J-S11016-25
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37
IN THE INTEREST OF: E.G., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA : : APPEAL OF: N.G. AND A.T., : PARENTS : : : : No. 1364 WDA 2024
Appeal from the Order Entered October 17, 2024 In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Juvenile Division at No(s): CP-02-DP-0000410-2024
IN THE INTEREST OF: E.T., A MINOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA : APPEAL OF: N.G. AND A.T., : PARENTS : : : : : No. 1389 WDA 2024
Appeal from the Order Entered October 17, 2024 In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Juvenile Division at No(s): CP-02-DP-0000409-2024
BEFORE: MURRAY, J., KING, J., and LANE, J.
MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.: FILED: June 30, 2025
Appellants, N.G. (“Father”) and A.T. (“Mother”) (collectively “Parents”),
appeal from the dispositional order entered in the Allegheny County Court of
Pleas, which adjudicated Mother’s minor child, E.T., and Parents’ minor child,
E.G., dependent. We vacate and remand for further proceedings.
The relevant facts and procedural history of this case are as follows.
The Allegheny County Office of Children, Youth and Families (“CYF”) was J-S11016-25
granted emergency protective custody of E.T. and E.G. on August 2, 2024,
based on events that transpired at UPMC Magee-Women’s Hospital, where
Mother had given birth to E.G. On August 7, 2024, the court conducted a
shelter care hearing and ordered that J.T. (“Maternal Grandmother”) be
assessed for kinship placement for the children. The court further scheduled
an adjudicatory hearing to take place on August 28, 2024 at 9:30 a.m.
On August 28, 2024, Parents arrived late for the hearing and the court
proceeded to hear another matter. At 11:30 a.m., the court convened the
parties for a status update.1 CYF represented to the court that some of their
witnesses were no longer available and requested a continuance. Parents
objected to continuing the hearing because the children had been removed
from their care. The court noted that Maternal Grandmother, who had partial
custody of E.T., had requested counsel but had not yet been appointed
counsel. The court stated that it would hear the testimony of the witnesses
that were available, specifically as to the reasons for the removal of the
children, and continue the full adjudicatory hearing to a later date to allow the
presentation of additional evidence.
Rhianna Diana, a CYF case worker, testified that this case was referred
to CYF based on reports from Magee-Women’s Hospital. The hospital staff
reported that I.V. supplies were missing from Mother’s labor and delivery
room. Hospital staff further raised concerns over Father’s appearance, noting
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1 The record does not disclose what time Parents arrived at the hearing.
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that he was nodding off. Mother yelled at Father to wake up and take E.T.,
who was four years old at the time, to daycare. Hospital staff raised concerns
about Father’s ability to safely drive E.T. to daycare but Father left the hospital
with E.T. When Ms. Diana responded to the hospital to investigate the report,
Father and E.T. were not present at the hospital. Ms. Diana spoke with
Mother, who stated that she had a criminal history and a history of drug and
alcohol abuse, but she had been sober for a year. Ms. Diana testified that
Mother did not appear to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol during
their interactions. Ms. Diana further testified that Mother was very
forthcoming and cooperative at times but would also become upset and
verbally aggressive at other times.
When Ms. Diana inquired about Father, Mother informed her that she
and Father lived together and denied that Father had a substance abuse
problem. Ms. Diana informed Mother that she needed to assess Father before
the children could be released into their care. Father refused to return to the
hospital room and the phone conversations between Mother and Father
became increasingly aggressive as time went on. Mother also began to be
more verbally aggressive towards Ms. Diana. After a few hours of being
unable to assess Father to assure safety of the children in his care and due to
the escalation of conflict between Parents, Ms. Diana sought emergency
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protective custody of the children.2 Mother attempted to leave the hospital
with E.T. but was prevented from doing so. After the children were in CYF’s
custody, Ms. Diana called Mother to inform her that Maternal Grandmother
had not been cleared as a kinship placement for the children. During this
phone conversation, Mother told Ms. Diana that she was going to find out
where Ms. Diana lived and shoot her in front of her family.
