2015 IL App (1st) 151119
No. 1-15-1119
Opinion filed December 17, 2015
FOURTH DIVISION ______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
In re Zion M., a Minor, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Minor-Respondent-Appellant ) Cook County. ) (The People of the State of Illinois, ) ) Petitioner-Appellee, ) ) v. ) 14 JA 1247 ) Neatre S. and Danquill M., ) Honorable ) Bernard J. Sarley, Respondents-Appellees). ) Judge Presiding. ) ______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE HOWSE delivered the judgment of the court and opinion. Justices Ellis and Cobbs concurred in the judgment, with opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Zion is the youngest child of five children born to respondent, Neatre S. Prior to his
birth, one of Zion's siblings found a gun in the home and shot another sibling in the head. The
gun belonged to Neatre's former live-in paramour, who was subsequently convicted and
sentenced to a six-year prison term for unlawful felony possession of a gun. Following the
incident, the State filed petitions for adjudication for all four of Neatre's children who were in the 1-15-1119
home at the time of the shooting. Two months later, when Zion was born, the State also filed a
petition for adjudication for Zion alleging he was neglected or abused. The hearing on all
petitions proceeded simultaneously by stipulation. The trial court found that Neatre's paramour,
not Neatre, was the perpetrator of the neglect and abuse of Zion's siblings and adjudicated Zion's
siblings wards of the State. With respect to Zion, though, the trial court held that the State had
failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Zion was neglected or abused under a
theory of anticipatory neglect. The public guardian appealed that decision, and the State filed a
brief in support of the public guardian's appeal. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the trial
court's ruling.
¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 On October 24, 2014, the State filed a petition for adjudication of wardship for Zion M.,
who was born on October 19, 2014. Zion's natural mother is Neatre and natural father is
Danquill M. Neatre had four children prior to Zion: Davion, who was born on August 31, 2007,
Semaj, who was born on March 13, 2009, James Jr., who was born on February 20, 2011, and
Elijah, who was born on February 28, 2013. Danquill is the father of Zion and Elijah; James Sr.
is the father of Semaj and James Jr.; and Dominik A. is the father of Davion.
¶4 The petition for adjudication that was filed with respect to Zion alleged that Zion was
neglected and abused because Neatre had two prior indicated reports, including one in 2013
when a case was opened after James Jr. sustained an injury to his neck, and one in 2014 when
Semaj found James Sr.'s gun and accidentally shot James Jr. in the head. The petition also
alleged that Neatre has a history of panic attacks and further stated that James Sr. admitted that it
was his gun that was used in the shooting, and he has been incarcerated for being a felon in
possession of that gun.
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¶5 The adjudicatory hearing took place on April 1, 2015 by way of stipulation. The parties
stipulated to the following facts that are relevant to this appeal.
¶6 Danquill is the natural father of Zion, and paternity of Zion was established pursuant to
DNA testing and a court order entered on April 1, 2015.
¶7 If called to testify, Detective Joseph McCarthy would state that as a detective with the
Chicago police department he was assigned to the case involving Zion's siblings on August 22,
2014. After speaking with Davion during the course of his investigation, he learned that on
August 21, 2014, Davion, James Jr. and Semaj were inside the apartment alone while Davion's
parents were outside. While inside, Semaj found a handgun on a bed or in a bag and fired it one
time, striking James Jr. in the head.
¶8 Detective McCarthy would testify that he also spoke with Neatre about the incident that
occurred on August 21, 2014. Neatre informed him that 1 1/2 weeks prior to the incident, James
Sr. told her that he wanted a gun because he had been getting into it with some people; however,
as of the date of the incident, Neatre was unaware that James Sr. actually got a gun or that there
was a gun in the house. On August 21, 2014, Neatre was outside on the porch with James Sr.
when she heard something like a firecracker exploding. James Sr. jumped up and yelled "my
gun" and ran inside. Neatre went inside to the back bedroom and observed a black handgun on
the floor next to James Sr., and James Jr. who had been shot in the head. Before the police
arrived, James Sr. picked up the gun, removed the bottom part and went out the back door.
¶9 Scott Peterson, if called to testify, would state that he is a child protection investigator
with the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) who was assigned to
investigate the case involving the shooting of James Jr. After speaking with Neatre, Peterson
learned that on August 21, 2014, Neatre and the other adults were out on the porch when she
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heard a pop. Upon hearing the pop, James Sr. jumped up and stated "that was my gun." All the
adults went inside to find James Jr. shot in the head.
