In the Missouri Court of Appeals Eastern District DIVISION TWO
IN THE ESTATE OF: ) ED109026 SHAWN EDWARD JACOBS, DECEASED ) ) Appeal from the Circuit Court of ) St. Louis County ) 17SL-PR02420 ) ) Honorable Ellen S. Levy ) ) Filed: July 6, 2021
Chad G. Jacobs, Derek T. Jacobs, and Trisha H. Jacobs (Beneficiaries) appeal from the
judgment of the Circuit Court of St. Louis County’s Probate Division finding in favor of
Respondent Stone & Alter Real Estate Company (Stone) on its Petition for Accounting in the
amount of $495,088.95. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
Shawn E. Jacobs (Decedent) was a principal owner of Cicero’s, Inc. (Cicero’s), a
Missouri corporation that owned Cicero’s, a well-known St. Louis-area restaurant. On August
23, 1996, Stone entered into a commercial lease with Cicero’s. At the time the lease was
executed, Decedent and his wife, Alice Jacobs (Mrs. Jacobs), also signed a Guarantee of Lease
(Guarantee), personally guaranteeing Cicero’s performance of the lease. This Guarantee was
ratified by Decedent at the same time as various amendments to the lease, with the most recent
being January 1, 2015. On October 29, 2003, Decedent created the Shawn E. Jacobs Living Trust (Jacobs Trust).
Decedent was the sole grantor of the trust. Decedent and his wife were co-trustees, and their
three children Chad, Derek, and Trisha were the beneficiaries. The Jacobs Trust provides in
relevant part:
[Article III] A. Income and Principal. During the [Decedent’s] lifetime, the Trustee shall pay so much or all of the income and principal of the Trust Estate to the [Decedent] or otherwise as the [Decedent] directs.
On January 22, 2012, Mrs. Jacobs passed away. Under the terms of the Jacobs Trust,
Neil Packman (Trustee), who had been Decedent’s accountant for 30 years, became the
successor co-trustee. On June 10, 2016, Decedent passed away. For the remainder of 2016,
Beneficiaries directed Trustee to transfer a total of $106,000 from the Jacobs Trust to support
Cicero’s.
On April 6, 2017, Trustee published a “Notice to Creditors by Trustee,” which required
claimants to present their claims to Trustee regarding debts owed by Decedent within the
following six months pursuant to Section 456.5-505.5. 1 Also on April 6, 2017, Stone filed a
Petition to Require Administration of Decedent’s probate estate pursuant to Section 473.020.
Stone’s petition included its claim, along with an affidavit describing the claim against
Decedent’s estate for his personal guaranty of Cicero’s lease. The next day, on April 7, the claim
was communicated to the Trustee when the Personal Representative appointed in Stone’s probate
case, Peter C. Palumbo III (Personal Representative), called Trustee and advised him of the
claim in the pending probate case.
On June 1, 2017, Cicero’s defaulted on its lease. On June 6, 2017, the Personal
Representative sent Trustee a letter by both email and regular mail notifying Trustee of Stone’s
1 All statutory references are to RSMo (2016), unless otherwise indicated.
2 claim against Decedent’s estate, which included the Petition to Require Administration filed on
April 6, the accompanying affidavit describing the claim, and a document stating Stone’s claim
amounted to somewhere between $459,328.10 and $1,621,158.00, plus attorney’s fees.
However, on June 23, 2017, Trustee distributed $165,800 to each of the Beneficiaries (Disputed
Transfers), amounting to a total of $497,400, thereby depleting all the assets held in the Jacobs
Trust. On September 5, 2017, Stone made a written demand on the Personal Representative to
institute an action for accounting to recover from Beneficiaries the Disputed Transfers.
Since Trustee transferred the assets from the Jacobs Trust rather than pay Stone’s claim,
Stone had no choice but to initiate litigation. On November 22, 2017, Stone filed a Petition for
Accounting under Section 461.300, seeking a judgment ordering Beneficiaries to return their pro
rata share of the Disputed Transfers to Decedent’s estate. Beneficiaries filed a motion to
dismiss, arguing Section 456.5-505.5’s publication provision barred Stone’s claims. The trial
court denied the motion to dismiss because it found that within Section 456.5-505.5’s six-month
period following Trustee’s publication of notice to creditors, which ran from April 6, 2017, to
October 6, 2017, Stone presented the claims to Trustee three different times. 2
On March 13, 2020, the trial court entered its Order and Judgment requiring Beneficiaries
to each pay $165,029.65 to Decedent’s estate. Specifically, the trial court found: (1) Stone is a
qualified claimant under Section 461.300.10(3); (2) immediately prior to his death, Decedent
held a power of withdrawal over the Jacobs Trust income and principal, making the Jacobs Trust
property subject to the claims of his creditors; therefore, the Disputed Transfers are recoverable
transfers under Section 461.300.10(4); and (3) the assets of Decedent’s probate estate are
inadequate to pay the estate’s debts.
