COURT OF APPEALS SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS FORT WORTH
NO. 2-08-371-CV
IN THE ESTATE OF GEORGE ANTHONY WALKER, JR., DECEASED
------------
FROM COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 1 OF WICHITA COUNTY
MEMORANDUM OPINION 1
The sole issue in this case is whether the trial court’s findings of fact
underlying its conclusion of law that there was no informal marriage 2 between
Pamela Walker and George Walker are against the great weight and
preponderance of the evidence. We affirm.
1 … See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4. 2 … “Informal marriage” is the legal term for the colloquial term “common- law marriage.” Background
Pamela and George met in 1995 and began living together in 1998. They
built a home together in 2001, moved into it in 2002, and lived there together
until George’s death in 2005.
Pamela filed a petition in George’s estate’s probate proceedings, seeking
a declaration that she and George had entered into an informal marriage and
that she was his widow. The issue was tried to the bench.
Pamela testified that George bought a wedding ring for her in 1999. She
said they considered a marriage ceremony after they moved into the new house
in 2002 but someone at the courthouse told them that “because of [their]
status of living together as husband and wife, [they] were already married,” so
they decided the ceremony was unnecessary.
Pamela testified that she and George agreed to be husband and wife and
that “that’s how [they] were introduced. That’s how [their] bills and stuff and
everything was” and that they “[p]retty much” told the world that they were
husband and wife. But she said her name was not on the deed to the new
house because her credit was bad. She also said that they filed separate
income tax returns because tax preparers told them “it was the best way” to
file. Pamela acknowledged that she represented that she was unmarried when
she applied for public assistance in 2002 to pay for an operation for her son,
2 but she said she “had no choice” because George was off work, having broken
his foot, and they had no income or insurance. She also admitted that she
indicated she was divorced on an occupational injury form in 2003.
George and Pamela took several vacations together, including trips to San
Antonio, Las Vegas, Pamela’s family reunion in Amarillo, and George’s union
meeting in Dallas. Pamela said they bought a dog together and that George
treated her children as his own. She testified that she and George were
planning a “big, formal wedding” for August 2006, but George died in October
2005.
Mack Ingram testified that George called Pamela his wife and his “old
lady” and that George introduced Pamela as his wife the first time Ingram met
her.
Jordan Brown, Pamela’s son from a prior marriage, identified George as
his stepfather and testified that he introduced George to school friends as his
father.
Brittany Brown, Pamela’s daughter from a prior marriage, testified that
she, too, introduced George to her friends as her father and that he would go
to her school when she got into trouble there.
3 Linda Boughton, a school nurse at Jordan and Brittany’s high school,
testified that Pamela referred to George as her husband and that he referred to
her as his wife.
Ruben Alaniz, a coworker of George’s for twelve or thirteen years,
testified that George referred to Pamela as his wife.
The trial court made the following findings of fact, among others; these
are the specific findings Pamela challenges on appeal:
16. [George and Pamela] lived together at 5217 [Brookwood] Drive, Wichita Falls, Wichita County, Texas and the [m]ortgage on the property dated 4-1-02 lists [George], a single man. [Pamela] is not listed on the deed.
....
18. [George and Pamela] never filed income tax returns as husband and wife.
19. They planned a big wedding in August of 2006[, but] it never took place.
20. [Pamela] claimed to be single when she filed for CHIPS for her daughter’s insurance.
21. [Pamela] claimed on 8-22-03 to be divorced when she filed for an occupational injury with the Wichita Falls Independent School District.
22. [Pamela] marked “single” on a box on [a] W FISF employee document.
4 28. [Pamela and George] did not agree to be married, but they did live together in this State, but not as husband and wife.
The trial court also made the following conclusions of law:
• The evidence was factually insufficient to support the required elements of an informal marriage[;]
• An informal marriage did not exist between [Pamela and George; and]
• [Pamela] is not the widow and surviving spouse of [George].
Pamela died on July 9, 2008, and the temporary administrator of her
estate is pursuing this appeal. In a single issue, she challenges the factual
sufficiency of the evidence to support the findings of fact recited above.