Officer James Vogel testified that he is the police supervisory lieutenant
at Magee-Women’s Hospital. He was assigned to standby at Mother’s labor
and delivery room when CYF became involved. Mother and Father were
having a heated argument on the phone regarding Father’s refusal to return
to the hospital. In an attempt to deescalate the situation, Officer Vogel spoke
with Father on the phone and asked him to return to the hospital. Father
refused to comply. Mother became very upset when Ms. Diana informed her
of the emergency protective custody order. Mother knocked the papers out
of Ms. Diana’s hand when she attempted to give them to Mother. Officer Vogel
stepped in at this point to ensure there was no physical violence. Following
this, Mother was yelling, using threatening language, and physically postering.
Nevertheless, Officer Vogel testified Mother did not exhibit any physically
violent behavior and he did not believe Ms. Diana was in physical jeopardy
2 While Ms. Diana was at the hospital waiting with Mother, Mother informed
Ms. Diana that Father had returned to the hospital premises with E.T. and a car seat for E.G. Mother, with Ms. Diana’s knowledge, left her room and met with Father to retrieve E.T. and the car seat. Nevertheless, Father did not return to the room with Mother to speak with Ms. Diana.
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during this interaction. At one point, Mother attempted to leave the hospital
before she was cleared, and Officer Vogel prevented her from doing so.
Emily Hurley, a CYF caseworker, testified that she supervised one visit
between Parents and the children. During this visit, Father appeared sleepy.
When Ms. Hurley inquired about it, Father stated that he had been working
late and Mother reported that Father was prescribed Lorazepam, which makes
him sleepy. Approximately 30 minutes before the visit was set to end, Father
left the room to use the bathroom. Father did not return to the visit after this.
Ms. Hurley testified that she has no reason to suspect that Mother is abusing
drugs or alcohol. Parents underwent an assessment for drug and alcohol
treatment and accepted the recommendation for outpatient co-occurring
treatment with the psychiatrist they were already seeing. Father further
indicated that he goes to Jade Wellness for medication assisted treatment.
Parents also signed releases for medical information. Ms. Hurley further
testified that she assessed Parents’ home and found it to be safe and
appropriate.
CYF indicated that it intended to call two additional witnesses that were
not present at the hearing in support of its request to adjudicate the children
dependent.3 The court then inquired whether Parents wished to present any
3 It is unclear from the record whether any of the additional witnesses CYF intended to call at the continued hearing were unavailable at the August 28th hearing due to Parents’ tardiness. One of the witnesses that CYF identified as (Footnote Continued Next Page)
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witnesses at that time, and Parents’ attorney stated that Parents would wait
until CYF rested to present their case. Thereafter, the court continued the
remainder of the adjudication hearing to a later date. In the interim, the court
ordered that E.T. be returned to Mother’s custody and E.G. be returned to
Parents’ custody. The court further ordered Parents to continue to cooperate
with CYF and ordered Father not to drive with the children. The court
subsequently scheduled the remainder of the adjudicatory hearing to take
place on October 2, 2024.
On August 30, 2024, CYF filed another petition for emergency protective
custody, noting that an investigator recorded a video of Father leaving
Parents’ shared residence, driving to a convenience store, using I.V. drugs in
the car, and driving away erratically. The petition further stated that there
was period of time earlier that day when Father was left alone as the sole
caregiver for E.G. The court then granted emergency protective custody to
unavailable due to Parents’ tardiness was Ms. Diana, who CYF was able to retrieve in time to provide testimony.
CYF represented to the court that one of the two additional witnesses they intended to call at the continued hearing was a social worker from UPMC Magee-Women’s hospital. CYF reported that she had been subpoenaed but was on vacation when the subpoena was served; and CYF did not learn that she was unavailable until that afternoon.
The second witness that CYF intended to call at the continued hearing was from Jade Wellness. This witness had not been subpoenaed for the August 28th hearing because CYF only received the relevant report from Jade Wellness the previous night.
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CYF, and the children were removed from Parents’ care and placed in kinship
placement with Maternal Grandmother.
On September 6, 2024, the court conducted a shelter care hearing. At
the hearing, Parents’ counsel stipulated that the video recorded by CYF
depicted Father in a vehicle with a needle and a bag with an unknown white
substance in it. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court ordered that the
children remain in kinship placement with Maternal Grandmother.
