J-A24004-23
2024 PA Super 12
IN THE INTEREST OF: J.F., A MINOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA : APPEAL OF: J.F., MINOR : : : : : : No. 1774 EDA 2023
Appeal from the Order Entered July 12, 2023 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Juvenile Division at No: CP-51-DP-0000424-2021
BEFORE: STABILE, J., KING, J., and SULLIVAN, J.
OPINION BY STABILE, J.: FILED JANUARY 22, 2024
J.F. (“Child”), born in November 2010, appeals the July 12, 2023
permanency review order reunifying him with his biological father, K.F.
(“Father”), transferring physical and legal custody of the Child to Father, and
discharging Child’s dependency. After careful review, we conclude that Child’s
statutory and rule-based rights to counsel in these dependency proceedings
were violated, which constitutes structural error pursuant to In re Adoption
of L.B.M., 161 A.3d 172 (Pa. 2017) and its progeny. Thus, we vacate and
remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
We glean the factual and procedural history of this matter from the
certified record. The Philadelphia Department of Human Services (“DHS”) first
became involved with this family on April 20, 2021, when DHS obtained an
order of protective custody for both Child and his younger half-brother, X.Z.,
after their mother was killed by her paramour, X.Z.’s father, who committed J-A24004-23
suicide. At the time of these events, Child was approximately ten years old
and Father was incarcerated in the State of New York.1 Accordingly, Child and
X.Z. were placed in kinship care with their maternal grandmother, Y.S.
(“Maternal Grandmother”). This placement was confirmed at a shelter care
hearing on April 21, 2021. The same day, the trial court appointed the
Defender Association of Philadelphia Child Advocacy Unit (“Child Advocacy
Unit”) to represent both Child’s legal and best interests pursuant to 42
Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6311(a) (“Guardian ad litem for child in court proceedings.”).
See also 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6337 (“Right to counsel”), 6337.1(a) (“Right to
counsel for children in dependency and delinquency proceedings”).
On July 7, 2021, the trial court adjudicated Child dependent and
established a permanency goal of reunification with Father with the concurrent
goal of adoption or permanent legal custody. Father was released in January
2022 and assigned a number of permanency objectives to facilitate
reunification, including providing proof of income and housing, signing various
consents and releases of information, and participating in visitations with
Child. Father was initially permitted in-person and virtual supervised visits.
In the permanency review orders issued following his release from
incarceration, the court assessed that Father was fully compliant with his
objectives. In August 2022, Father’s visits were transitioned to unsupervised.
____________________________________________
1 The precise nature of Father’s incarceration, or his underlying conviction pursuant to New York law, is not clear from the record.
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In November 2022, the visits were expanded to include weekend stays at
Father’s New York home.
The parties do not dispute that Child has consistently maintained that
he has no desire to reunify with Father and, instead, wishes to remain with
Maternal Grandmother and X.Z. During the course of a permanency review
hearing on May 10, 2023, Father’s counsel asserted that a conflict existed
between Child’s legal and best interests and requested the appointment of
separate legal interests counsel. See N.T., 5/10/23, at 41; see also
Pa.R.J.C.P. 1151(B)(2) (providing that a trial court is empowered to appoint
separate best interests and legal interests counsel in dependency
proceedings). The attorney from the Child Advocacy Unit objected and
countered that there was no conflict between Child’s respective interests. See
N.T., 5/10/23, at 41 (“We believe his best interest is what he’s interested in
at this time, which he expressed to us, and that would be totally
inappropriate.”).
Father’s request implicated “two separate and distinct categories” of
interests that arise in cases concerning Children under Pennsylvania law: “a
child’s legal interests, which are synonymous with the child’s preferred
outcome, and a child’s best interests, which the trial court must determine.”
L.B.M., supra at 174. Our Supreme Court has further delineated this
distinction, as follows:
“Legal interests” denotes that an attorney is to express the child’s wishes to the court regardless of whether the attorney agrees with
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the child’s recommendation. “Best interests” denotes that a guardian ad litem is to express what the guardian ad litem believes is best for the child’s care, protection, safety, and wholesome physical and mental development regardless of whether the child agrees.
