In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
________________
NO. 09-22-00439-CV ________________
IN THE INTEREST OF A.C., S.C., AND J.C. III ________________________________________________________________________
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 3 Montgomery County, Texas Trial Cause No. 16-10-11665-CV ________________________________________________________________________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Mother appeals the trial court’s Default Final Order in Suit to Modify Parent-
Child Relationship regarding her three children, A.C., S.C., and J.C. III. 1 Although
Mother’s brief contains many unsupported assertions of error, the outcome of this
appeal depends on two issues: whether the trial court erred when it denied Mother’s
1To protect the privacy of the parties, we use initials for the children and refer
to certain other individuals by their relationship to the children. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 109.002(d). 1 off-the-record request to attend the final hearing remotely, and whether the trial court
erred when it refused to set aside the ensuing Default Final Order. We affirm. 2
Background
Mother and Father were married in May 2010 and had three children during
their marriage. Mother filed for divorce in October 2016. In March 2018, the trial
court granted the parties’ divorce, named each parent as a joint managing
conservator, named Mother the parent with the right to designate the children’s
primary residence, and ordered Father to provide support.
In August 2021, the Office of the Attorney General filed a Suit for
Modification of Child Support. 3 In June 2022, Father filed a counter-petition to
Modify the Parent Child-Relationship asking, among other modifications, to be
named the conservator with the right to designate the children’s primary residence.
2In April 2023, we notified Mother that her brief had been received but not
filed because her brief lacked the required certificate of service. When Mother failed to provide a certificate of service, the case was submitted without briefs or oral arguments. As such, in the absence of a brief assigning error for our review, the case was dismissed for want of prosecution on July 13, 2023. See In the Int. of A.C., No. 09-22-00439-CV, 2023 Tex. App. LEXIS 5072 (Tex. App.—Beaumont July 13, 2023); see also Tex. R. App. P. 38.8(a)(1); 39.8; 42.3(b); 43.2(f). Subsequently, Mother filed a motion for rehearing, asserting that on May 22, 2023, she emailed a copy of her brief to appellee’s counsel on May 22, 2023. On August 16, 2023, we granted Mother’s motion for rehearing, and withdrew our opinion and judgment issued on July 13, 2023. In the Int. of A.C., No. 09-22-00439-CV, 2023 Tex. App. LEXIS 7150 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Aug. 16, 2023, no pet.). 3The Office of the Attorney General nonsuited its case at the final hearing in
October 2022 and is not a party to this appeal. 2 Father also filed a Motion for Enforcement of Possession or Access and Order to
Appear. In October 2022, Mother moved to Transfer Venue, and sent a letter to the
trial court contending it was in the best interest of the children to reduce Father’s
physical contact with them. In the letter, Mother alleges Father suffers from mental
illness, that their relationship and marriage was riddled with domestic violence at
the hands of Father, that Father sexually assaulted her oldest child, and that the
children should remain with her in Georgia where she lives with her extended family.
Father and his attorney appeared at the final hearing. Mother did not. The trial
court noted on the record that Mother called the court that morning and said she was
under the impression she could appear via Zoom, which according to the trial court
“was never the case.” After the bailiff called three times for Mother in the hallway,
Mother did not appear and the court proceeded with the final hearing. During the
hearing, the court instructed the bailiff to call for Mother in the hallway again, and
when she still did not appear, the court noted on the record that Mother had appeared
via Zoom at a July 2022 hearing during which the final hearing was set for October
3 and the parties were notified in open court that beginning September 1, all hearings
would be held in-person. The court found Mother had proper notice of the final
hearing, had failed to appear, and was in default.
Father and his wife testified at the final hearing. At that time the children’s
ages were 13, 12, and 10. Father testified he had not seen his children since January
3 2022. Father stated he does not know where his children are, and Mother did not tell
him she moved until after the fact. According to Father, he has filed multiple
enforcements regarding his possession or access to his children and hired
investigators to find Mother and the children. Father testified there have been no
findings of family violence precluding him from having access or possession to his
children. Father believed it was in the best interest of his children to be named the
conservator to designate the children’s primary residence. He stated that in the years
since their divorce, the children have experienced long periods of instability with
Mother including “jumping around, their living situation had been bad and jumping
from school to school.” He testified the children’s grades are “real bad,” and he sees
marks on his children’s bodies from Mother’s boyfriends. According to Father,
Mother denies “[e]verything[.]” He testified he can take care of his children in his
home, noting they would have their own rooms at his home.
