IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 15-0469 Filed March 9, 2016
IN THE INTEREST OF A.D., Minor Child,
J.W., Mother, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Fayette County, Alan D. Allbee,
Associate Juvenile Judge.
A mother appeals from the order terminating her parental rights.
AFFIRMED.
Cory R. Gonzales of Law Firm of Cory R. Gonzales P.L.L.C., Strawberry
Point, for appellant mother.
Anthony J. Gericke of Gericke Law Office, Postville, for appellant father.
Thomas D. Katsumes, Elgin, guardian ad litem for minor child.
Considered by Vogel, P.J., Potterfield, J., and Mahan, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2015). 2
MAHAN, Senior Judge.
A mother appeals from the order terminating her parental rights to her
three-year-old child pursuant to Iowa Code chapter 600A (2013), claiming there
was not clear and convincing evidence she abandoned the child and termination
was not in the child’s best interests. We affirm the decision of the juvenile court
terminating the mother’s parental rights.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
The mother and father are the parents of A.D., who was born in August
2012. For the first six months of A.D.’s life, the child lived with and was cared for
by the mother and father in Wisconsin. In February 2013, the father went to jail,1
and the mother and child had no place to live. The mother asked a friend to take
the child, unannounced, to Josette’s (the child’s maternal grandmother) house.
Josette was unable to care for the child so she contacted Timothy, the child’s
maternal grandfather. Timothy and his wife, Salenia, who live in Iowa, agreed to
care for the child on a temporary basis until the mother could get on her feet.
The following day, the mother went to Josette’s house. Josette told the
mother she was unable to keep the child but that Timothy and Salenia could.
Josette, a nurse, had obtained a “Voluntary Placement Agreement” from an
individual in the local human services office. The agreement, which was signed
by the mother, provided:
Child’s Full Name: [child’s name] DOB: XX-XX-12 I am the parent with legal custody of the above-named child, and voluntarily agree to place the child with [Timothy2], my father
1 The father was released from jail in June 2013. 2 Sometime after the mother signed the voluntary placement agreement but before it was delivered to Timothy and Salenia, Salenia’s name was written underneath Timothy’s. 3
who resides at [Timothy’s address in Iowa]. I am allowing my father to have physical custody and control of my child, exercise and perform all decision-making responsibilities for my child which include the following: all medical care (routine and extraordinary), dental care, educational care, and any other care that my child may need. Parent Signature: [mother’s signature] Date: 3-07-13 Parent Name Printed: [mother’s name] Parent Address: [mother’s address in Wisconsin] Parent Phone Number: XXX-XXX-XXXX
The next day, Josette and Salenia met in La Crosse, Wisconsin—the
halfway point between them—to exchange the child.3 The child had minimal
supplies—a “handful” of diapers, a bottle, and a “half can of formula.” Because
Timothy and Salenia’s three children were older—ages eighteen, eleven, and
seven—Salenia made arrangements to borrow or purchase the supplies needed
to care for a six-month-old baby. The child was not up-to-date on immunizations
and, according to Salenia, was “[n]ot where she should have been”
developmentally.
In April 2013, the mother came to Iowa to visit a cousin. Salenia brought
the child for a visit at the cousin’s house. Salenia allowed the mother to come
home with her and the child. The mother stayed overnight, and Timothy and
Salenia encouraged her to stay and indicated they would assist her in obtaining
employment and housing so the child could be returned to her care. While there,
the mother had some interaction with the child but “[s]lept a lot.” The mother
asked if a male friend could stay with her at Timothy and Salenia’s house.
Salenia “didn’t feel comfortable with that,” so the mother decided to go to a motel
Salenia denied writing her name; the juvenile court surmised Josette may have added Salenia’s name. 3 Timothy, an over-the-road truck driver, was working that weekend. 4
to stay with the friend. The mother said she would be back the next day; instead,
she returned to Wisconsin with the friend.
In May 2013, Timothy and Salenia filed a petition for appointment of
guardian (voluntary), after medical professionals questioned their ability to
consent to medical services for the child. In June 2013, following a hearing, the
district court entered an order naming Timothy and Salenia as the child’s
guardians. Although the parents were aware of the guardianship proceeding,
they did not inquire about the status of the guardianship or seek to have it
terminated.4
In June 2013, the father’s mother, Patricia, contacted Timothy and Salenia
and asked them to come to Chicago and take the mother back with them.