¶ 10 Timothy McCray, if called to testify, would state that he is a child protection investigator
with the Illinois DCFS who was assigned to this case on or about August 25, 2014. After
speaking with Neatre about the incident, he learned Neatre had lived with her paramour James
Sr. since July 2014. She also resided with her children James Jr., Semaj, Davion and Elijah. On
August 21, 2014, Neatre was pregnant with Zion. That day, while the minors were inside,
Neatre heard a pop sound and James Sr. ran inside the house, stating that his gun was in the
house. Neatre stated that she was not aware that James Sr. owned a gun. When Neatre entered
the bedroom in the house, Semaj and Davion were shaking and crying. Neatre ordered James Sr.
to apply pressure to James Jr.'s head while she called 911 and restrained James Jr. from getting
up. Before the police arrived at the house, James Sr. left the home with the gun. While the
police were interviewing Semaj and Davion, they told the police that they found the gun in their
father's bag. Neatre told them that Semaj was the one who accidently shot his brother James Jr.
Neatre stated that she suffers from panic attacks, but is not currently taking any medication.
¶ 11 McCray would further testify that the minors were placed on a safety plan on or about
August 23, 2014, and on or about September 23, 2013, McCray took protective custody of
Davion, Semaj, James Jr. and Elijah. In the course of his duties, McCray was also assigned to
investigate the case on Zion on October 20, 2014.
¶ 12 Elizabeth Perez, if called to testify, would state that she is employed by the Children
Advocacy Center as a forensic investigator and that she interviewed Semaj and Davion after the
shooting incident. During Davion's interview, he stated that he saw the gun on the bed and that
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Semaj took the gun and shot James Jr. by the black door. Davion also stated that he knew the
gun was his "Daddy's" gun, and he had seen his "Daddy" with the gun before.
¶ 13 Marvin Ibarra, if called to testify, would state that he is an intact worker at Lutheran
Social Services of Illinois who was assigned to Neatre's case in November 2013 after James Jr.
was taken to the hospital with a welt on his neck. Neatre reported that her paramour, Danquill,
whipped James Jr. with a belt after she left James Jr. at Danquill's house for babysitting. Ibarra
would testify that Neatre was in need of a mental health assessment, and it was recommended
that she follow up on all recommendations from the assessment. Neatre was also found to be in
need of stable housing. The intact case was closed with further services needed, and Neatre was
indicated under this sequence.
¶ 14 If called to testify, Danquill, the natural father of Elijah and Zion, would testify that he
never whipped James Jr. with a belt.
¶ 15 The stipulation also indicates that: James Sr. was convicted of a felony offense of
possession of a controlled substance in 2013 and was, thus, prohibited from owning a weapon;
James Sr. was charged with unlawful use or possession of a weapon by a felon for possessing the
gun that Semaj used on August 22, 2014 to shoot James Jr.; and James Sr. pled guilty to the
charge of unlawful possession of a weapon by a felon and was sentenced to six years in prison.
The stipulation further incorporates People's Exhibit 1 and 2, which are DVDs of the victim
sensitive interviews of Semaj and Davion, respectively; People's Exhibit 3, which is a "Prior
Indicated Report" for Neatre from October 2013 that indicates that there was an investigation of
burns on James Jr. that were caused by a first cousin and in which Neatre was listed as
noninvolved; and People's Exhibits 4 and 5, which are James Jr.'s medical records from Lurie
Children's Hospital and Mount Sinai Hospital, respectively.
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¶ 16 After hearing arguments, the trial court judge noted that the evidence "seems to suggest"
that James Sr. told Neatre that he was going to get a gun, but never actually said that he got a gun
or had a gun. The judge further noted that in November 2013, when James Jr. was taken to the
hospital for welts on his neck, Danquill denied that he whipped James Jr. with a belt while
babysitting. Thus, the court commented that there was no evidence to support the notion that
Neatre knew there was a gun in her home and further no evidence that she allowed Danquill to
care for any minor unsupervised after the November 2013 incident in which he allegedly
whipped James Jr. with a belt. As such, the court found that, when Zion was born, there was no
proof that she would have been subjected to abuse or neglect while in the care of Neatre.
¶ 17 With respect to Zion's siblings, the trial court determined that James Sr. was the
perpetrator of the neglect, and stated:
"Now, the fact that a loaded gun was in the home, in a place that it
could be found by a five-year-old in a home in which children ages
seven, five, three and one lived with their parents clearly supports
a finding of neglect, injurious environment; abuse, substantial risk
of injury, as to Davion, Semaj, James Jr., and Elijah. And, in fact,
one of those minors received a serious head injury when the gun
was discharged. I further find that [James Sr.], is the perpetrator of
that abuse and neglect."