Father’s wife testified she has been married to Father for two years, and she
supports his decision to have his children in their home. She testified she has a job
and would be able to help Father take care of the children, including their educational
and medical needs. She acknowledged seeing bruises on the children but testified
the children did not confide in her regarding their source.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court ordered the parties to remain
as joint managing conservators, with Father named as the conservator with the right
4 to designate the primary residence of the children. The trial court ordered Mother to
pay child support.
In November 2022, Mother filed a Motion to Set Aside Default Judgment and
Notice of Hearing wherein she alleges:
I had called in and spoke with the county clerk as well as judge[’]s assistant and was told to notify the court that I had an address change and that there were other documents I could file to remedy the issue with me residing in another state. I filed a motion to transfer venue and made the mistake of filing the wrong document. It was my assumption that I needed to do this in order to have the court case transferred to the proper venue due to inconvenient forum. I had also requested a zoom link since I reside in another state and do not currently own a vehicle and am a SNAP recipient. I was told the day of my trial zoom meetings were stopped and the judge had not viewed my motion to transfer venue[.]
[…]
I have a meritorious (good) defense to this case[.] My children and I reside in the state of Georgia.
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In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
________________
NO. 09-22-00439-CV ________________
IN THE INTEREST OF A.C., S.C., AND J.C. III ________________________________________________________________________
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 3 Montgomery County, Texas Trial Cause No. 16-10-11665-CV ________________________________________________________________________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Mother appeals the trial court’s Default Final Order in Suit to Modify Parent-
Child Relationship regarding her three children, A.C., S.C., and J.C. III. 1 Although
Mother’s brief contains many unsupported assertions of error, the outcome of this
appeal depends on two issues: whether the trial court erred when it denied Mother’s
1To protect the privacy of the parties, we use initials for the children and refer
to certain other individuals by their relationship to the children. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 109.002(d). 1 off-the-record request to attend the final hearing remotely, and whether the trial court
erred when it refused to set aside the ensuing Default Final Order. We affirm. 2
Background
Mother and Father were married in May 2010 and had three children during
their marriage. Mother filed for divorce in October 2016. In March 2018, the trial
court granted the parties’ divorce, named each parent as a joint managing
conservator, named Mother the parent with the right to designate the children’s
primary residence, and ordered Father to provide support.
In August 2021, the Office of the Attorney General filed a Suit for
Modification of Child Support. 3 In June 2022, Father filed a counter-petition to
Modify the Parent Child-Relationship asking, among other modifications, to be
named the conservator with the right to designate the children’s primary residence.
2In April 2023, we notified Mother that her brief had been received but not
filed because her brief lacked the required certificate of service. When Mother failed to provide a certificate of service, the case was submitted without briefs or oral arguments. As such, in the absence of a brief assigning error for our review, the case was dismissed for want of prosecution on July 13, 2023. See In the Int. of A.C., No. 09-22-00439-CV, 2023 Tex. App. LEXIS 5072 (Tex. App.—Beaumont July 13, 2023); see also Tex. R. App. P. 38.8(a)(1); 39.8; 42.3(b); 43.2(f). Subsequently, Mother filed a motion for rehearing, asserting that on May 22, 2023, she emailed a copy of her brief to appellee’s counsel on May 22, 2023. On August 16, 2023, we granted Mother’s motion for rehearing, and withdrew our opinion and judgment issued on July 13, 2023. In the Int. of A.C., No. 09-22-00439-CV, 2023 Tex. App. LEXIS 7150 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Aug. 16, 2023, no pet.). 3The Office of the Attorney General nonsuited its case at the final hearing in
October 2022 and is not a party to this appeal. 2 Father also filed a Motion for Enforcement of Possession or Access and Order to
Appear. In October 2022, Mother moved to Transfer Venue, and sent a letter to the
trial court contending it was in the best interest of the children to reduce Father’s
physical contact with them. In the letter, Mother alleges Father suffers from mental
illness, that their relationship and marriage was riddled with domestic violence at
the hands of Father, that Father sexually assaulted her oldest child, and that the
children should remain with her in Georgia where she lives with her extended family.
Father and his attorney appeared at the final hearing. Mother did not. The trial
court noted on the record that Mother called the court that morning and said she was
under the impression she could appear via Zoom, which according to the trial court
“was never the case.” After the bailiff called three times for Mother in the hallway,
Mother did not appear and the court proceeded with the final hearing. During the
hearing, the court instructed the bailiff to call for Mother in the hallway again, and
when she still did not appear, the court noted on the record that Mother had appeared
via Zoom at a July 2022 hearing during which the final hearing was set for October
3 and the parties were notified in open court that beginning September 1, all hearings
would be held in-person. The court found Mother had proper notice of the final
hearing, had failed to appear, and was in default.