Standard of Review
Findings of fact entered in a case tried to the court have the same force
and dignity as a jury’s answers to jury questions. Anderson v. City of Seven
Points, 806 S.W.2d 791, 794 (Tex. 1991). The trial court’s findings of fact are
reviewable for legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support them by
the same standards that are applied in reviewing evidence supporting a jury’s
answer. Ortiz v. Jones, 917 S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex. 1996); Catalina v. Blasdel,
881 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex. 1994).
When reviewing an assertion that the evidence is factually insufficient to
support a finding, we set aside the finding only if, after considering and
5 weighing all of the evidence in the record pertinent to that finding, we
determine that the evidence supporting the finding is so weak, or so contrary
to the overwhelming weight of all the evidence, that the answer should be set
aside and a new trial ordered. Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635
(Tex. 1986) (op. on reh’g); Garza v. Alviar, 395 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex. 1965);
In re King’s Estate, 150 Tex. 662, 244 S.W.2d 660, 661 (1951).
Informal Marriage
The elements of an informal marriage are that a man and woman (1)
agreed to be married, (2) lived together in this State as husband and wife after
the agreement, and (3) in this State represented to others that they were
married. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 2.401(a)(2) (Vernon 2006).
To establish an agreement to be married, “the evidence must show the
parties intended to have a present, immediate, and permanent marital
relationship and that they did in fact agree to be husband and wife.” Eris v.
Phares, 39 S.W.3d 708, 714 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet.
denied). The agreement to be married may be established by direct or
circumstantial evidence. Russell v. Russell, 865 S.W.2d 929, 933 (Tex. 1993).
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COURT OF APPEALS SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS FORT WORTH
NO. 2-08-371-CV
IN THE ESTATE OF GEORGE ANTHONY WALKER, JR., DECEASED
------------
FROM COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 1 OF WICHITA COUNTY
MEMORANDUM OPINION 1
The sole issue in this case is whether the trial court’s findings of fact
underlying its conclusion of law that there was no informal marriage 2 between
Pamela Walker and George Walker are against the great weight and
preponderance of the evidence. We affirm.
1 … See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4. 2 … “Informal marriage” is the legal term for the colloquial term “common- law marriage.” Background
Pamela and George met in 1995 and began living together in 1998. They
built a home together in 2001, moved into it in 2002, and lived there together
until George’s death in 2005.
Pamela filed a petition in George’s estate’s probate proceedings, seeking
a declaration that she and George had entered into an informal marriage and
that she was his widow. The issue was tried to the bench.
Pamela testified that George bought a wedding ring for her in 1999. She
said they considered a marriage ceremony after they moved into the new house
in 2002 but someone at the courthouse told them that “because of [their]
status of living together as husband and wife, [they] were already married,” so
they decided the ceremony was unnecessary.
Pamela testified that she and George agreed to be husband and wife and
that “that’s how [they] were introduced. That’s how [their] bills and stuff and
everything was” and that they “[p]retty much” told the world that they were
husband and wife. But she said her name was not on the deed to the new
house because her credit was bad. She also said that they filed separate
income tax returns because tax preparers told them “it was the best way” to
file. Pamela acknowledged that she represented that she was unmarried when
she applied for public assistance in 2002 to pay for an operation for her son,
2 but she said she “had no choice” because George was off work, having broken
his foot, and they had no income or insurance. She also admitted that she
indicated she was divorced on an occupational injury form in 2003.
George and Pamela took several vacations together, including trips to San
Antonio, Las Vegas, Pamela’s family reunion in Amarillo, and George’s union
meeting in Dallas. Pamela said they bought a dog together and that George
treated her children as his own. She testified that she and George were
planning a “big, formal wedding” for August 2006, but George died in October
2005.
Mack Ingram testified that George called Pamela his wife and his “old
lady” and that George introduced Pamela as his wife the first time Ingram met
her.
Jordan Brown, Pamela’s son from a prior marriage, identified George as
his stepfather and testified that he introduced George to school friends as his
father.
Brittany Brown, Pamela’s daughter from a prior marriage, testified that
she, too, introduced George to her friends as her father and that he would go
to her school when she got into trouble there.
3 Linda Boughton, a school nurse at Jordan and Brittany’s high school,
testified that Pamela referred to George as her husband and that he referred to
her as his wife.
Ruben Alaniz, a coworker of George’s for twelve or thirteen years,
testified that George referred to Pamela as his wife.