L.B.M., supra at 174 n.2 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
Although this division is often discussed in contested involuntary termination
of parental rights (“TPR”) cases, the “dichotomy between best interests versus
legal interests exists in the representation of a child during the dependency
proceedings, and not just during a contested termination hearing.” Matter
of Adoption of: W.D.A., 2019 WL 6716283, at *6 n.5 (Pa. Super. Dec. 10,
2019).
The trial court questioned Child concerning this potential conflict without
any other party or counsel present. See N.T., 5/10/23, at 42 (“[E]veryone
may be excused. I’m going to speak to [Child].”). Based upon this testimony,
the trial court granted Father’s conflict motion and immediately appointed
William Calandra, Esquire (“Attorney Calandra”), to serve as Child’s guardian
ad litem and represent Child’s best interests, while the Child Advocacy Unit
would continue representing Child as legal interests counsel. See id. at 48;
see also Pa.R.J.C.P. 1151(C). Although legal interests counsel requested a
transcript of Child’s testimony, the court sealed the record of Child’s interview
in a manner precluding the creation of a transcript. See N.T., 7/12/23, at 40.
At the conclusion of the May 10 hearing, the trial court directed Child to
spend June 9 through July 7, 2023, visiting Father in New York. On May 18,
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2023, however, Attorney Calandra submitted a filing styled as a motion for
emergency relist, wherein he averred that Child had disclosed, for the first
time, a “physical altercation” that occurred on New Year’s Eve of 2022
between Father and his paramour, W.R. See Motion for Emergency Relist,
5/18/23, at ¶ 6. Given the Child’s history of “exposure to extreme domestic
violence” and the impending long-term visitation between Child and Father,
Attorney Calandra requested a hearing. Id. at ¶¶ 6-12.
The emergency hearing was held on May 31, 2023. Therein, Child
testified that he witnessed Father striking W.R. and pulling her hair while both
parties were intoxicated. See N.T., 5/31/23, at 14-18. Father and W.R. also
testified and contradicted Child’s recollection of these events. W.R.
characterized the incident as a “minor argument” and Father averred that he
did not commit physical violence against W.R. See id. at 32-34, 49-50.
Ultimately, the trial court entered reaffirmed Child’s summer visit with Father.
Thereafter, a final permanency review hearing convened on July 12,
2023, at which point Child was twelve years old. Therein, DHS requested
reunification and Child’s discharge from dependency. See N.T. Hearing,
7/12/23, at 9-10. DHS adduced testimony from Kayla Thurman, a case
manager for the Community Umbrella Association (“CUA”) assigned to Child’s
case testified. Father appeared virtually and also testified. The circumstances
surrounding Child’s testimony, however, are our principal concern here.
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Specifically, immediately prior to Child’s testimony, his legal interests
counsel requested that Father be sequestered during Child’s testimony. See
id. at 36 (“[Child] has asked that Father is not virtually present during his
testimony.”). The trial court indicated that it would only allow Child to testify
outside of Father’s presence if all parties and counsel were absent.2 See id.
at 36-37 (“So if Father’s not going to be present, then no one else should be
either. . . . Make a decision as to whether you want all counsel present or no
counsel present.”). This proposal drew immediate objections from, inter alia,
Child’s legal interests counsel. See id. at 38 (“[W]e are objecting to this as
we have a right to be present and Father does not have a right to present to
hear this testimony.”). Over these objections, the trial court interviewed Child
outside of the presence of all parties and all counsel, including Attorney
Calandra and Child’s legal interests counsel.3 See id. at 40.
2 We note that Father was sequestered, without objection, during Child’s testimony on May 31, 2023. See N.T., 5/31/23 at 8, 24-62. Father’s counsel did not object to Child’s sequestration request at the July 12, 2023 hearing.
3 The transcript of this interview reveals that the trial court did not direct any specific questions to Child, but merely provided him with an open-ended opportunity to share information. See N.T., 7/12/23, at 7 (“This is your opportunity . . .to let me know what you like . . . as opposed to . . . having everyone ask you a bunch of questions or somehow make you feel uncomfortable. This is your opportunity to share with me anything that you would like.”). Consequently, Child provided undirected and disorganized testimony. See id. at 8-20. The court did not ask any clarifying questions.