Father and his wife testified at the final hearing. At that time the children’s
ages were 13, 12, and 10. Father testified he had not seen his children since January
3 2022. Father stated he does not know where his children are, and Mother did not tell
him she moved until after the fact. According to Father, he has filed multiple
enforcements regarding his possession or access to his children and hired
investigators to find Mother and the children. Father testified there have been no
findings of family violence precluding him from having access or possession to his
children. Father believed it was in the best interest of his children to be named the
conservator to designate the children’s primary residence. He stated that in the years
since their divorce, the children have experienced long periods of instability with
Mother including “jumping around, their living situation had been bad and jumping
from school to school.” He testified the children’s grades are “real bad,” and he sees
marks on his children’s bodies from Mother’s boyfriends. According to Father,
Mother denies “[e]verything[.]” He testified he can take care of his children in his
home, noting they would have their own rooms at his home.
Father’s wife testified she has been married to Father for two years, and she
supports his decision to have his children in their home. She testified she has a job
and would be able to help Father take care of the children, including their educational
and medical needs. She acknowledged seeing bruises on the children but testified
the children did not confide in her regarding their source.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court ordered the parties to remain
as joint managing conservators, with Father named as the conservator with the right
4 to designate the primary residence of the children. The trial court ordered Mother to
pay child support.
In November 2022, Mother filed a Motion to Set Aside Default Judgment and
Notice of Hearing wherein she alleges:
I had called in and spoke with the county clerk as well as judge[’]s assistant and was told to notify the court that I had an address change and that there were other documents I could file to remedy the issue with me residing in another state. I filed a motion to transfer venue and made the mistake of filing the wrong document. It was my assumption that I needed to do this in order to have the court case transferred to the proper venue due to inconvenient forum. I had also requested a zoom link since I reside in another state and do not currently own a vehicle and am a SNAP recipient. I was told the day of my trial zoom meetings were stopped and the judge had not viewed my motion to transfer venue[.]
[…]
I have a meritorious (good) defense to this case[.] My children and I reside in the state of Georgia. We have not been in Texas since January of 2022 when my children and I witnessed [Father] in front of our home which prompted me to have to move immediately due to [Father] trying to kill me in the past and a history of domestic violence. Due to being in a motor vehicle accident in March 2022 I do not own a vehicle. I am also a SNAP [recipient] so I did not have the funds to retain a lawyer nor flight. I am asking the judge to please grant the motion to set aside the default judgement due to good reason listed above.
After the trial court signed an Order Denying [Mother’s] Motion to Set Aside
Default Judgment, Mother filed this appeal.
5 Analysis
As she did in the trial court, Mother represents herself in this appeal. We
liberally construe pleadings and briefs filed by a self-represented litigant. Giddens
v. Brooks, 92 S.W.3d 878, 880-81 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2002, pet. denied).
Nevertheless, a self-represented litigant “is still required to comply with the law and
rules of procedure.” Id. “There cannot be two sets of procedural rules, one for
litigants with counsel and the other for litigants representing themselves. Litigants
who represent themselves must comply with the applicable procedural rules, or else
they would be given an unfair advantage over litigants represented by counsel.”
Mansfield State Bank v. Cohn, 573 S.W.2d 181, 184-85 (Tex. 1978).
An appellant’s brief “must contain a clear and concise argument for the
contentions made, with appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.” Tex.
R. App. P. 38.1(i); see Ross v. St. Luke’s Episcopal Hosp., 462 S.W.3d 496, 500
(Tex. 2015). A brief does not adequately comply with this rule “if we must speculate
or guess about the appellant’s issues.” Golden v. Milstead Towing & Storage, Nos.
09-21-00043-CV, 09-21-00044-CV, 09-21-00045-CV, 2022 Tex. App. LEXIS
2988, at *4 (Tex. App.—Beaumont May 5, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.). Waiver may
result from an appellant’s “[f]ailure to provide citations or argument and analysis as
to an appellate issue[.]” Ross, 462 S.W.3d at 500.