2 However, we note there is no evidence in the record showing the Personal Representative actually communicated Stone’s September 5, 2017 demand to the Trustee.
3 This appeal follows.
DISCUSSION
Beneficiaries raise two points on appeal. First, they argue the trial court erred in denying
their motion to dismiss and motion for directed verdict because Section 456.5-505.5 barred
Stone’s claim in that it was not “presented” to Trustee during the six-month period following
Trustee’s publication of notice to Decedent’s creditors. Second, they assert the trial court erred
because the Jacobs Trust was “subject to the protections against creditor’s claims pursuant to
[Section] 456.5-504 and [Section] 456.505.”
Standard of Review
Generally, the appellate court will affirm the judgment of the trial court unless there is no
substantial evidence to support it, it is against the weight of the evidence, it erroneously declares
the law, or it erroneously applies the law. In re Estate of Jones, 280 S.W.3d 647, 650 (Mo. App.
W.D. 2009) (citing Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo. banc 1976)). However, because
statutory construction is a question of law, the appellate court’s review is de novo, and it gives no
deference to the trial court’s determination of law. Id. (citing Mo. Highway & Transp. Comm’n
v. Merritt, 204 S.W.3d 278, 281 (Mo. App. E.D. 2006)).
Point I
Beneficiaries argue the trial court erred in denying their motion to dismiss and motion for
directed verdict because Section 456.5-505.5 barred Stone’s claim against Trustee and the Jacobs
Trust property. They assert Stone did not “present” its claim to Trustee within the six-month
period because Stone did not file its Petition for Accounting within that time.
4 Analysis
The issue is whether Stone timely “presented” its claim to Trustee within the meaning of
Section 456.5-505.5. To determine the meaning of Section 456.5-505.5, we turn to statutory
interpretation.
The rules of statutory interpretation are not intended to be applied haphazardly or indiscriminately to achieve a desired result.
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In the Missouri Court of Appeals Eastern District DIVISION TWO
IN THE ESTATE OF: ) ED109026 SHAWN EDWARD JACOBS, DECEASED ) ) Appeal from the Circuit Court of ) St. Louis County ) 17SL-PR02420 ) ) Honorable Ellen S. Levy ) ) Filed: July 6, 2021
Chad G. Jacobs, Derek T. Jacobs, and Trisha H. Jacobs (Beneficiaries) appeal from the
judgment of the Circuit Court of St. Louis County’s Probate Division finding in favor of
Respondent Stone & Alter Real Estate Company (Stone) on its Petition for Accounting in the
amount of $495,088.95. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
Shawn E. Jacobs (Decedent) was a principal owner of Cicero’s, Inc. (Cicero’s), a
Missouri corporation that owned Cicero’s, a well-known St. Louis-area restaurant. On August
23, 1996, Stone entered into a commercial lease with Cicero’s. At the time the lease was
executed, Decedent and his wife, Alice Jacobs (Mrs. Jacobs), also signed a Guarantee of Lease
(Guarantee), personally guaranteeing Cicero’s performance of the lease. This Guarantee was
ratified by Decedent at the same time as various amendments to the lease, with the most recent
being January 1, 2015. On October 29, 2003, Decedent created the Shawn E. Jacobs Living Trust (Jacobs Trust).
Decedent was the sole grantor of the trust. Decedent and his wife were co-trustees, and their
three children Chad, Derek, and Trisha were the beneficiaries. The Jacobs Trust provides in
relevant part:
[Article III] A. Income and Principal. During the [Decedent’s] lifetime, the Trustee shall pay so much or all of the income and principal of the Trust Estate to the [Decedent] or otherwise as the [Decedent] directs.
On January 22, 2012, Mrs. Jacobs passed away. Under the terms of the Jacobs Trust,
Neil Packman (Trustee), who had been Decedent’s accountant for 30 years, became the
successor co-trustee. On June 10, 2016, Decedent passed away. For the remainder of 2016,
Beneficiaries directed Trustee to transfer a total of $106,000 from the Jacobs Trust to support
Cicero’s.