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The same day, the trial court filed an order directing that Child was to
be reunited with Father on July 17, 2023. See Permanency Review Order,
7/12/23, at 2-3. The order also mandated that Child be discharged from
dependency and directed DHS to submit the appropriate administrative
paperwork to transfer custody of Child to Father as of the same day. See id.
On July 13, 2023, Child filed a timely notice of appeal with a concise
statement of errors pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b). Thereafter,
the trial court filed a responsive opinion pursuant to Rule 1925(a)(2)(ii).
Child has raised the following issues for our consideration:
A. Did the trial court err as a matter of law and abuse its discretion by excluding all attorneys, including counsel for [Child], from the courtroom during the pendency of the proceeding, over counsels’ objection, and by refusing to unseal testimony taken outside the presence of counsel?
B. Did the trial court err as a matter of law and abuse its discretion by ordering that [Child] be reunified with Father, where the evidence clearly demonstrated that [Child’s] best interests were best served by remaining with Maternal Grandmother, and not being transferred to Father’s custody?
Child’s Brief at 5 (cleaned up).4
This appeal arises from an order entered in dependency proceedings.
Our standard of review requires us “to accept the findings of fact and
credibility determinations of the trial court if they are supported by the record,
4 In lieu of a brief, Attorney Calandra has submitted a letter advocating in “full” support of Child’s position. See No Brief Letter, 9/12/23.
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but does not require [this Court] to accept the lower court’s inferences or
conclusions of law.” Interest of T.G., 208 A.3d 487, 490 (Pa. Super. 2019).
Additionally, we must “exercise our independent judgment in reviewing the
court’s determination” in order “to ensure that the record represents a
comprehensive inquiry and that the hearing judge has applied the appropriate
legal principles to that record.” In re R.W.J., 826 A.2d 10, 12 (Pa. Super.
2003) (internal citations omitted). Thus, we review the trial court’s
determination for an abuse of discretion. See T.G., supra at 490. “[A]n
abuse of discretion occurs when the court has overridden or misapplied the
law, when its judgment is manifestly unreasonable, or when there is
insufficient evidence of record to support the court's findings.” Bouzos-Reilly
v. Reilly, 980 A.2d 643, 644 n.1 (Pa. Super. 2009).
Child’s first claim for relief concerns the trial court’s in camera
questioning of Child on July 12, 2023, without Child’s attorneys present. Child
argues that this effectively deprived him of the advice and support of counsel
at critical junctures in the dependency proceedings, which he argues
constitutes a “structural error” pursuant to In re Adoption of L.B.M., 161
A.3d 172 (Pa. 2017). See Child’s Brief at 38-45. Specifically, a structural
error is one that requires reversal or vacatur without assessing whether the
particular oversight is harmless or not. See L.B.M., supra at 182.
DHS counters that L.B.M. is inapplicable to the instant case and argues
that any arguable error in excluding Child’s attorneys from the July 12, 2023
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in camera interview was harmless.5 See DHS’s Brief at 13-20. The trial court
similarly suggests any error was harmless in light of the totality of the
evidence. See Trial Court Opinion, 8/4/23, at 22 (“The evidence reflected
that reunification best served the needs and welfare of [Child].”).
Before contending with the applicability of L.B.M., however, it behooves
this Court to determine whether an error respecting Child’s legal
representation has occurred. The trial court maintains that the procedure that
it followed regarding the taking of Child’s testimony on July 12 was appropriate
pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 1915.11 (“Appointing Child’s Attorney. Child Interview.
Child Attending Proceedings.”). See id. at 21-22. This Rule is only applicable
in custody proceedings. See Pa.R.C.P. 1915.1. The instant case sounds in
dependency and, as such, is governed by the provisions of the Juvenile Act,
42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6301, et seq., (“the Act”). The rules governing custody
matters are inapplicable. This matter is governed by the Pennsylvania Rules
of Juvenile Court Procedure (“the Rules”). See Pa.R.J.C.P. 1100(A).
Thus, we will begin our review by assessing the propriety of the trial
court’s actions under the appropriate statutory and procedural standards. We
are bound to interpret the Rules in a manner that effectuates the purposes of
the Act, which are set forth at 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6301(b). See Pa.R.J.C.P.