The trial court made the following findings of fact, among others; these
are the specific findings Pamela challenges on appeal:
16. [George and Pamela] lived together at 5217 [Brookwood] Drive, Wichita Falls, Wichita County, Texas and the [m]ortgage on the property dated 4-1-02 lists [George], a single man. [Pamela] is not listed on the deed.
....
18. [George and Pamela] never filed income tax returns as husband and wife.
19. They planned a big wedding in August of 2006[, but] it never took place.
20. [Pamela] claimed to be single when she filed for CHIPS for her daughter’s insurance.
21. [Pamela] claimed on 8-22-03 to be divorced when she filed for an occupational injury with the Wichita Falls Independent School District.
22. [Pamela] marked “single” on a box on [a] W FISF employee document.
4 28. [Pamela and George] did not agree to be married, but they did live together in this State, but not as husband and wife.
The trial court also made the following conclusions of law:
• The evidence was factually insufficient to support the required elements of an informal marriage[;]
• An informal marriage did not exist between [Pamela and George; and]
• [Pamela] is not the widow and surviving spouse of [George].
Pamela died on July 9, 2008, and the temporary administrator of her
estate is pursuing this appeal. In a single issue, she challenges the factual
sufficiency of the evidence to support the findings of fact recited above.
Standard of Review
Findings of fact entered in a case tried to the court have the same force
and dignity as a jury’s answers to jury questions. Anderson v. City of Seven
Points, 806 S.W.2d 791, 794 (Tex. 1991). The trial court’s findings of fact are
reviewable for legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support them by
the same standards that are applied in reviewing evidence supporting a jury’s
answer. Ortiz v. Jones, 917 S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex. 1996); Catalina v. Blasdel,
881 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex. 1994).
When reviewing an assertion that the evidence is factually insufficient to
support a finding, we set aside the finding only if, after considering and
5 weighing all of the evidence in the record pertinent to that finding, we
determine that the evidence supporting the finding is so weak, or so contrary
to the overwhelming weight of all the evidence, that the answer should be set
aside and a new trial ordered. Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635
(Tex. 1986) (op. on reh’g); Garza v. Alviar, 395 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex. 1965);
In re King’s Estate, 150 Tex. 662, 244 S.W.2d 660, 661 (1951).
Informal Marriage
The elements of an informal marriage are that a man and woman (1)
agreed to be married, (2) lived together in this State as husband and wife after
the agreement, and (3) in this State represented to others that they were
married. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 2.401(a)(2) (Vernon 2006).
To establish an agreement to be married, “the evidence must show the
parties intended to have a present, immediate, and permanent marital
relationship and that they did in fact agree to be husband and wife.” Eris v.
Phares, 39 S.W.3d 708, 714 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet.
denied). The agreement to be married may be established by direct or
circumstantial evidence. Russell v. Russell, 865 S.W.2d 929, 933 (Tex. 1993).
The testimony of one of the parties to the marriage constitutes direct evidence
the parties agreed to be married. See Eris, 39 S.W.3d at 714 (citing Collora v.
Navarro, 574 S.W.2d 65, 70 (Tex.1978)); In re Estate of Giessel, 734 S.W.2d
6 27, 32 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, writ ref’d n.r.e.). The conduct
of the parties and evidence of cohabitation and representations to others may
constitute circumstantial evidence of an agreement depending on the facts of
the case. See Russell, 865 S.W.2d at 933; Eris, 39 S.W.3d at 714.
The element of holding out requires more than occasional references to
each other as “wife” and “husband.” Flores v. Flores, 847 S.W.2d 648, 653
(Tex. App.—Waco 1993, writ denied); see also Ex parte Threet, 160 Tex. 482,
485–86, 333 S.W.2d 361, 363–64 (1960) (finding no evidence of holding out
where woman introduced man as her husband to two or three friends, told a
few others that she was married, and wore wedding band given to her by man);
Danna v. Danna, No. 05-05-00472-CV, 2006 WL 785621, at *1 (Tex.
App.—Dallas March 29, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“[I]solated references to
each other as husband and wife alone do not establish a holding out[.]”)