On April 6, 2017, Trustee published a “Notice to Creditors by Trustee,” which required
claimants to present their claims to Trustee regarding debts owed by Decedent within the
following six months pursuant to Section 456.5-505.5. 1 Also on April 6, 2017, Stone filed a
Petition to Require Administration of Decedent’s probate estate pursuant to Section 473.020.
Stone’s petition included its claim, along with an affidavit describing the claim against
Decedent’s estate for his personal guaranty of Cicero’s lease. The next day, on April 7, the claim
was communicated to the Trustee when the Personal Representative appointed in Stone’s probate
case, Peter C. Palumbo III (Personal Representative), called Trustee and advised him of the
claim in the pending probate case.
On June 1, 2017, Cicero’s defaulted on its lease. On June 6, 2017, the Personal
Representative sent Trustee a letter by both email and regular mail notifying Trustee of Stone’s
1 All statutory references are to RSMo (2016), unless otherwise indicated.
2 claim against Decedent’s estate, which included the Petition to Require Administration filed on
April 6, the accompanying affidavit describing the claim, and a document stating Stone’s claim
amounted to somewhere between $459,328.10 and $1,621,158.00, plus attorney’s fees.
However, on June 23, 2017, Trustee distributed $165,800 to each of the Beneficiaries (Disputed
Transfers), amounting to a total of $497,400, thereby depleting all the assets held in the Jacobs
Trust. On September 5, 2017, Stone made a written demand on the Personal Representative to
institute an action for accounting to recover from Beneficiaries the Disputed Transfers.
Since Trustee transferred the assets from the Jacobs Trust rather than pay Stone’s claim,
Stone had no choice but to initiate litigation. On November 22, 2017, Stone filed a Petition for
Accounting under Section 461.300, seeking a judgment ordering Beneficiaries to return their pro
rata share of the Disputed Transfers to Decedent’s estate. Beneficiaries filed a motion to
dismiss, arguing Section 456.5-505.5’s publication provision barred Stone’s claims. The trial
court denied the motion to dismiss because it found that within Section 456.5-505.5’s six-month
period following Trustee’s publication of notice to creditors, which ran from April 6, 2017, to
October 6, 2017, Stone presented the claims to Trustee three different times. 2
On March 13, 2020, the trial court entered its Order and Judgment requiring Beneficiaries
to each pay $165,029.65 to Decedent’s estate. Specifically, the trial court found: (1) Stone is a
qualified claimant under Section 461.300.10(3); (2) immediately prior to his death, Decedent
held a power of withdrawal over the Jacobs Trust income and principal, making the Jacobs Trust
property subject to the claims of his creditors; therefore, the Disputed Transfers are recoverable
transfers under Section 461.300.10(4); and (3) the assets of Decedent’s probate estate are
inadequate to pay the estate’s debts.
2 However, we note there is no evidence in the record showing the Personal Representative actually communicated Stone’s September 5, 2017 demand to the Trustee.
3 This appeal follows.
DISCUSSION
Beneficiaries raise two points on appeal. First, they argue the trial court erred in denying
their motion to dismiss and motion for directed verdict because Section 456.5-505.5 barred
Stone’s claim in that it was not “presented” to Trustee during the six-month period following
Trustee’s publication of notice to Decedent’s creditors. Second, they assert the trial court erred
because the Jacobs Trust was “subject to the protections against creditor’s claims pursuant to
[Section] 456.5-504 and [Section] 456.505.”
Standard of Review
Generally, the appellate court will affirm the judgment of the trial court unless there is no
substantial evidence to support it, it is against the weight of the evidence, it erroneously declares
the law, or it erroneously applies the law. In re Estate of Jones, 280 S.W.3d 647, 650 (Mo. App.
W.D. 2009) (citing Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo. banc 1976)). However, because
statutory construction is a question of law, the appellate court’s review is de novo, and it gives no
deference to the trial court’s determination of law. Id. (citing Mo. Highway & Transp. Comm’n
v. Merritt, 204 S.W.3d 278, 281 (Mo. App. E.D. 2006)).
Point I
Beneficiaries argue the trial court erred in denying their motion to dismiss and motion for
directed verdict because Section 456.5-505.5 barred Stone’s claim against Trustee and the Jacobs
Trust property. They assert Stone did not “present” its claim to Trustee within the six-month
period because Stone did not file its Petition for Accounting within that time.