5 DHS argues Child waived his claim concerning his testimony on July 12, 2023 by consenting to the interview of Child outside the presence of his attorneys. The record belies this assertion. See N.T., 7/12/23, at 38-42 (evincing that Child’s legal interest counsel made a timely objection).
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1101(C). Accordingly, we must interpret the Rules in a manner that, inter
alia, ensures all parties receive “a fair hearing” that recognizes and enforces
“their constitutional and other legal rights[.]” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6301(b)(4).
Amongst other rights, parties in dependency proceedings are “entitled
to representation by legal counsel at all stages of any proceedings” as a matter
of statutory law. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6337. This statutory entitlement is more
explicit with respect to children.6 See id. (“[C]ounsel must be provided for a
child.”); see also 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6337.1(a) (“Legal counsel shall be provided
for a child who is alleged or has been found to be a dependent child in
accordance with the [Rules].”). Based upon the foregoing, we are bound to
interpret the Rules in a fashion that ensures a dependent child’s statutory
entitlement to the assistance of counsel is fully realized.
Although separate legal and best interests counsel were appointed to
represent Child in this matter, they were excluded from the trial court’s in
camera interview of Child on July 12, 2023. See N.T., 7/12/23, at 38-42. We
find the provisions of Pa.R.J.C.P. 1128(A)-(B) to be illuminating in assessing
the validity of the trial court’s decision to proceed outside of the presence of
6 In dependency litigation, a child may only waive his right to legal counsel if the waiver is “knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made,” and the trial court conducts an on-the-record colloquy. Pa.R.J.C.P. 1152(A)(2); see also 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6337.1(b)(3) (providing that a child over the age of fourteen may waive their right to counsel under certain circumstances). However, “[a] child may not waive the right to a guardian ad litem.” Pa.R.J.C.P. 1152(A)(1) (emphasis added). Child did not waive his right to counsel in this case.
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Child’s legal and best interests counsel. In pertinent part, the Rules provide
as follows:
A. General Rule. All parties, including the child, shall be present at any proceeding unless the exceptions of paragraph (B) apply.
B. Exceptions.
(1) Absence from Proceedings. The court may proceed in the absence of a party upon good cause shown except that in no case shall a hearing occur in the absence of a child’s attorney. If a child has a guardian ad litem and legal counsel, both attorneys shall be present.
(2) Exclusion from Proceedings. A party may be excluded from a proceeding only for good cause shown. If a party is so excluded, counsel for the party shall be permitted to be present.
Pa.R.J.C.P. 1128(A)-(B). The comment to this Rule emphasizes that “[i]n no
case is a proceeding to occur in the absence of a child’s attorney.” Pa.R.J.C.P.
1128 at cmt. With respect to in camera proceedings, the Rules similarly
provide that “in camera proceedings are to be recorded and each party’s
attorney shall be present.” Pa.R.J.C.P. 1134.
Viewed collectively, the Rules evince that: (1) a child’s GAL and legal
counsel may not be excluded from dependency proceedings; and (2) while
parties may be excluded from in camera interviews, counsel may not be
similarly excluded. See Pa.R.J.C.P. 1128(A)-(B), 1134. This Court has
explained that, at a minimum, due process requires that counsel for all parties
be present for such in camera dependency proceedings. See In Interest of
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Leslie H., 478 A.2d 876, 878 (Pa. Super. 1984), recognized as superseded
on separate grounds, In re M.T., 607 A.2d 271, 280 (Pa. Super. 1992).
Viewing the actions of the trial court in light of these provisions, we
readily conclude that the in camera interview conducted by the trial court on
July 12 was legally erroneous. Specifically, the trial court precluded Child’s
counsel from participating in the questioning of Child at a critical juncture in
the dependency proceedings, i.e., the final opportunity for Child to address
the trial court prior to its ruling on reunification and discharge. This procedure
deprived Child of the advice and support of the legal representation that was
conferred upon him at all stages of the dependency proceedings as a matter
of law. Accord 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6337, 6337.1(a). Furthermore, the trial court
violated Child’s rule-based rights to have his counsel present during the
entirety of these proceedings. See Pa.R.J.C.P. 1128(A)-(B), 1134.