On September 13, 2024, the court sua sponte entered an order titled
“Order of Adjudication,” which states in relevant part:
[T]his court concludes that the testimony from the 8/28 hearing date, the [c]ourt’s observations of [Father] on that date, and the stipulated content of the video discussed at the shelter hearing collectively establish that the children are dependent.
THEREFORE, the [c]ourt hereby adjudicates [E.T.] and [E.G.] dependent, pursuant to subsection 1 of the definition of “dependent child.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6302.
The [c]ourt DEFERS disposition to the previously scheduled date of October 2, 2024 at 1:30 pm, when the [c]ourt will conduct a dispositional hearing.
Pending dispositional hearing, the Shelter Care order controls the [children’s] placement and Parents’ visitation.
At the dispositional hearing, the [c]ourt will hear any evidence and testimony that either Parent wishes to present, including any evidence they desired to present in the adjudicatory portion of the hearing.
The [c]ourt will enter a full Order of Adjudication and Disposition upon completion of the dispositional hearing.
(Order of Adjudication, filed 9/13/24, at 1-2) (unpaginated).
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On October 2, 2024, the court conducted the dispositional hearing. The
court began the hearing by summarizing the proceedings that had already
taken place. In explaining its order of adjudication, the court stated:
I entered the Shelter Care Order, and then reviewing everything available to me at that point, the testimony that I heard on August 28th, the observations that I made that day of [Father’s] demeanor and conduct, and the stipulation that was accepted by the Hearing Officer at the time of the shelter hearing, I determined that the evidence was sufficient to support an adjudication.
And so because I was going to be out of the country for the next several weeks, I believed it important that the participants in this case know what my assessment of the evidence was that I directly heard, plus stipulated evidence, what my conclusion was based on that.
So I issued an order that I called and intended as an Order of Adjudication.
* * *
But I issued an order that day, September 13th. And given that I had made a decision that the evidence that I heard supported adjudication, I characterized today’s hearing as a Dispositional Hearing.
Now, on August 28th, although, of course, [Mother] and [Father], I gave [your counsel] the opportunity to present any testimony from you, he chose not to, which was fine, because CYF hadn’t completed the presentation of their evidence. So I didn’t hear from you that day. And there may be things that you want me to know that you think would cause me to change my mind, and I haven’t heard those things yet. If that is the case, I will hear those things today.
But as things stand right now, CYF has met its burden. I’ve adjudicated the children dependent.
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…[W]e will proceed with the hearing where, what my intention was … if [Parents] wished me to reconsider the actual adjudication, I would hear their evidence first. You could present any rebuttal evidence that you might wish to.
(N.T. Dispositional Hearing, 10/2/24, at 7-10).
Parents then submitted a motion requesting that the judge recuse
herself. Parents’ counsel noted their strong objection to the court’s entry of
the adjudication order without proper notice or allowing Parents an
opportunity to be heard. Counsel argued that the court violated Parents’ due
process rights by adjudicating the children dependent before Parents were
afforded an opportunity to present any evidence in opposition. Counsel
further objected to the court’s reliance on a stipulation that was entered for
the purpose of a shelter care hearing, which has a more relaxed evidentiary
standard than an adjudicatory hearing. The court denied Parents’ recusal
motion. Thereafter, the following exchange took place:
THE COURT: [O]bviously CYF has other witnesses here today. If you would prefer that I hear from those witnesses before I hear from your clients, or any witnesses that you wish to present, I am more than happy to require [CYF] to proceed with [its] witnesses first.
[PARENTS’ COUNSEL]: I guess my question is, are we doing an adjudication hearing or disposition hearing? I’m not clear on what the purpose of us calling witnesses is for.
THE COURT: Well, … my thought was that you might wish me to vacate my Order of Adjudication, and I am open to doing so if evidence is presented that causes me to think that I should.
[PARENTS’ COUNSEL]: As far as the motion, I think the [c]ourt made its ruling. We believe that all parties believe
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we are here for a dispositional hearing, so ― there was no notice that we are here for an adjudication. The order did say that if there was evidence that we wanted to present at adjudication, I'll consider for it a dispositional hearing. So we are not here for an adjudication.