4 Analysis
The issue is whether Stone timely “presented” its claim to Trustee within the meaning of
Section 456.5-505.5. To determine the meaning of Section 456.5-505.5, we turn to statutory
interpretation.
The rules of statutory interpretation are not intended to be applied haphazardly or indiscriminately to achieve a desired result. Instead, the canons of statutory interpretation are considerations made in a genuine effort to determine what the legislature intended. This Court's primary rule of statutory interpretation is to give effect to legislative intent as reflected in the plain language of the statute at issue.
Parktown Imports, Inc. v. Audi of Am., Inc., 278 S.W.3d 670, 672 (Mo. banc 2009).
Generally, Section 456.5-505 determines when trust assets are subject to claims by the
settlor’s creditors. Section 456.5-505.5 3 allows a trustee to publish notice in a newspaper
informing creditors of the deceased settlor to present the decedent’s debts to the trustee within
six months of the date of the first publication of notice or be forever barred. The definitions
applicable to Section 456.5-505 are found in Section 456.1-103, which does not define “present”
or “claim of creditor.” We have not found any cases interpreting the word “present” in the
context of Section 456.5-505.5.
Beneficiaries argue Stone “presented” its claim only when it filed the Petition for
Accounting on November 22, 2017, which was outside of Section 456.5-505.5’s six-month
period. Beneficiaries assert that Stone’s sole avenue for recovering from assets in the Jacobs
Trust was to file an action for accounting within the six-month period. However, this argument
3 Section 456.5-505.5 provides in relevant part: 5. Any trustee who has a duty or power to pay the debts of a deceased settlor may publish a notice in a newspaper published in the county designated in subdivision (3) of this subsection once a week for four consecutive weeks in substantially the following form: To all persons interested in the estate of.........., decedent. The undersigned .......... is acting as Trustee under a trust the terms of which provide that the debts of the decedent may be paid by the Trustee(s) upon receipt of proper proof thereof. The address of the Trustee is.......... All creditors of the decedent are noticed to present their claims to the undersigned within six (6) months from the date of the first publication of this notice or be forever barred . . .
5 fails to recognize that Stone’s action for accounting only became necessary when Trustee
ignored Stone’s multiple communications regarding its claim and subsequently disbursed the
trust assets. If Trustee had simply responded to Stone’s claim, this litigation would not have
been necessary. Accordingly, Stone was not required to file an action for accounting in order to
properly present its claim to Trustee under Section 456.5-505.5.
Beneficiaries further argue that Section 456.975 supplies the relevant definition of a
“claim of creditor,” which defines how to “present” a claim to a trustee. However, this argument
fails for two reasons. First, the plain language of Section 456.975 states that its definitions apply
to Sections 456.970 to 456.1135. Second, Section 456.1120 provides, “Section 456.970 to
456.1135 shall not limit the ability of a creditor or other claimant to reach a beneficial interest as
otherwise provided in sections 456.5-501 to 456.5-507.” (emphasis added). Thus, Section
456.975 provides no assistance to determine the meaning of “present” as used in Section 456.5-
505.5.
In the absence of statutory definitions, we may rely on dictionary definitions to ascertain
the meaning of the language used therein. Invs. All., LLC v. Bordeaux, 428 S.W.3d 693, 696
(Mo. App. E.D. 2014) (citing Gash v. Lafayette Cnty., 245 S.W.3d 229, 232 (Mo. banc 2008)).
Therefore, we turn to the dictionary to define the plain meaning of “present.” Interestingly,
Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019), does not define the verb “present.” However, Merriam-
Webster provides the following definitions:
1 : to make a gift to 2 : to give or bestow formally 3a : to bring (something, such as a play) before the public b(1) : to bring or introduce into the presence of someone especially of superior rank or status (2) : to introduce socially 4a : to offer to view : show b : to bring to one's attention
6 //This presents a problem. 5a : to lay (something, such as a charge) before a court as an object of inquiry b : to bring a formal public charge, indictment, or presentment against 6 : to nominate to a benefice 7 : to aim, point, or direct (something, such as a weapon) so as to face something or in a particular direction 8 : to act the part of : perform
Present, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/present (last visited
June 22, 2021). We find the fourth and fifth entries instructive to interpret what it means to
“present” a claim to a trustee. Thus, a creditor sufficiently “presents” its claim to a trustee when
the creditor brings the claim – or “presents a problem” – to the trustee’s attention.