6 Liberally construed, Mother’s brief appears to complain that the trial court
should have set aside the Default Final Order because the trial court treated her
unfairly when it denied her request to appear at the final hearing via Zoom. Citing
Rule 21d, Mother asserts she had good cause to attend remotely because she had no
transportation and no money to hire an attorney, and the court had allowed her to
attend other hearings remotely in this case. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 21d.
“Unless the notice of court proceeding states otherwise, a person who
participates in a court proceeding does so by physical presence in the courtroom.”
Id. Although Rule 21d permits a court to hold hearings by videoconference or other
electronic means, nothing in the rule requires a court to do so. See id.; In the Int. of
J.G., No. 02-24-00022-CV, 2024 Tex. App. LEXIS 4148, at *15-16 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth June 13, 2024, no pet. h.) (mem. op.). A party who objects to the trial
court’s required method of attendance must make the objection “within a reasonable
time after the party receives notice of the appearance.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 21d. Mother
did not do so. Instead, she waited until the morning of the hearing to call the court
about attending remotely. By failing to make a timely objection on the record, and
by failing to obtain a ruling on the record, Mother failed to preserve this issue for
our review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1 (requiring the record to show a timely objection
by the complaining party and a ruling by the trial court). That said, we review a trial
court’s decision requiring in-person or remote attendance under an abuse-of-
7 discretion standard, and based on the record before us, we cannot say the trial court
abused its discretion if it indeed denied Mother’s eleventh-hour request to attend the
hearing remotely. See In the Int. of J.G., 2024 Tex. App. LEXIS 4148, at *15; In the
Int. of D.K., 696 S.W.3d 787, 796 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2024, no pet.). We overrule
Mother’s assertion the trial court erred in requiring her personal attendance at the
final hearing.
In order to prevail on a motion to set aside a default judgment entered after a
party fails to attend trial after having made an appearance in the case, the movant
must show their failure to attend was not intentional or the result of conscious
indifference, the motion must set up a meritorious defense, and granting the motion
must not cause undue delay or injury to the non-moving party. See Craddock v.
Sunshine Bus Lines, Inc., 133 S.W.2d 124 (Tex. 1939); B. Gregg Price, P.C. v. Series
1 - Virage Master LP, 661 S.W.3d 419, 424 (Tex. 2023). Although Mother’s motion
to set aside the default judgment explains why she believes she had good cause to
attend the hearing remotely, it does not explain how her failure to attend the hearing
was a mistake or accident, nor does it contain any facts indicating that granting the
motion would not cause undue delay or injury to Father. On appeal, Mother’s brief
impliedly complains of the trial court’s denial of her motion but fails to address any
of Craddock’s requirements. Because Mother has not shown the trial court erred in
refusing to set aside the Default Final Order, we overrule this issue.
8 The remainder of Mother’s brief fails to satisfy the requirements of Rule 38.1.
See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1. “To comply with Rule 38.1, an appellant must cite existing
and relevant legal authority and apply the facts to the cited law to show how the trial
court committed error.” Golden v. Milstead Towing & Storage, Nos. 09-21-00043-
CV, 09-21-00044-CV, 09-21-00045-CV, 2022 Tex. App. LEXIS 2988, at *7 (Tex.
App.—Beaumont May 5, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.). Aside from leveling various
accusations against Father, his attorney, the trial court’s staff, and a child support
judge, Mother generally complains about the trial court’s ordering her to pay child
support and designating Father as the parent with the right to designate the children’s
primary residence (which she erroneously characterizes as taking her parental rights
away), but she fails to provide record references, legal citations, and clear and
concise arguments supporting her assertions. Id. These sections of the brief consist
of either bare assertions of error without factual support or assertions of error based
entirely on allegations of facts not found in the record. As a reviewing court, “we do
not consider factual assertions that appear solely in briefs and are not supported by
the record.” Marshall v. Hous. Auth., 198 S.W.3d 782, 789 (Tex. 2006). “Bare
assertions of error, without argument or authority, present nothing for review on
appeal.” Golden, 2022 Tex. App. LEXIS 2988, at *9. Inadequate briefing may result
in waiver. Id. Aside from her complaint about the trial court’s entering the Default
Final Order after she was not permitted to attend the final hearing remotely and her
9 complaint about the trial court’s refusal to set the Default Final Order aside, we
conclude Mother has waived any other error due to inadequate briefing and has
presented nothing for review on appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1. We overrule all
such remaining issues.
AFFIRMED.
KENT CHAMBERS Justice
Submitted on August 13, 2024 Opinion Delivered January 23, 2025
Before Golemon, C.J., Johnson and Chambers, JJ.