¶ 18 With respect to Neatre's involvement in the shooting, the trial court judge stated that "the
only evidence to suggest that the mother knew about the gun is the previous statement by James
Sr. that he wanted to get a gun some 10 to 14 days prior." The trial court judge further found
that at the time of Zion's birth on October 19, 2014, Danquill did not live with the mother and
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James Sr. was in jail, "[t]herefore, those perpetrators of abuse and neglect were not with the
mother at that time, and that is the time of the birth of Zion."
¶ 19 Accordingly, based on the stipulated evidence, the trial court judge ruled that the State
failed to prove either neglect or abuse as defined in sections 2-3 or 2-4 of the Juvenile Court Act
of 1987 (705 ILCS 405/2-3, 2-4 (West 2014)) with respect to Zion. The public guardian now
appeals the trial court's adjudication finding of no neglect or abuse. The State filed a brief in
support of the public guardian's appeal.
¶ 20 ANALYSIS
¶ 21 Both the public guardian and the State argue that the juvenile court erred in dismissing
the petition for adjudication with respect to Zion because the State had proven that Zion was
neglected under the theory of anticipatory neglect by a preponderance of the evidence. "Under
the anticipatory neglect theory, the State seeks to protect not only children who are the direct
victims of neglect or abuse, but also those who have a probability to be subject to neglect or
abuse because they reside, or in the future may reside, with an individual who has been found to
have neglected or abused another child." In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d 441, 468 (2004).
Specifically, the public guardian argues that Neatre "breached the duty to ensure a safe shelter
because no protective measures were taken to ensure the safety of her young children." The
public guardian also argues that the trial court could have also found that Zion was abused due to
a substantial risk of physical injury. In re Tamesha T., 2014 IL App (1st) 132986, ¶ 44. The
State mirrors the arguments made by the public guardian.
¶ 22 In response, Neatre argues that the trial court was correct in finding that Zion was not
neglected under a theory of anticipatory neglect where: (1) there was no evidence that Neatre
knew there was a gun in her home at the time of the shooting or at any time leading up to the
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shooting; (2) after the shooting, Neatre responded in a manner that probably saved James Jr.'s
life; (3) both incidents—the allegation that Danquill whipped James Jr. in the neck and the
shooting—occurred before Zion was born; and (4) Neatre herself reported Danquill's abuse to the
court and there was no evidence that she ever left any child alone with Danquill after that
incident or that Danquill lived in the home with her. Danquill also filed a response in which he
argues that the trial court did not err in finding Zion was not neglected. In addition to the points
argued by Neatre, Danquill's brief states that: he is not living with Neatre; DCFS never instructed
Neatre not to allow Danquill to visit his children, even after the incident where it was alleged that
he whipped James Jr. with a belt; no evidence was presented by any party that Neatre allowed
Danquill to babysit the children without supervision; and Danquill was never found to be the
perpetrator of any abuse on any minor by DCFS or the court.
¶ 23 At an adjudication hearing, the trial court hears evidence on the State's petition for
adjudication and must determine whether a minor is abused, neglected or dependent based on
that evidence. In re Jay H., 395 Ill. App. 3d 1063, 1068 (2009); In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d at
467 ("[T]he Act instructs the circuit court during the adjudicatory hearing to determine whether
the child is neglected, and not whether the parents are neglectful***."). It is the burden of the
State to prove allegations of neglect or abuse by a preponderance of the evidence (In re Christina
M., 333 Ill. App. 3d 1030, 1034 (2002)), meaning the State must establish that the allegations of
neglect or abuse are more probably true than not. In re N.B., 191 Ill. 2d 338, 343 (2000); In re
M.H., 196 Ill. 2d 356, 365 (2001). A proceeding for adjudication of wardship "represents a
significant intrusion into the sanctity of the family which should not be undertaken lightly." In
re Harpman, 134 Ill. App. 3d 393, 396-97 (1985).
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¶ 24 A “neglected minor” includes any minor under 18 years of age whose environment is
injurious to his or her welfare. 705 ILCS 405/2-3(1)(b) (West 2012); In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d
at 462. “Neglect” is defined as the failure to exercise the care that circumstances justly demand
and encompasses both willful and unintentional disregard of parental duty. In re K.T., 361 Ill.
App. 3d 187, 200 (2005). An injurious environment is an amorphous concept that cannot be
defined with particularity, but has been interpreted to include the breach of a parent's duty to
ensure a safe and nurturing shelter for her children. In re Kenneth D., 364 Ill. App. 3d 797, 801
(2006); In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d at 463. Further, a parent has a duty to keep his or her
children free from harm. In re A.R., 359 Ill. App. 3d 1071, 1074 (2005). An “abused minor”
includes any minor under 18 years old whose parent creates a substantial risk of physical injury
to such minor by other than accidental means which would be likely to cause death,
disfigurement, impairment of emotional health, or loss or impairment of any bodily function.