Timothy and Salenia agreed and were en route to Chicago when the mother
called and told them she was having second thoughts. The next day the mother
confirmed she and the father had reconciled and she was staying in Chicago.
Timothy and Salenia returned home. At various times when Timothy was on
truck routes through Chicago for work he offered to pick up the mother or father
and bring them to Iowa to see the child, but they declined.
In March 2014, Timothy and Salenia enlisted the help of an attorney to
prepare consents to termination of parental rights and to adoption of child, which
4 Although notice was provided to the parents at their last known addresses, as required by law, the parents later denied receiving notice in advance of the hearing. At trial, however, the father acknowledged he had received notice while he was in jail. Likewise, the mother testified the father told her he had received the guardianship notice. On appeal, the mother challenges the guardianship on the grounds that it “was not properly obtained.” The mother did not raise this issue before the juvenile court, and the court did not address it. “It is a fundamental doctrine of appellate review that issues must ordinarily be both raised and decided by the district court before we will decide them on appeal.” Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002). This claim is not preserved for our review. 5
they sent to the mother and father. The parents refused to sign the consents;
instead, the father requested he and the mother be given more time to stabilize
their situation so they could provide care for the child. Timothy reluctantly
agreed.
Six more months passed. Aside from a few heated telephone calls from
the father to Timothy, the parents had no contact with Timothy and Salenia. The
parents did not ask about the child or request to visit the child. At one point
Timothy expressed concern to the father at the costs associated with supporting
the child; the father told Timothy “he would pay [them] back.” At no time did the
mother and father provide any financial support for the child, and they never sent
any cards or presents or other supplies.
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 15-0469 Filed March 9, 2016
IN THE INTEREST OF A.D., Minor Child,
J.W., Mother, Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Fayette County, Alan D. Allbee,
Associate Juvenile Judge.
A mother appeals from the order terminating her parental rights.
AFFIRMED.
Cory R. Gonzales of Law Firm of Cory R. Gonzales P.L.L.C., Strawberry
Point, for appellant mother.
Anthony J. Gericke of Gericke Law Office, Postville, for appellant father.
Thomas D. Katsumes, Elgin, guardian ad litem for minor child.
Considered by Vogel, P.J., Potterfield, J., and Mahan, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2015). 2
MAHAN, Senior Judge.
A mother appeals from the order terminating her parental rights to her
three-year-old child pursuant to Iowa Code chapter 600A (2013), claiming there
was not clear and convincing evidence she abandoned the child and termination
was not in the child’s best interests. We affirm the decision of the juvenile court
terminating the mother’s parental rights.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
The mother and father are the parents of A.D., who was born in August
2012. For the first six months of A.D.’s life, the child lived with and was cared for
by the mother and father in Wisconsin. In February 2013, the father went to jail,1
and the mother and child had no place to live. The mother asked a friend to take
the child, unannounced, to Josette’s (the child’s maternal grandmother) house.
Josette was unable to care for the child so she contacted Timothy, the child’s
maternal grandfather. Timothy and his wife, Salenia, who live in Iowa, agreed to
care for the child on a temporary basis until the mother could get on her feet.
The following day, the mother went to Josette’s house. Josette told the
mother she was unable to keep the child but that Timothy and Salenia could.
Josette, a nurse, had obtained a “Voluntary Placement Agreement” from an
individual in the local human services office. The agreement, which was signed
by the mother, provided:
Child’s Full Name: [child’s name] DOB: XX-XX-12 I am the parent with legal custody of the above-named child, and voluntarily agree to place the child with [Timothy2], my father
1 The father was released from jail in June 2013. 2 Sometime after the mother signed the voluntary placement agreement but before it was delivered to Timothy and Salenia, Salenia’s name was written underneath Timothy’s. 3
who resides at [Timothy’s address in Iowa]. I am allowing my father to have physical custody and control of my child, exercise and perform all decision-making responsibilities for my child which include the following: all medical care (routine and extraordinary), dental care, educational care, and any other care that my child may need. Parent Signature: [mother’s signature] Date: 3-07-13 Parent Name Printed: [mother’s name] Parent Address: [mother’s address in Wisconsin] Parent Phone Number: XXX-XXX-XXXX
The next day, Josette and Salenia met in La Crosse, Wisconsin—the
halfway point between them—to exchange the child.3 The child had minimal
supplies—a “handful” of diapers, a bottle, and a “half can of formula.” Because
Timothy and Salenia’s three children were older—ages eighteen, eleven, and
seven—Salenia made arrangements to borrow or purchase the supplies needed
to care for a six-month-old baby. The child was not up-to-date on immunizations
and, according to Salenia, was “[n]ot where she should have been”
developmentally.
