 23, 2016, Jeremy was
convicted for injury to a child and sentenced to seventy-five years confinement for
injuries M.N. received as a result of being shaken. This Court affirmed Jeremy’s
conviction on May 17, 2017 in Cause No. 10-16-00222-CR. Jeremy’s parental rights were
terminated to J.N. and M.N., and M.N., and this Court affirmed the trial court’s order of
termination for those children on February 22, 2017 in Cause No. 10-16-00234-CV.
Jeremy was incarcerated for the offense of injury to a child at the time A.N. and
K.N. were born, and he remained incarcerated during the pendency of the case. Jeremy
was never allowed visitation with A.N. and K.N. The children were removed from the
parents while they were still in the hospital and have been in foster care since being
released from the hospital.
Standard of Review
In eight issues Jeremy argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient
to support the trial court’s findings on each of the grounds for termination. Only one
predicate act under section 161.001 (b) (1) is necessary to support a judgment of
termination in addition to the required finding that termination is in the child's best
In the Interest of A.N. and K.N. Page 2 interest. In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex.2003). In conducting a legal sufficiency
review in a parental termination case:
[A] court should look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true. To give appropriate deference to the factfinder's conclusion and the role of a court conducting a legal sufficiency review, looking at the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment means that a reviewing court must assume that the factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so. A corollary to this requirement is that a court should disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved or found to be incredible. This does not mean that a court must disregard all evidence that does not support the finding. Disregarding undisputed facts that do not support the finding could skew the analysis of whether there is clear and convincing evidence.
In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex.2005) (per curiam) (quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d
256, 266 (Tex.2002)) (emphasis in J.P.B.).
In a factual sufficiency review,
[A] court of appeals must give due consideration to evidence that the factfinder could reasonably have found to be clear and convincing.... [T]he inquiry must be "whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the State's allegations." A court of appeals should consider whether disputed evidence is such that a reasonable factfinder could not have resolved that disputed evidence in favor of its finding. If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266-67 (Tex.2002) (quoting In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25
(Tex.2002)) (internal footnotes omitted) (alterations added).
In the Interest of A.N. and K.N. Page 3 Conviction for Injury to a Child
In the fifth and sixth issues, Jeremy complains that the evidence is legally and
factually insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that he was convicted of a crime
under Section 22.04 of the Texas Penal Code. Section 161.001 (b) (1) (L) of the Texas
Family Code allows termination of the parent-child relationship if the parent has:
been convicted or has been placed on community supervision, including deferred adjudication community supervision, for being criminally responsible for the death or serious injury of a child under the following sections of the Penal Code, or under a law of another jurisdiction that contains elements that are substantially similar to the elements of an offense under one of the following Penal Code sections, or adjudicated under Title 3 for conduct that caused the death or serious injury of a child and that would constitute a violation of one of the following Penal Code sections: …
(ix) Section 22.04 (injury to a child, elderly individual, or disabled individual);
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001 (b) (1) (L) (West Supp. 2016).
Jeremy argues that because his criminal conviction was being appealed it could
not be used as a ground for termination. In Rian v. Texas Department of Family and
Protective Services, the Austin Court of Appeals considered whether Section 161.001 (b)
(1) (L) had a finality requirement before it could be used as a ground for termination.
See Rian v. Tex. Dep't of Family and Protective Services, No. 03-08-00155-CV, 2009 Tex. App.
LEXIS 5925 at *3 (Tex.App.—Austin July 31, 2009, pet. denied). The court concluded that
the legislature intended to permit termination under section 161.001 based on conviction
without regard to whether appeals were exhausted. Rian v. Tex. Dep't of Family and
Protective Services, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 5925 at *6. The Amarillo Court of Appeals
In the Interest of A.N. and K.N. Page 4 agreed with the analysis in Rian v. Texas Department of Family and Protective Services and
held that Section 161.001 (b) (1) (L) does not require that the appeal of the conviction be
exhausted. In the Interest of T.C.C.H., No. 07-11-00179-CV, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 10134 at
*24 (Tex. App. – Amarillo December 22, 2011, no pet.).