705 ILCS 405/2-3(2)(ii) (West 2012). "Under the anticipatory neglect theory, the State seeks to
protect not only children who are the direct victims of neglect or abuse, but also those who have
a probability to be subject to neglect or abuse because they reside, or in the future may reside,
with an individual who has been found to have neglected or abused another child." In re Arthur
H., 212 Ill. 2d at 468.
¶ 25 Standard of Review
¶ 26 Preliminarily, there is a disagreement over what standard of review should apply to this
case. The public guardian and the State argue that the de novo standard of review should apply
where all the evidence presented in the case was documentary evidence or stipulations, and the
trial court did not hear any live testimony. See Norskog v. Pfiel, 197 Ill. 2d 60, 70-71 (2001).
The mother and father, in turn, argue that because we are reviewing the trial court's adjudicatory
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findings, those findings are reviewed under a manifest weight of the evidence standard. See In
re Jerome F., 325 Ill. App. 3d 812, 819 (2001).
¶ 27 Ordinarily, a trial court's ruling regarding neglect or abuse will not be disturbed unless it
is against the manifest weight of the evidence. In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d at 463-64; In re M.Z.,
294 Ill. App. 3d 581, 592 (1998). A finding is against the manifest weight of the evidence only
if the opposite conclusion is clearly evident. In re A.P., 2012 IL 113875, ¶ 17. The trial court is
generally vested with this wide discretion because it has the best opportunity to observe the
witnesses' testimony, assess credibility, and weigh the evidence. In re E.S., 324 Ill. App. 3d 661,
667 (2001).
¶ 28 In this case, however, the trial court's finding that Zion was not neglected was based upon
a stipulated record and not based upon any observations of the witnesses or witnesses' testimony.
As such, the trial court was not in a better position than the reviewing court to assess credibility
or weigh the evidence. Therefore, since we are in the same position as the trial court, the trial
court is not vested with wide discretion, and our review is de novo. Alderson v. Southern Co.,
321 Ill. App. 3d 832, 846 (2001) (Where the trial court heard no courtroom testimony and
determined the issue of jurisdiction solely on the basis of documentary evidence, the trial court is
not in a better position than the reviewing court to assess credibility or weigh the evidence and,
therefore, the standard of review is de novo.); Norskog, 197 Ill. 2d at 70-71 (“If the facts are
uncontroverted and the issue is the trial court's application of the law to the facts, a court of
review may determine the correctness of the ruling independently of the trial court's judgment.”)
(citing In re Marriage of Bonneau, 294 Ill. App. 3d 720, 723-24 (1998)).
¶ 29 Trial Court's Finding of No Anticipatory Neglect
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¶ 30 The public guardian and the State do not argue that Zion was a direct victim of neglect or
abuse. Rather, they argue that Zion was neglected and/or abused under a theory of anticipatory
neglect. "Under the anticipatory neglect theory, the State seeks to protect not only children who
are the direct victims of neglect or abuse, but also those who have a probability to be subject to
neglect or abuse because they reside, or in the future may reside, with an individual who has
been found to have neglected or abused another child." In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d at 468. The
doctrine of anticipatory neglect recognizes that a parent's treatment of one child is probative of
how that parent may treat his or her other children. In re Erin A., 2012 IL App (1st) 120050, ¶
34. Our courts have held that there is no per se rule that the neglect of one child conclusively
establishes the neglect of another child in the same household. In re S.R., 349 Ill. App. 3d 1017,
1021 (2004); In re Edricka C., 276 Ill. App. 3d 18, 28 (1995). Although the neglect of one child
does not conclusively show the neglect of another child, the neglect of one minor is admissible
as evidence of the neglect of another minor under a respondent's care. 705 ILCS 405/2-18(3)
(West 2012); In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d at 468. "To determine whether a finding of anticipatory
neglect is appropriate, the trial court should consider the current care and condition of the child
in question and not merely the circumstances that existed at the time of the incident involving the
child's sibling." In re J.P., 331 Ill. App. 3d 220, 235 (2002); see In re R.S., 382 Ill. App. 3d 453,
461 (2008). Under this theory, when faced with evidence of prior neglect by parents, the
juvenile court should not be forced to refrain from acting until another child is injured. In re
Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d at 477.