Based upon the foregoing, we conclude that an error occurred in the
above-captioned case implicating child’s rights to counsel in the dependency
context. The question remains, however, as to whether such an error may be
considered harmless or is structural in nature. A review of L.B.M. is merited.
Therein, our Supreme Court considered the nature of a child’s entitlement to
legal counsel in TPR proceedings pursuant to the Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S.A.
§§ 2101, et seq. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2313(a). A majority of the High Court
concluded that Section 2313(a) “requires the appointment of counsel who
serves the child’s legal interests in contested involuntary TPR proceedings.”
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L.B.M., supra at 180. The Supreme Court also determined that the failure to
appoint counsel “compromises the framework of the proceedings and
constitutes a structural error,” which is not subject to harmlessness analysis.
Id. at 183.
The High Court noted in L.B.M. that, in dependency matters like the
case at bar where a “child’s best interests and legal interests diverge,” the
appointment of separate counsel to represent a child’s legal and best interests
may be appropriate. See id. at 175 n.4. In In re J’K.M., 191 A.3d 907, 913
(Pa. Super. 2018), this Court deemed L.B.M. to be “instructive” in evaluating
a child’s right to counsel in dependency proceedings. Specifically, we held
that a “divergence of opinions between [a child’s] legal interests and best
interests presents a conflict” that necessitates the appointment of separate
counsel pursuant to Rule 1151. Id. at 915. Several non-precedential holdings
of this Court have subsequently interpreted J’K.M. as having extended the
application of L.B.M. to dependency actions, generally. See Interest of J.G.,
2019 WL 6840669, at *1 n.2 (Pa. Super. Dec. 16, 2019); Interest of A.A.,
2019 WL 5431783, at *1 n.5 (Pa. Super. Oct. 23, 2019); Interest of L.A.P.,
2019 WL 4131952, at *2 n.5 (Pa. Super. Aug. 30, 2019); Interest of J.B.,
2019 WL 4052489, at *1 n.2 (Pa. Super. Aug. 28, 2019).
This Court has stopped short, however, of explicitly referring to a
deprivation of counsel in a dependency proceeding as a “structural error.”
Compare L.B.M. supra at 183 with J’K.M., supra at 915. While J’K.M. fully
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supports a conclusion that L.B.M. is pertinent in dependency cases, no
Pennsylvania court has yet explicitly found that a violation of a child’s right to
counsel in the dependency context constitutes structural error.7 Cf. J’K.M.,
supra at 915 (holding that a “divergence of opinions between [a child’s] legal
interests and best interests presents a conflict as contemplated in L.B.M.” and
reversing without addressing harmlessness).
In L.B.M., our Supreme Court adopted the concept of structural error
from criminal law, pursuant to which “denial of counsel is deemed a structural
error, requiring reversal without the need to demonstrate prejudice.” L.B.M.,
supra at 182. The High Court reasoned as follows:
A structural error is defined as one that affects the framework within which the trial proceeds, rather than simply an error in the trial process itself. Structural errors are not subject to harmless error analysis. Generally, denial of counsel is a structural error, although such error usually stems from deprivation of a constitutional right to counsel. Here, by contrast, the right to counsel is statutory. Nonetheless, we do not find that distinction to be determinative. The same concerns are evident regardless of the derivation of the right. Whether the right to counsel is conferred by constitution or statute, the right having been conferred must be protected. ____________________________________________
7 In Interest of D.G., 241 A.3d 1230, 1240 n.7 (Pa. Super. 2020), this Court noted in passing that Pennsylvania courts have not recognized a child’s “non- waivable statutory right to separate legal counsel” in dependency proceedings. However, we ultimately declined to address this issue on the merits in D.G. based upon the parties’ failure to explore the distinctions between the dependency and TPR matters. See id. This passing dicta does not undermine the analysis presented above. See, e.g., GM Berkshire Hills LLC v. Berks County Board of Assessment, 290 A.3d 238, 253 (Pa. 2023) (“[D]icta is an opinion by a court that is not essential to the decision, which has not precedential value even when it relates to a question that is directly involved, briefed, and argued by counsel, and even passed on by the court.”).