We also hold that Section 161.001 (b) (1) (L) does not require that all appeals be
exhausted before the conviction can be used for termination. We overrule the fifth and
sixth issues. Because we find that evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support
the trial court’s finding of a predicate act pursuant to Section 161.001 (b) (1) (L), we need
not reach the first, second, third, and fourth issues.
Best Interest
In the seventh and eighth issues, Jeremy complains that the evidence is legally and
factually insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination is in the best
interest of the children. In determining the best interest of a child, a number of factors
have been considered, including (1) the desires of the child; (2) the emotional and
physical needs of the child now and in the future; (3) the emotional and physical danger
to the child now and in the future; (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking
custody; (5) the programs available to assist these individuals; (6) the plans for the child
by these individuals; (7) the stability of the home; (8) the acts or omissions of the parent
that may indicate the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one; and (9) any
excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 372
(Tex.1976); In re S.L., 421 S.W.3d 34, 38 (Tex.App.-Waco 2013, no pet.). The Holley factors
In the Interest of A.N. and K.N. Page 5 focus on the best interest of the child, not the best interest of the parent. In re S.L., 421
S.W.3d at 38. The goal of establishing a stable permanent home for a child is a compelling
state interest. Id. The need for permanence is a paramount consideration for a child's
present and future physical and emotional needs. Id.
A.N. and K.N. were one year old at the time of trial. They had never met Jeremy
because he had been incarcerated since their birth. The children are in a foster home with
another sibling where their physical and emotional needs are being met. Jeremy is
incarcerated and sentenced to seventy-five years in prison. He does not have access to
programs to assist him with the children, and he has no plans to care for the children.
Jeremy has violent tendencies as evidenced by his conviction for injuring one of his
children. We find that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial
court’s finding that termination is in the best interest of the children. We overrule the
seventh and eighth issues on appeal.
Admitting Evidence of Criminal Conviction
In the ninth issue, Jeremy contends that the trial court abused its discretion and
violated his due process rights by considering his criminal conviction that had been
appealed. Whether the trial court erred in admitting or excluding evidence depends
upon whether it abused its discretion. In re K.S., 76 S.W.3d 36, 42 (Tex. App.—Amarillo
2002, no pet.). Furthermore, a trial court abuses its discretion when the decision fails to
comport with controlling rules and principles. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone,
972 S.W.2d 35, 43 (Tex. 1998).
In the Interest of A.N. and K.N. Page 6 In In the Interest of W.D.W., the Eastland Court of Appeals addressed whether the
trial court abused its discretion in admitting criminal convictions under Section 161.001
(1) (L) that were pending on appeal. In the Interest of W.D.W., 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 5562,
at *39 (Tex.App. – Eastland July 12, 2012, pet. den’d). The court found the analysis Rian
v. Tex. Dep't of Family and Protective Services to be dispositive and held that the evidence
was admitted to show that the parental rights should be terminated; and, therefore, the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence. Id. at *41. We also find
that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence of Jeremy’s
criminal conviction.
The Texas Supreme Court has held that we use the analysis in Mathews v. Eldridge2
to review due process complaints. In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d 534, 547 (Tex. 2003). In
conducting an Eldridge due process analysis, we weigh three factors (1) the private
interests at stake, (2) the government's interest in the proceeding, (3) and the risk of
erroneous deprivation of parental rights. Id. The right of a parent to maintain custody
of his child is very precious; however, protecting the child’s welfare and achieving
permanency is also a consideration. Id.
Jeremy was convicted of injuring one of his children. The children are in a foster
home and have the need for permanency. The government has an interest in protecting
the best interest of the children and obtaining a final decision for their placement. Section
2 Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976). In the Interest of A.N. and K.N. Page 7 161.001 (b) (1) (L) allows for termination after a parent has been convicted of injury to a
child. The burden of proof for criminal convictions as well as the procedural processes
in place for criminal defendants reduces the risk of erroneous deprivation of parental
rights after admission of evidence of that criminal conviction. After weighing the three
factors set out in In re M.S., we find that admitting the criminal conviction while it was
pending on appeal did not violate Jeremy’s due process rights. We overrule the ninth
issue.
Conclusion
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
AL SCOGGINS Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Davis, and Justice Scoggins Affirmed Opinion delivered and filed May 24, 2017 [CV06]
In the Interest of A.N. and K.N. Page 8