¶ 31 Cases involving allegations of abuse and neglect are sui generis, and must be decided
based upon their unique facts. Id. at 463. The State has the burden of proving allegations of
neglect and abuse by a preponderance of the evidence. In re Faith B., 216 Ill. 2d 1, 13 (2005). If
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the State fails to prove the allegations of abuse, neglect or dependence by a preponderance of the
evidence, the court must dismiss the petition. 705 ILCS 405/2-21(1) (West 2012); In re N.B.,
191 Ill. 2d at 343.
¶ 32 The State filed petitions for adjudication for Zion's siblings after five-year-old Semaj
found a loaded gun in the home, either on the bed or in a bag, and shot his three-year-old brother
James Jr. in the head. Two months after that incident when Zion was born, the State also filed a
petition for adjudication as to Zion. In adjudicating Zion's siblings wards of the State, the trial
court found that the perpetrator of that neglect and abuse was James Sr. James Sr. was
subsequently sentenced to six years in prison for being a felon in possession of a firearm.
¶ 33 When a petition for adjudication is filed alleging that a child is a direct victim of abuse
and/or neglect, the culpability of the individual parent is not an issue:
"Our holding that the Act instructs the circuit court during
the adjudicatory hearing to determine whether the child is
neglected, and not whether the parents are neglectful, furthers the
purpose and policy of the Juvenile Court Act, which is to ensure
the best interests and safety of the child. 705 ILCS 405/1-2 (West
2000). A contrary result would lead to the unacceptable
proposition that a child who is neglected by only one parent would
be without the protections of the Act. Similarly, a child would
have no protection under the Act if the child were neglected, but it
could not be determined which parent's conduct caused the neglect.
The General Assembly could not have intended such absurd
results." In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d at 467.
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¶ 34 Alternatively, where the child is alleged to be neglected under the theory of anticipatory
neglect, which concedes that the child has not been the victim of neglect or abuse, the court
needs to evaluate the individual with whom the child will reside: "Under the anticipatory neglect
theory, the State seeks to protect not only children who are the direct victims of neglect or abuse,
but also those who have a probability to be subject to neglect or abuse because they reside, or in
the future may reside, with an individual who has been found to have neglected or abused
another child." Id.at 468. Here, Neatre has never been found to be the person responsible for
any neglect or abuse of her children. Rather, James Sr. was the perpetrator of the neglect and
abuse of Zion's siblings. However, since he is no longer living in the home with Zion and
Neatre, the State's anticipatory neglect argument based on this shooting incident must fail. See
id.
¶ 35 Despite the trial court's finding that James Sr. was the perpetrator of the neglect and
abuse of Zion's siblings, the public guardian nonetheless argues that Neatre was the source of
that neglect and abuse for allowing a gun to come into her home. The stipulated record contains
Neatre's statement in which she avers that a week or so before the shooting, James Sr. mentioned
that he was thinking about getting a gun, but she did not know a gun was in the house. There is
nothing in the stipulated evidence to show that Neatre was aware that James Sr. had a gun or that
he had brought one into the home. Although the public guardian argues that Neatre knew James
Sr. had a gun and brought it into the home because one of Zion's siblings, Davion, made a
statement that he had seen the gun before and that it belonged to his father, there is no evidence
that Davion informed Neatre or anyone else about the presence of a gun. The public guardian
invites us to speculate that since Davion may have known about the gun, Neatre must have
known about the gun. The State has the burden of proving allegations in a petition by a
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preponderance of the evidence. In re Faith B., 216 Ill. 2d at 13. Such speculation does not
satisfy the preponderance of the evidence standard where the stipulated record includes Neatre's
statement that she had no actual knowledge of the gun. Instead, we consider the following
factors in making our determination that Zion was not abused or neglected under a theory of
anticipatory neglect: (1) Zion was not born at the time of the shooting; (2) James Sr. was the
perpetrator of the neglect and abuse of Zion's siblings, not Neatre (In re Erin A., 2012 IL App
(1st) 120050, ¶ 34 (the doctrine of anticipatory neglect recognizes that a parent's treatment of one
child is probative of how that parent may treat his or her other children)); (3) James Sr. was no
longer living in the home and is now in prison (In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d at 468 ("[u]nder the
anticipatory neglect theory, the State seeks to protect not only children who are the direct victims
of neglect or abuse, but also those who have a probability to be subject to neglect or abuse
because they reside, or in the future may reside, with an individual who has been found to have
neglected or abused another child")); and (4) there was no evidence that Neatre knew about the
gun being in the home at the time of the incident. In re Faith B., 216 Ill. 2d at 13 (the State has
the burden of proving allegations of neglect and abuse by a preponderance of the evidence).