In April 2013, the mother came to Iowa to visit a cousin. Salenia brought
the child for a visit at the cousin’s house. Salenia allowed the mother to come
home with her and the child. The mother stayed overnight, and Timothy and
Salenia encouraged her to stay and indicated they would assist her in obtaining
employment and housing so the child could be returned to her care. While there,
the mother had some interaction with the child but “[s]lept a lot.” The mother
asked if a male friend could stay with her at Timothy and Salenia’s house.
Salenia “didn’t feel comfortable with that,” so the mother decided to go to a motel
Salenia denied writing her name; the juvenile court surmised Josette may have added Salenia’s name. 3 Timothy, an over-the-road truck driver, was working that weekend. 4
to stay with the friend. The mother said she would be back the next day; instead,
she returned to Wisconsin with the friend.
In May 2013, Timothy and Salenia filed a petition for appointment of
guardian (voluntary), after medical professionals questioned their ability to
consent to medical services for the child. In June 2013, following a hearing, the
district court entered an order naming Timothy and Salenia as the child’s
guardians. Although the parents were aware of the guardianship proceeding,
they did not inquire about the status of the guardianship or seek to have it
terminated.4
In June 2013, the father’s mother, Patricia, contacted Timothy and Salenia
and asked them to come to Chicago and take the mother back with them.
Timothy and Salenia agreed and were en route to Chicago when the mother
called and told them she was having second thoughts. The next day the mother
confirmed she and the father had reconciled and she was staying in Chicago.
Timothy and Salenia returned home. At various times when Timothy was on
truck routes through Chicago for work he offered to pick up the mother or father
and bring them to Iowa to see the child, but they declined.
In March 2014, Timothy and Salenia enlisted the help of an attorney to
prepare consents to termination of parental rights and to adoption of child, which
4 Although notice was provided to the parents at their last known addresses, as required by law, the parents later denied receiving notice in advance of the hearing. At trial, however, the father acknowledged he had received notice while he was in jail. Likewise, the mother testified the father told her he had received the guardianship notice. On appeal, the mother challenges the guardianship on the grounds that it “was not properly obtained.” The mother did not raise this issue before the juvenile court, and the court did not address it. “It is a fundamental doctrine of appellate review that issues must ordinarily be both raised and decided by the district court before we will decide them on appeal.” Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002). This claim is not preserved for our review. 5
they sent to the mother and father. The parents refused to sign the consents;
instead, the father requested he and the mother be given more time to stabilize
their situation so they could provide care for the child. Timothy reluctantly
agreed.
Six more months passed. Aside from a few heated telephone calls from
the father to Timothy, the parents had no contact with Timothy and Salenia. The
parents did not ask about the child or request to visit the child. At one point
Timothy expressed concern to the father at the costs associated with supporting
the child; the father told Timothy “he would pay [them] back.” At no time did the
mother and father provide any financial support for the child, and they never sent
any cards or presents or other supplies.
In September 2014, Timothy and Salenia filed a petition seeking to
terminate the parents’ parental rights under Iowa Code chapter 600A. The
petition stated Timothy and Salenia were the child’s guardians and alleged the
mother and father had abandoned the child pursuant to Iowa Code section
600A.8(3)(b). The parents were appointed counsel.
In December 2014, the mother, through her attorney, filed a revocation of
voluntary placement agreement, stating the voluntary placement agreement
executed by the mother on March 7, 2013, “is hereby revoked, rescinded,
cancelled, terminated, and voided in full, effective immediately,” and stating the
mother “demands immediate return of physical custody and control of the child.”