Discussion
In this case, Pamela’s testimony is direct evidence that she and George
agreed to be married. There is also evidence that they lived together in Texas
as husband and wife after agreeing to be married, and there is evidence that
they represented to others that they were married. Thus, there is some
evidence to support all three informal-marriage elements. But there is also
substantial evidence to the contrary, such as Pamela’s and George’s separately-
7 filed income tax returns, the absence of Pamela’s name on the deed to their
residence, and Pamela’s assertion that she was single or divorced on various
documents. The question before us is whether the evidence supporting the trial
court’s findings that there was no informal marriage is so weak, or so contrary
to the overwhelming weight of all the evidence, that the findings should be set
aside. See Pool, 715 S.W.2d at 635; Garza, 395 S.W.2d at 823.
Appellant cites two cases for the proposition that conflicting evidence
similar to the evidence in this case will support a finding of an informal
marriage. In Estate of Giessel, Kuchera testified that she and Giessel had
agreed to be married and thereafter lived together as husband and wife for
twenty years until Giessel’s death. 734 S.W.2d at 28. Some witnesses
testified that Giessel referred to Kuchera as his wife, but other witnesses
testified that he denied being married and vowed never to marry. Id. at 29–30.
During the purported informal marriage, Kuchera had executed a mineral lease
as “Rosie Kuchera, a widow,” and Giessel had executed a mineral lease as
“John J. Giessel, a single man.” Id. at 28. The parties also filed separate tax
returns. Id. at 30. A jury found that Kuchera and Giessel had been informally
married. Id. at 28. On appeal, Giessel’s family challenged the legal and factual
sufficiency of the evidence to support the informal-marriage finding, and the
8 court of appeals held that the evidence was both legally and factually sufficient.
Id. at 31, 32.
A similar fact pattern emerged in the other case Appellant relies on,
Romano v. Newell Recycling of San Antonio, L.P., No. 04-07-00084-CV, 2008
WL 227974 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Jan. 30, 2008, no pet.). Sara Guerro
testified that she and Alejandro Gonzales began cohabiting in 1990 and soon
thereafter began referring to themselves as husband and wife. Id. at *4. She
said that Gonzales introduced her to his friends as his wife. Id. at *5. Some
witnesses testified that Gonzales referred to Guerro as his wife, but others said
he referred to her as his girlfriend. Id. at *5. In 1997, Guerro signed loan
documents that described her as a single person; and when Gonzales died, she
filled out an insurance claim form, and in answer to the question whether
Gonzales was married at the time of his death, she wrote, “not to my
knowledge.” Id. at *4. The trial court found that Guerro and Gonzales were
informally married, and the court of appeals held that the evidence was legally
and factually sufficient to support that finding. Id. at *6.
We agree with Appellant that the evidence in Estate of Giessel and
Romano is similar to the evidence in this case. But we disagree about the
significance of those similarities. With regard to factual sufficiency, neither
case stands for the proposition that a fact pattern like the one in our case
9 precludes a finding of no informal marriage, as Appellant contends. Instead, as
the Giessel court noted, “There was substantial evidence before the jury to
support either an affirmative or negative answer to the [informal-marriage]
issue.” 734 S.W.2d at 32. And as the Romano court observed, “[T]hese
conflicts do not preclude a finding that a common law marriage existed . . .[;]
rather, the conflicts go to the weight of the evidence and were for the trial
court to resolve.” 2008 WL 227974, at *6. Thus, the real significance of
Giessel and Romano to the case before us is the application of the factual-
sufficiency standard of review: When there is conflicting evidence about the
existence of an informal marriage like the evidence in those cases and in this
case, whether the parties entered into an informal marriage is a question for the
factfinder.
In this case, the trial court resolved the conflicting evidence by finding
that Pamela and George had not entered into an informal marriage. Viewing all
of the evidence, we cannot say that the evidence supporting the finding is so
weak, or the weight of the contrary evidence so overwhelming, that the answer
should be set aside and a new trial ordered. See Pool, 715 S.W.2d at 635;
Garza, 395 S.W.2d at 823. Thus, the evidence is factually sufficient to support
the trial court’s finding, and we overrule Appellant’s sole issue.
10 Conclusion
Having overruled Appellant’s sole issue, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
ANNE GARDNER JUSTICE
PANEL: DAUPHINOT, GARDNER, and WALKER, JJ.
DELIVERED: July 9, 2009