Under the facts of this case, we conclude that the State failed to prove by a preponderance of
evidence a case of anticipatory neglect.
¶ 36 The public guardian also argues that two other incidents support a finding of anticipatory
neglect as to Zion: (1) an October 2013 incident where James Jr. was allegedly burned by a
cousin, and (2) a November 2013 incident where James Jr. was allegedly whipped by Danquill.
With respect to the October 2013 incident, the perpetrator of the burns on James Jr. was his first
cousin. There is nothing in the record about this first cousin besides his name. Further there is
no evidence that the cousin resides with Neatre, and Neatre was listed as noninvolved in the
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incident. "Under the anticipatory neglect theory, the State seeks to protect not only children who
are the direct victims of neglect or abuse, but also those who have a probability to be subject to
neglect or abuse because they reside, or in the future may reside, with an individual who has
been found to have neglected or abused another child." In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d at 468.
Based on the record before us, the State failed to show how this cousin poses any threat of
neglect or abuse or future neglect or abuse to Zion under a theory of anticipatory neglect. In re
Faith B., 216 Ill. 2d at 13 (the State has the burden of proving allegations of neglect and abuse by
a preponderance of the evidence).
¶ 37 With respect to the November 2013 incident in which Danquill allegedly whipped James
Jr. with a belt while babysitting, there is nothing in the record to suggest that Danquill resides
with Neatre such that he could pose a threat of harm or future harm to Zion. In re Arthur H., 212
Ill. 2d at 468 ("Under the anticipatory neglect theory, the State seeks to protect not only children
who are the direct victims of neglect or abuse, but also those who have a probability to be subject
to neglect or abuse because they reside, or in the future may reside, with an individual who has
been found to have neglected or abused another child."). In fact, the record shows that Danquill
lives at an address that is not the home of Neatre.
¶ 38 Furthermore, there is nothing in the record to suggest that Neatre should have known that
Danquill could have posed any type of threat to her children prior to that incident occurring. As
our supreme court has reasoned, if the
"State can obtain a finding of neglect due to a babysitter leaving a
child unattended, resulting in injury, even without a showing of
any knowledge by the parents that the babysitter was an unsuitable
caregiver ***. *** [then] the Act would, in essence, allow a
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finding of neglect due to an injurious environment whenever an
injury to a minor could be attributed to improper supervision on
the part of a selected caregiver, even in the case of the most
conscientious parent who has exerted every reasonable effort in
choosing a competent caregiver for his or her child. This would
include an injury that could occur to a minor under the care of
personnel such as a teacher, nanny, camp counselor, health-care
worker, in a myriad of environments such as a day-care center,
school, church, or hospital." (Emphasis in original.) In re A.P.,
2012 IL 113875, ¶ 24.
The court in In re A.P. went on to rule that "in order to support the trial court's neglect findings
in this case, there had to be some indication that respondent knew or should have known that [the
person she entrusted to take care of her children] was an unsuitable caregiver." Id. ¶ 25. Here,
like in In re A.P., there was no evidence that Neatre should have known that Danquill could have
caused harm to her children prior to the November 2013 incident. Further, there is nothing in the
record to indicate that, after this event, Neatre ever entrusted Danquill to babysit her children
ever again. As such, where Danquill, the alleged perpetrator of the November 2013 incident,
does not live with Neatre, and where there was no reason for Neatre to know of any harm
Danquill could have caused her children, we find that that the State failed to show how Danquill
could pose a threat of abuse or neglect or future abuse or neglect to Zion under a theory of
anticipatory neglect. In re Faith B., 216 Ill. 2d at 13 (the State has the burden of proving
allegations of neglect and abuse by a preponderance of the evidence).
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¶ 39 While the public guardian argues that Danquill, as the natural father of Zion, can seek to
enforce his visitation rights with Zion at any time, there is nothing in the record to support that
he might actually act upon those rights, much less seek custody of Zion so the minor would
reside with him. As such, we agree with the trial court in that the State failed to prove that Zion
was a neglected minor under a theory of anticipatory neglect. Id. (the State has the burden of
proving allegations of neglect and abuse by a preponderance of the evidence).