The child remained in Timothy and Salenia’s care, as they believed they had a
valid guardianship over the child. 6
A termination hearing was held on February 13, 2015. The court heard
testimony from the mother and father, who were both represented by their
respective counsels. The mother testified she had only intended for the voluntary
placement to be temporary “because [she] couldn’t take care of [A.D.] right at the
time” and she “knew [Timothy] could do it.” The mother testified she had
intended to “get [A.D.] back” someday.5 The mother testified she worked four
hours per week cleaning a dentist office; she earned $50 per week. The mother
testified she had not seen the child since April 2013, but she had contact several
times on the phone and had “tried to Skype and Facebook.” The mother testified
she was now able to care for the child and asked the court “[t]o give [the child]
back.”
The father testified he had never visited A.D. because he did not “have the
means to do it,” but that he and the mother “were working things out.” The father
testified they lived with his mother, Patricia, in her home, along with another child
of the father’s and another child of the mother and father (born in June 2014).
He stated Patricia had a debilitating illness and required constant care. The
father was unemployed. When asked how he anticipated providing support for
the child, the father testified his mother was going to leave her house to him “in
[her] will,” and stated that he and the mother would “both be working, eventually.”
The mother and father acknowledged they had not provided any financial support
for the child since her placement with Timothy and Salenia.
5 The mother also had an older child, I.S., born in 2011, who lived with the child’s father in Wisconsin. The mother had not seen I.S. “in a year or so.” Although she was obligated to pay $50 per month in support for I.S., the mother was substantially in arrears. 7
Timothy and Salenia also testified. They indicated the child was on track
developmentally and was bonded to them and their other children. The child was
up-to-date on immunizations and was integrated into the daycare she attended
on days Salenia worked. They testified they were “attached” to A.D. and would
adopt the child if they had the opportunity. They also indicated they would be
willing to allow the parents visits with A.D. if their parental rights were terminated.
The court also received several exhibits into evidence, including the report
of the guardian ad litem, which recommended termination of parental rights.
Following the hearing, the court entered an order terminating the parental rights
of the mother and father, concluding both parents had abandoned A.D. pursuant
to chapter 600A and termination was in the best interests of the child. Both
parents appealed, but only the mother’s appeal is before us.6
II. Standard of Review
We review termination proceedings brought pursuant to Iowa Code
chapter 600A de novo. See In re C.A.V., 787 N.W.2d 96, 99 (Iowa Ct. App.
2010). We are not bound by the district court’s factual findings, but we do afford
them weight, particularly findings regarding witness credibility. Id. Our primary
concern is the best interests of the child. Iowa Code § 600A.1 (“The best interest
of the child subject to the proceedings of this chapter shall be the paramount
consideration in interpreting this chapter.”); see also C.A.V., 787 N.W.2d at 99.
6 On December 21, 2015, the Iowa Supreme Court entered an order “dismiss[ing] the father’s appeal for his failure to comply with the appellate rules.” 8
III. Discussion
In a private termination proceeding, the petitioner must establish by clear
and convincing evidence the statutory ground or grounds authorizing the
termination of parental rights. See Iowa Code § 600A.8; In re R.K.B., 572
N.W.2d 600, 601-02 (Iowa 1998). In addition, after proving the statutory ground
or grounds, the petitioner must also prove that termination of parental rights is in
the best interest of the child. See Iowa Code § 600A.1; R.K.B., 572 N.W.2d at
602. While the best interests of the child is the primary concern of the
termination proceeding, the interests of the parents must also be given due
consideration. See Iowa Code § 600A.1; R.K.B., 572 N.W.2d at 601.
The mother contends there was not clear and convincing evidence she
abandoned the child under Iowa Code section 600A.8(3)(b). Abandonment of a
minor child is one statutory ground for termination of parental rights authorized by
chapter 600A. See Iowa Code § 600A.8(3). Chapter 600A defines
abandonment of a minor child as “reject[ing] the duties imposed by the parent-
child relationship, . . . which may be evinced by the person, while being able to
do so, making no provision or making only a marginal effort to provide for the
support of the child or to communicate with the child.” Id. § 600A.2(19). More
specifically:
If the child is six months of age or older when the termination hearing is held, a parent is deemed to have abandoned the child unless the parent maintains substantial and continuous or repeated contact with the child as demonstrated by contribution toward support of the child of a reasonable amount, according to the parent’s means, and as demonstrated by any of the following: (1) Visiting the child at least monthly when physically and financially able to do so and when not prevented from doing so by the person having lawful custody of the child. 9
(2) Regular communication with the child or with the person having the care or custody of the child, when physically and financially unable to visit the child or when prevented from visiting the child by the person having lawful custody of the child. (3) Openly living with the child for a period of six months within the one-year period immediately preceding the termination of parental rights hearing and during that period openly holding himself or herself out to be the parent of the child.