Here, Stone “presented” the claim to Trustee within Section 456.5-505.5’s six-month
period from April 6, 2017, to October 6, 2017. First, the day after Trustee published notice to
the creditors, the Personal Representative appointed in Stone’s Petition to Require
Administration of Decedent’s estate notified Trustee of the probate case. Then on June 6, 2017,
Stone sent Trustee a letter which included the Petition to Require Administration, Stone’s April
6, 2017 claim, Stone’s affidavit which included the Lease and Guaranty, and a document
estimating the amount of Stone’s claim. These communications were sufficient to present
Stone’s claim to Trustee. Thus, the trial court did not err in determining Section 456.5-505.5 did
not bar Stone’s claim to the trust property. Point I is denied.
Point II
Beneficiaries’ Point II states:
The Court erred that the Jacobs Trust was not subject to the protections against creditor’s claims pursuant to R.S.Mo. §456.5-504 and R.S.Mo. §456.5-505.
We must strictly apply Rule 84.04(d)’s requirements for a Point Relied On. Kenneth Bell
& NEZ, Inc. v. Baldwin Chevrolet Cadillac, Inc., 561 S.W.3d 469, 471 (Mo. App. S.D. 2018).
“Compliance with Rule 84.04 briefing requirements is mandatory in order to ensure that
7 appellate courts do not become advocates by speculating on facts and on arguments that have not
been made.” FIA Card Servs., NA. v. Hayes, 339 S.W.3d 515, 517 (Mo. App. E.D. 2011)
(quoting Ward v. United Eng’g Co., 249 S.W.3d 285, 287 (Mo. App. E.D. 2008)). The policy
behind Rule 84.04(d) is an appellant’s brief should give notice to the respondent of the precise
matters which must be contended with and answered. Baldwin Chevrolet Cadillac, Inc., 561
S.W.3d at 473 (citing Amparan v. Martinez, 862 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Mo. App. E.D. 1993)). “An
appellant’s brief which is so deficient as to require respondent to guess at the nature and scope of
claimed errors in an effort to respond creates difficulty for the respondent, as well as for the
appellate court.” Id. (quoting Carden v. Mo. Intergovernmental Risk Mgmt. Ass’n, 258 S.W.3d
547, 554 (Mo. App. S.D. 2008) (internal quotation omitted)).
“A party’s failure to substantially comply with Rule 84.04 preserves nothing for appellate
review and is insufficient to invoke our authority to hear the case.” FIA Card Servs., NA., 339
S.W.3d at 517. Thus, the failure to comply with Rule 84.04(d) warrants dismissal of the appeal.
Bridges v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 146 S.W.3d 456, 458 (Mo. App. W.D. 2004). Nonetheless:
We have the discretion to review non-compliant briefs ex gratia where the argument is readily understandable. But we cautiously exercise this discretion because each time we review a noncompliant brief ex gratia, we send an implicit message that substandard briefing is acceptable. It is not.
Scott v. King, 510 S.W.3d 887, 892 (Mo. App. E.D. 2017) (internal citation omitted); see also
State ex rel. Hawley v. Robinson, 577 S.W.3d 823, 827 (Mo. App. E.D. 2019).
In this case, Beneficiaries’ point does not comply with Rule 84.04(d)(1) in multiple
respects. Specifically, the point is deficient because it fails to: (A) identify the trial court ruling
or action that Beneficiaries challenge; (B) state concisely the legal reasons for Beneficiaries’
claim of reversible error; and (C) explain in summary fashion why, in the context of the case,
8 “the protections against creditor’s claims” support Beneficiaries’ claim of reversible error. See
Baldwin Chevrolet Cadillac, Inc., 561 S.W.3d at 471.
Moreover, Beneficiaries’ point violates Rule 84.04(d)(4), which provides that “[a]bstract
statements of law, standing alone, do not comply with this rule.” Beneficiaries’ point loosely
asserts that the Jacobs Trust was “subject to the protections against creditor’s claims” provided in
two separate sections of the Missouri Uniform Trust Code, but does not identify which specific
section provides this vague “protection,” nor explain how either section protects the Jacobs Trust
against Stone’s claim here. As a result of the numerous violations of Rule 84.04(d), and after
significant time attempting to discern the issue Beneficiaries are attempting to assert on this
point, we find that we would have to become their advocate to be able to actually reach the
merits. This we cannot and will not do. Thus, we dismiss Point II due to Beneficiaries’
substantial failure to comply with Rule 84.04(d).
CONCLUSION
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
____________________________________ Lisa P. Page, Judge
Sherri B. Sullivan, P.J. and Thomas C. Clark, II, J., concur.