¶ 40 Both sides cite to In re Arthur H. in support of their arguments on appeal; Neatre and
Danquill argue that In re Arthur H. is analogous to the present case, while the public guardian
and the State argue that it is distinguishable from the present case. In In re Arthur H., DCFS
took emergency temporary custody of Arthur's four siblings, who were found in his mother's
custody at her home in Rockford. In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d at 444-49. The State filed a
petition alleging that those children were neglected because they resided in an injurious
environment, in part, based on a theory of anticipatory neglect based on the specific medical
neglect of Earl, one of the siblings. Id. Arthur, however, did not reside with his mother, and
lived primarily with his father in Milwaukee. Id. When the court later learned of Arthur's
existence, the court sua sponte ordered the State to prepare and file a neglect petition regarding
Arthur, ordered the parties to cooperate in finding him, and eventually issued a juvenile custody
warrant for him. Id. After Arthur was taken into custody, he was adjudicated a neglected minor
based on his mother's unfitness, and made a ward of the court, along with his four siblings. Id. at
458-59. Arthur's father appealed. Id. at 459.
¶ 41 On appeal, the appellate court reversed the trial court's judgment, emphasizing that a trial
court may make a neglect finding as to one parent while not finding neglect as to the other
parent. Id.. The supreme court also reversed the trial court's judgment, but concluded that the
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appellate majority's consideration of the relative blame of each parent for the child's neglect at
the adjudicatory stage where children are alleged to be the direct victims of abuse or neglect in
the case was improper, and found that instead “the Act instructs the circuit court during the
adjudicatory hearing to determine whether the child is neglected, and not whether the parents are
neglectful.” Id. at 467. The supreme court then demonstrated that in cases of anticipatory
neglect the conduct of the individual parent with whom the minor resides must be considered and
determined that the trial court's ruling that the minor was neglected under a theory of anticipatory
neglect was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Id. at 470. Specifically, the supreme
court found that the State failed to prove the allegations of neglect with respect to Arthur where
he lived in another state with his father, where he was not present when the neglectful acts
towards other siblings took place, and where there was no evidence that Arthur has witnessed
any abuse or harm or that he was medically neglected. Id. at 476. The court emphasized that
Arthur's primary residence was with his father in Wisconsin and that Arthur's primary caretaker
was his father, and there was no indication that his father had ever been found to be the
perpetrator of any neglect or abuse and no evidence that the father ever condoned or acquiesced
in the mother's treatment of Arthur's siblings. Id. at 472-74. In so holding, the court explicitly
stated that it was not criticizing the theory of anticipatory neglect, but rather holding the State to
its burden of proof. Id. at 477.
¶ 42 Here, similar to In re Arthur H., Zion was not present for and did not witness any of the
incidents that lead to the removal of her siblings from the home because she was not yet born.
Further, the perpetrators of those incidents that resulted in findings of neglect and abuse of Zion's
siblings do not live in the household with Neatre. As such, the preponderance of evidence does
not show that Neatre was a perpetrator of abuse or neglect. Rather, the record shows that James
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Sr. was the individual responsible for the injury to Zion's siblings that resulted in Zion's siblings
being adjudicated wards of the State. James Sr. cannot visit or reside with Zion because he
resides in the penitentiary. As such, similar to the supreme court's ruling in In re Arthur H., we
find that the State failed to meet its burden of proof in proving that Zion was a neglected minor
under a theory of anticipatory neglect. See In re Edricka C., 276 Ill. App. 3d 18 (reversing the
trial court's finding of anticipatory neglect where two incidents of abuse and neglect of the child's
older siblings occurred and where there was no evidence that the child at issue was ever abused
or neglected).
¶ 43 The State cites to In re Kenneth D., 364 Ill. App. 3d 797 (2006), in support of its
argument that the trial court erred and for the proposition that Neatre had a duty to keep her
children free from harm. In In re Kenneth D., the State filed a petition for adjudication as to
Kenneth D. after his three siblings had been born drug-exposed and were in DCFS custody with
findings of abuse and neglect. Id. at 798. The trial court found that Kenneth D. was neglected
and abused based on the facts that: respondent and the putative father lived together; they had
three other children who were in DCFS custody with findings of abuse and neglect; respondent
had two prior indicated reports for substance misuse and had an extensive history of illegal drug
use; respondent had no prenatal care prior to Kenneth's birth; and, a case had been opened to
provide services to the family, and both parents had not cooperated with services. Id. at 798-99.
The mother appealed the trial court's ruling arguing that it was against the manifest weight of the
evidence where the evidence presented by the State was limited to past sibling abuse, and where
her drug tests results were negative during and after her pregnancy with Kenneth D. Id. at 801.
¶ 44 The appellate court affirmed the trial court's finding that Kenneth D. was neglected. Id.
at 798. Specifically, the court found that there was sufficient evidence to support the trial court's
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finding of anticipatory neglect of Kenneth D. where the "State presented evidence of prior
sibling neglect due to respondent's three previous children being born drug-exposed." Id. at 802.