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In criminal and TPR cases alike, critical rights are at stake. With respect to the former, the framers of our Constitutions, and the courts interpreting those charters, have determined that counsel was required to ensure that liberty interests and process rights are protected. With respect to the latter, our General Assembly has decided that counsel for the child is required because of the primacy of children's welfare, the fundamental nature of the parent-child relationship and the permanency of termination. The legislature has codified a process that affords a full and fair opportunity for all of the affected parties to be heard and to participate in a TPR proceeding. The denial of mandated counsel compromises the framework of the proceedings and constitutes a structural error. Further . . . harmless error analysis would require speculation after the fact to evaluate the effect of the lack of appointed counsel, effectively requiring proof of a negative. For all of these reasons, we hold that the failure to appoint counsel for a child involved in a contested, involuntary termination of parental rights proceeding is a structural error and is not subject to harmless error analysis.
Id. at 183 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
The same justifications that animated our Supreme Court in L.B.M.
apply with equal force in the instant controversy. Here and as discussed
above, Child has a clear, statutory entitlement to counsel at “all stages” of the
dependency proceedings pursuant to Sections 6337 and 6337.1(a). See 42
Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6337, 6337.1(a). The Rules similarly provide that Child’s
statutorily mandated counsel must be present at all dependency proceedings,
including those conducted in camera. See Pa.R.J.C.P. 1128(A)-(B), 1134. As
our Supreme Court has explained above, the ultimate source of a litigant’s
entitlement to counsel does not determine the extent of protections to which
they are subject. See L.B.M., supra at 183. Rather, once the right to counsel
has been conferred, it must be appropriately safeguarded. See id.
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Concomitantly, we recognize that dependency proceedings do not
necessarily implicate the same gravity of consequence present in TPR or
criminal matters, i.e., termination of parental rights or loss of personal
physical liberty. Nonetheless, “critical rights” are still at issue in dependency
proceedings, including the appropriateness of the Commonwealth’s coercive
intervention into a family’s life, the physical and legal custody of the subject
child, and the parents’ respective fitness to obtain or retain such custody. See
In re Rinker, 117 A.2d 780, 783 (Pa. Super. 1955) (“It is a serious matter
for the long arm of the state to reach into a home and snatch a child from its
[parent]. It is a power which a government dedicated to freedom for the
individual should exercise with extreme care[.]”).
These concerns may not be as weighty as those at issue in criminal or
TPR litigation, but we cannot conclude that the consequences of dependency
proceedings are materially less sufficient to enable us to distinguish such
matters from the reasoning of L.B.M. quoted above. Given that our General
Assembly has provided a statutory entitlement to counsel for children in
dependency litigation, any disparity between dependency and TPR
proceedings are a distinction without a difference with respect to
transgressions that deny a child’s right to counsel.
The instant case also does not concern a failure to appoint counsel. As
detailed above, there is no question that the trial court appropriately
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appointed separate counsel to represent Child’s legal and best interests.8
However, this Court has extended the application of L.B.M. in TPR matters to
situations in which counsel was appointed to represent multiple children in
conformity with Section 2313(a) but was subsequently and erroneously
excluded from participating in the TPR proceedings. See Interest of H.H.N.,
296 A.3d 1258, 1265-67 (Pa. Super. 2023) (holding trial court’s exclusion of
appointed counsel from TPR hearing “deprived [the children] of their statutory
right to counsel,” which was structural error requiring vacatur of decrees
regardless of whether counsel was present during all other proceedings).
A similar situation confronts us in the case sub judice, wherein the trial
court properly appointed counsel to represent Child, but then denied Child the
benefit of that representation by excluding his attorneys from participating in
a critical portion of the underlying dependency proceedings. Accordingly, we
believe that L.B.M. should also apply under the analogous facts of the instant
case. Accord H.H.N., supra at 1265-67. Therefore, we conclude the trial
court’s exclusion of Child’s attorneys from Child’s testimony constitutes
8 We note that no party has challenged the trial court’s decision to appoint a separate GAL and legal counsel in this matter. Consistent with our Supreme Court’s guidance on such matters, we decline to raise this issue sua sponte. See, e.g., In re Adoption of K.M.G., 240 A.3d 1218, 1238 (Pa. 2020) (“[W]e do not authorize sua sponte review of whether GAL/[c]ounsel had a conflict in representing both a child’s legal interest and best interests or whether counsel placed the child’s preferred outcome on the record, as those fact-intensive, nuanced determinations are not well-suited for sua sponte appellate review.”).