I’m going to ask the [c]ourt to reopen the record. We’ll just take necessary steps from here. So we can go forth with the hearing.
[THE COURT]: Just to be clear, you are turning down the opportunity for me to consider vacating my adjudicatory order?
[PARENTS’ COUNSEL]: What I’m saying is, we are not prepared for that. … We prepared for a dispositional hearing. And you have [a] right to have notice of an adjudication hearing. Every case law says that.
We didn’t get notice. We are not here for that. So I’m not prepared to go forward. I haven’t prepped my clients. I haven’t talked to them about an adjudication, because the order didn’t specify that.
THE COURT: Would you like a continuance so that you can prepare your clients to present anything that you wish me to consider related to an adjudication?
[PARENTS’ COUNSEL]: I think, I believe, the [c]ourt’s order is already final. The [c]ourt’s order is final.
THE COURT: Actually, … I have a different view regarding that. It is not a final order. There isn’t a final order until there is an order of adjudication and disposition entered, which there has not been. So the order is not final. And I, once again, in my view, would not have entered it in this way if I thought that it was. And I will ask you, again, would you like a continuance to have the opportunity to properly prepare your clients and present anything you wish me to consider in support of vacating the order of adjudication that I entered?
[PARENTS’ COUNSEL]: If the [c]ourt is going to sua sponte vacate its own order, then at that point we request a
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continuance. I’m not making that motion.
THE COURT: Fine. Then the children are adjudicated dependent and we will proceed with a dispositional hearing.
(Id. at 18-21).
On October 17, 2024, the court entered an order of adjudication and
disposition, determining that both children were to remain in kinship
placement with Maternal Grandmother. On November 5, 2024, Parents filed
notices of appeal and contemporaneous concise statements of errors
complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i), at each
underlying docket concerning each child.
Parents raise the following issues for our review:
Did the trial court err in sua sponte adjudicating the minor children dependent without a full hearing?
Did the trial court violate [Parents’] due process rights by adjudicating the minor children dependent without an opportunity to be heard and present evidence on their own behalf?
Did the trial court err when it denied [Parents’] motion to recuse itself from further proceedings in light of the September 13, 2024 order?
(Parents’ Brief at 9).
In their first two issues combined, Parents argue that the court violated
their due process rights by adjudicating the children dependent without
conducting a full hearing. Parents assert that due to the court’s decision on
August 28, 2024, to continue the full adjudicatory hearing to a later date to
allow CYF to present additional witnesses, Parents elected to wait to present
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their case until after CYF rested. Parents contend that the court subsequently
adjudicated the children dependent prior to holding the continued portion of
the hearing, which deprived Parents of an opportunity to be heard. Parents
claim that the court adjudicated the children dependent based on a stipulation
that was entered for the purposes of a shelter care hearing, but that such
stipulation was not binding for purposes of the adjudicatory hearing. Parents
insist that the court’s invitation for Parents to move to vacate the adjudicatory
order at the October 2, 2024 hearing was insufficient to cure the due process
violation because the court required Parents to first put forth evidence to
convince the court that the record should be reopened. Parents conclude that
the court adjudicated the children dependent in violation of Parents’ due
process right to be heard and confront the evidence against them, and this
Court should vacate the order of adjudication. We agree.
The applicable scope and standard of review for dependency cases is as
follows:
[T]he standard of review in dependency cases requires an appellate court to accept the findings of fact and credibility determinations of the trial court if they are supported by the record, but does not require the appellate court to accept the [trial] court’s inferences or conclusions of law. Accordingly, we review for an abuse of discretion.
In re A.B., 63 A.3d 345, 349 (Pa.Super. 2013) (quoting In re R.J.T., 608 Pa.
9, 26-27, 9 A.3d 1179, 1190 (2010)).
The Juvenile Act defines a dependent child, in pertinent part, as follows:
§ 6302. Definitions
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“Dependent child.” A child who:
(1) is without proper parental care or control, subsistence, education as required by law, or other care or control necessary for his [or her] physical, mental, or emotional health, or morals. A determination that there is a lack of proper parental care or control may be based upon evidence of conduct by the parent, guardian or other custodian that places the health, safety or welfare of the child at risk, including evidence of the parent’s, guardian’s or other custodian’s use of alcohol or a controlled substance that places the health, safety or welfare of the child at risk[.]