The court noted that "[o]nly 11 months before Kenneth was born, she gave birth to a drug-
exposed infant" and "[b]eyond that evidence, the record reflects that between the time
respondent's daughter was born drug-exposed in January 2004 and the time Kenneth was born in
December 2004, respondent failed to take measures to correct the conditions that brought her
previous children into the DCFS system with findings of abuse and neglect." Id. Further, the
court noted that "no evidence was presented at the hearing regarding whether Kenneth was born
drug-exposed," yet "at the time he was born, [the mother] had a history of drug abuse, had failed
to complete a drug treatment program, had failed to attend recommended parenting classes, and
had failed to comply with consistent random drug screening" and the mother "acknowledged that
she had an ongoing drug addiction." Id. As such, the court found that "[t]he evidence reveals
that by the time Kenneth was born and the State's petition was filed, respondent had made no
progress in ameliorating her drug problems and the attendant risks those problems posed to
Kenneth." Id.
¶ 45 We find In re Kenneth D. distinguishable from the case at bar. In In re Kenneth D, the
mother was the perpetrator of the neglect as she was the one dealing with a drug addiction that
placed Kenneth D. at risk of harm, and there was evidence that she had not resolved her issues
with drug addiction prior to Kenneth D. being born. Thus, there is no question that the mother of
Kenneth D. posed a threat to Kenneth D. where she was still suffering from a drug addiction that
had resulted in her other children being taken away. Here, Neatre was never found to be the
perpetrator of any neglect or abuse and, more importantly, those persons who were found to be
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the perpetrators of neglect or abuse, namely James Sr. and Danquill, do not live in the home with
Neatre and, therefore, do not pose a future threat of harm to Zion.
¶ 46 We note that the public guardian and the State also argue that Neatre suffered panic
attacks and was not taking any medication for that condition apparently to argue abusive
conditions in the home. However, there is nothing in the record to show that Neatre was in fact
prescribed medication. Even if we were to assume that there was evidence that she was
prescribed medication, there is nothing in the record as to how these panic attacks affected or
might affect Neatre's care of Zion—in fact there is no evidence as to how these panic attacks
affected Neatre at all. In re Faith B., 216 Ill. 2d at 13 (the State has the burden of proving
allegations of neglect and abuse by a preponderance of the evidence).
¶ 47 The public guardian and the State also argue that Zion should have been found abused
due to substantial risk of physical injury. However, both parties base this argument on the notion
that "the same facts and evidence which support a finding of neglect due to an injurious
environment can also support the court's finding of abuse due to a substantial risk of physical
injury." See In re Tamesha T., 2014 IL App (1st) 132896, ¶ 44. Because we have found that the
State failed to prove neglect in this case, it follows that the public guardian and the State's
argument with respect to an abuse finding must fail.
¶ 48 In its reply brief, the public guardian argues that Neatre still has not achieved
reunification with her other children, which should be used as evidence in support of a neglect
finding as to Zion. However, the public guardian never sought leave to supplement the record
with any documents to support this contention. The record shows that the public guardian
merely sought to file a status report. As such, not only was this argument never raised until the
public guardian filed its reply brief (Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. July 1, 2008) (“Points not argued
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are waived and shall not be raised in the reply brief, in oral argument, or on petition for
rehearing.”)), but there is nothing in the record before us to support this argument (Foutch v.
O'Bryant, 99 Ill. 2d 389, 392 (1984) ("Any doubts which may arise from the incompleteness of
the record will be resolved against the appellant.")), and the public guardian does not cite any
authority that would allow us to consider evidence not in the record (Chicago Title & Trust Co.
v. Weiss, 238 Ill. App. 3d 921, 927 (1992) ("The failure to cite authority to support legal
arguments violates Supreme Court Rule 341(e)(7) [citation] and results in waiver of the
argument.")).
¶ 49 Waiver aside, there is nothing in the record to suggest that Neatre abused or neglected
Zion, and evidence that Neatre has not done everything social services requires of her to regain
custody of her other children is not determinative of the issues before us. Just as prior abuse or
neglect of a sibling does not per se establish neglect of another sibling, "a prior finding of
unfitness does not prove per se neglect." In re J.C., 396 Ill. App. 3d 1050, 1057 (2009); see also
In re D.C., 209 Ill. 2d 287, 299-302 (2004) (rejecting State's argument that “unfitness as to one
child is unfitness as to all[]”).
¶ 50 CONCLUSION
¶ 51 For the reasons above, we affirm the trial court's finding that Zion was not neglected or
abused.
¶ 52 Affirmed.