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structural error that requires we vacate the trial court’s July 12, 2023 order
without considering harmless error.9 See id.; L.B.M., supra at 182-83.
To summarize, the trial court committed legal error by preventing
Child’s attorneys from participating in Child’s in camera interview in
contravention of Pa.R.J.C.P. 1128(A)-(B) and 1134. See also Leslie H.,
supra at 878. This error deprived Child of the legal representation statutorily
guaranteed him at all stages of the dependency proceedings pursuant to 42
Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6337 and 6337.1(a). Conjunctively considering the holdings in
L.B.M., H.H.N., and J’K.M., this violation of Child’s right to counsel
9 Child also relies upon the trial court’s exclusion of counsel from the in camera interview conducted on May 10, 2023. We discern, however, that no contemporaneous objection was entered by Child’s GAL, who was simultaneously representing both Child’s legal and best interests at that point in time. See N.T., 5/10/23, at 41-42; Pa.R.J.C.P. 1151(A). Although we ultimately determine that the trial court’s exclusion of Child’s counsel from the July 12, 2023 proceedings constitutes structural error pursuant to L.B.M., that specific aspect of Child’s claim was properly preserved via a timely objection in the trial court. See N.T., 7/12/23, at 38-42. We emphasize that structural error and non-waivability are separate legal concerns. See In re T.S., 192 A.3d 1080, 1087 (Pa. 2018) (“[S]tructural error means that no harmless-error analysis is relevant; however, it does not always imply non-waivability.”).
We need not definitively address whether claims concerning alleged deprivations of counsel in dependency proceedings are non-waivable. But cf. T.S., supra at 1087 (holding that a claim concerning the trial court’s failure to appoint counsel pursuant to L.B.M. in termination proceedings was non- waivable). Given the nature of our holding, we decline to consider this portion of Child’s argument as moot. See, e.g., Printed Image of York, Inc. v. Mifflin Press, Ltd., 133 A.3d 55, 59 (Pa. Super. 2016) (“An issue before a court is moot when a determination is sought on a matter which, when rendered, cannot have any practical effect on the existing controversy.”) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).
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constitutes structural error and, thus, requires vacatur irrespective of any
purported harmless error analysis. See, e.g., L.B.M., supra at 182-83;
H.H.N., supra at 1265-67; J’K.M., supra at 913-15. Therefore, we must
vacate the trial court’s July 12, 2023 order and remand for a new hearing.
We will also briefly address Child’s arguments concerning the transcripts
of Child’s testimony on May 10, 2023. The certified record reflects that Child’s
legal interests counsel has been unable to obtain a transcript of this
proceedings due to the trial court having sealed the testimony, despite a
timely request advanced by Child’s legal interests counsel. See N.T., 7/12/23,
at 40. The trial court confirms as much in its Rule 1925(a)(2)(ii) opinion. See
Trial Court Opinion, 8/4/23, at 21 (“The May 10, 2023 interview was recorded,
but remained sealed.”). Due process requires that in camera interviews
conducted in dependency proceedings be transcribed. See Leslie H., supra
at 878. The trial court’s decision to seal Child’s testimony in a fashion that
precludes transcription has denied access to “relevant information” that could
impact these proceedings. See id. Accordingly, we also direct the trial court
to take appropriate action to unseal the transcript of its May 10, 2023
interview of Child such that it is available for transcription. Id.
Given the nature of our holding, we do not address Child’s second claim.
Based upon the foregoing, we vacate the trial court’s July 12, 2023 order
and remand for a new permanency hearing consistent with this opinion. At
this new hearing, Child’s attorneys, along with counsel for all other parties,
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shall be permitted to fully participate in the proceedings, including the
questioning of Child. Furthermore, the trial court shall make available for
transcription the recording of Child’s in camera interview on May 10, 2023.
Order vacated. Case remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Date: 1/22/2024
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