Id. § 600A.8(3)(b).
In other words, section 600A.8(3)(b) requires a parent not living with a
child to demonstrate a requisite level of contact with the child. See In re G.A.,
826 N.W.2d 125, 130 (Iowa Ct. App. 2012). The mother claims she was
financially unable to visit the child at least monthly, and Timothy and Salenia
stifled her efforts to communicate with the child. To support her contention, the
mother states she and the father “made multiple phone calls that went
unanswered, sent text messages to Tim, exchanged messages via Facebook,
and made attempts to use Skype.”
We acknowledge Timothy’s testimony that at one point he blocked the
mother and father’s number from his phone because he felt he could not safely
accept their barrage of heated communications during his work as an over-the-
road truck driver. Although the mother had access to Timothy and Salenia’s
home phone number, she never tried to reach them at home. In any event, the
mother’s few and sporadic attempts to communicate over a period of nearly two
years can hardly be characterized as “[r]egular communication.” See Iowa Code
§ 600A.8(3)(b). The voluntary failure of a parent to maintain regular
communication can justify termination. See In re T.B., No. 14-1984, 2016 WL
530990, at *7 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 10, 2016) (“Since at least October 2011, 10
neither parent has visited T.B. or M.C., and even if we assume that their interest
in visitation was frustrated by the guardian’s actions, both the father and mother
fail to satisfy the alternative means of regular communication with either the
children or the children’s guardian.”); In re A.M.M., No. 13-0627, 2014 WL
3928877, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 13, 2014) (finding that a mother’s lack of
contact with child for sixteen months and lack of contact with custodial father for
twelve months prior to termination hearing was “a marginal effort, at best, to
maintain regular communication” and justified termination, even assuming that
father had prevented her from having visitation with child).
The mother claims the court failed to consider her intent to place A.D.,
temporarily, “in a better environment until she could safely be returned.” A
subjective intent by the parent to maintain the parent-child relationship
unsupported by the acts specified in section 600A.8(3)(b) will not preclude a
determination that the parent has abandoned the child. Iowa Code §
600A.8(3)(c); see also G.A., 826 N.W.2d at 130-31 (recognizing that a parent’s
subjective intent does not preclude a finding of abandonment). Moreover, a
showing of abandonment does not require total desertion; feeble contacts can
also demonstrate abandonment. In re M.M.S., 502 N.W.2d 4, 7 (Iowa 1993).
Here, there is clear and convincing evidence in the record to show the mother
has made only a marginal effort to communicate regularly with the child or the
child’s custodians, support the child, or otherwise maintain the parent-child
relationship.
The mother also contends termination of parental rights is not in the child’s
best interests. 11
The best interest of a child requires that each biological parent affirmatively assume the duties encompassed by the role of being a parent. In determining whether a parent has affirmatively assumed the duties of a parent, the court shall consider, but is not limited to consideration of, the fulfillment of financial obligations, demonstration of continued interest in the child, demonstration of a genuine effort to maintain communication with the child, and demonstration of the establishment and maintenance of a place of importance in the child’s life.
Iowa Code § 600A.1. The record demonstrates the mother has failed to
affirmatively assume the duties encompassed by the role of being a parent.
“Parental responsibility demands affirmative parenting to the extent it is
practicable and feasible under the circumstances.” G.A., 826 N.W.2d at 130
(citation omitted). Although the mother appeared to consider reentering the
child’s life on several occasions, her whim never amounted to more than just
that. The record shows the mother has not demonstrated a continued interest in
A.D. or made a genuine effort to maintain contact with the child. She has not
established or maintained a place of importance in the child’s life. Although the
mother testified the child was “super excited” to see her at the termination
hearing in February 2015, the fact remains that by that time A.D. had not seen
the mother since April 2013, and the child viewed Timothy and Salenia’s family
as her own.
We affirm the decision of the juvenile court terminating the mother’s
parental rights pursuant to chapter 600A.