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6302.
“The burden of proof in a dependency proceeding is on the petitioner to
demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that a child meets that
statutory definition of dependency.” In re E.B., 83 A.3d 426, 431 (Pa.Super.
2013). In a dependency proceeding, “[a] party is entitled to the opportunity
to introduce evidence and otherwise be heard in his own behalf and to cross-
examine witnesses.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6338. Further:
The court in a dependency proceeding must conduct a comprehensive and searching inquiry into the record, taking evidence from all interested parties and also from objective, disinterested witnesses. This is so because the utmost concern is for the children’s welfare. If the hearing judge does not comply with these requirements, on appeal the case will be remanded for further proceedings.
Int. of J.R., 333 A.3d 446, 452 (Pa.Super. 2025) (internal citations and
quotation marks omitted).
Additionally, “[a] parent has the right to due process in any dependency
case involving his or her child.” Int. of A.D.-G., 263 A.3d 21, 27 (Pa.Super.
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2021), appeal denied, ___ Pa. ___, 266 A.3d 449 (2021). “In dependency
cases, this Court has held due process is satisfied where the party is afforded
sufficient notice, the opportunity to be heard, and the chance to defend oneself
in an impartial tribunal.” Int. of K.B., 331 A.3d 50, 62 (Pa.Super. 2025).
“The fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard
at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.” Id. (emphasis
added).
Instantly, at the August 28, 2024 hearing, the court determined that it
would hear witnesses that were available to testify that day and continue the
full hearing to a later date to allow for CYF to present further testimony. When
the court inquired whether Parents wished to present evidence at that hearing,
Parents declined and elected to present evidence at the continued hearing
after CYF rested its case. The court assented and did not in any way indicate
to Parents that they would not otherwise have an opportunity to present
evidence prior to adjudication if they did not do so at the August 28th hearing.
Prior to holding the continued portion of the adjudicatory hearing, however,
the court entered an order on September 13, 2024, which adjudicated both
children dependent. Significantly, the court adjudicated the children
dependent without having heard any evidence or testimony from Parents.
See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6338; Int. of J.R., supra. Instead, the court relied on
evidence that was presented at the shelter care hearing that took place on
September 6, 2024, without giving Parents any meaningful opportunity to
respond to that evidence at an adjudicatory hearing. See id.
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On this record, the court violated Parents’ due process rights by
adjudicating the children dependent without affording them a meaningful
opportunity to be heard and confront the evidence against them. See Int. of
K.B., supra (holding court did not afford Department of Human Services full
and fair opportunity to be heard as due process requires when court excluded
relevant evidence, continued proceedings, and refused to listen to further
testimony at continued proceedings). We acknowledge that at the
dispositional hearing on October 2, 2024, the court afforded Parents the
opportunity to move to vacate the adjudicatory order, or to request a
continuance to do so at a later date. Nevertheless, the mere fact that Parents
had the opportunity to move to vacate the adjudicatory order and present
evidence to support that motion was insufficient to safeguard Parents’ right to
be heard and confront the evidence against them prior to the adjudication of
dependency. To hold otherwise would place an additional procedural and
evidentiary burden on Parents to protect their due process rights. It is clear
from the full context of the court’s statements at the October 2, 2024 hearing
that the court expected Parents to present the evidence that they should have
been afforded an opportunity to present prior to the adjudication of
dependency, and upon doing so, the court would consider whether to vacate
the adjudication order. In other words, the court impermissibly shifted the
burden of proof onto Parents to disprove the adjudication of dependency,
when Parents were never afforded the opportunity to oppose CYF’s evidence
in support of adjudication in the first place. Under these circumstances, we
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cannot say that the procedure set forth by the court at the October 2, 2024
hearing was sufficient to cure the violation of Parents’ due process rights.
Accordingly, we vacate the order adjudicating the children dependent and
remand for the court to hold a full adjudicatory hearing.4
Order vacated. Case remanded for further proceedings. Jurisdiction is
relinquished.
DATE: 06/30/2025
4 Based on our disposition, we do not address Parents’ third issue on appeal.
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