NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@vtcourts.gov or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109 State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be made before this opinion goes to press.
2024 VT 73
No. 24-AP-079
In re Windham Windsor Housing Trust JO Appeal Supreme Court (Deborah Lazar & Laura Campbell, Appellants) On Appeal from Superior Court, Environmental Division
October Term, 2024
Thomas S. Durkin, J.
Harold B. Stevens of Stevens Law Office, Stowe, for Appellants.
Peter G. Raymond of Sheehey Furlong & Behm P.C., Burlington, for Appellee Windham & Windsor Housing Trust.
Charity R. Clark, Attorney General, and Melanie Kehne, Assistant Attorney General, Montpelier, for Appellee Vermont Natural Resources Board.
PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Eaton, Carroll, Cohen and Waples, JJ.
¶ 1. EATON, J. This case concerns plans for a twenty-five-unit mixed-income
residential housing-development project in Putney, Vermont. Neighbors, Laura Campbell and
Deborah Lazar, appeal from an Environmental Division decision concluding that the project is a
priority housing project as defined in 10 V.S.A § 6001(35) and therefore is exempt from Act 250
review pursuant to 10 V.S.A § 6081(p). We affirm.
¶ 2. The record provides the following undisputed facts. Windham & Windsor
Housing Trust proposed building a twenty-five-unit mixed-income residential development on
two of three lots that it owns in downtown Putney. The project proposal centered on one lot where the Trust planned to build two multi-family buildings with a total of twenty-five units of
mixed-income housing and a twenty-five-space parking lot. Nineteen of the twenty-five planned
units were covenant restricted to meet affordability requirements for rental housing under 10
V.S.A. § 6001(29)(B). Directly across Alice Holway Drive, a class-three town road, the Trust
planned to build a fifteen-space overflow-parking area for the units. A crosswalk was included
to provide pedestrian access from the lot to be used for the housing units to the lot for the
overflow-parking area. The third lot would remain a community-garden space.
¶ 3. In March 2022, the Trust applied for and was granted a conditional-use permit for
the project by the Town of Putney Developmental Review Board. Neighbors appealed the
permit to the Environmental Division, and that court affirmed, concluding that the road between
the lots did not prevent the project from being permitted under zoning as a single planned
residential development. This Court affirmed the Environmental Division’s decision in July
2023. In re Windham & Windsor Hous. Tr., No. 23-AP-080, 2023 WL 4699440 (Vt. July 21,
2023) (unpub. mem.) [https://perma.cc/6L7G-WUQ2]. In September 2023, the District
Coordinator for the District 2 Environmental Commission issued an opinion that the project did
not require an Act 250 permit because it was exempt under 10 V.S.A. § 6081(p) as a priority
housing project. Neighbors appealed that jurisdictional opinion to the Environmental Division,
arguing that the project did not meet the definition of a priority housing project because it was
not located on a single tract or multiple contiguous tracts of land as required by statute. The
The question before the Court is whether the project is exempt from Act 250 review when it was planned for two lots separated by a road. The project could be exempt from review as either a “single tract” or “multiple contiguous tracts” of land. 10 V.S.A. § 6001(35). We do not reach the question of whether the two lots are a single tract of land or multiple tracts of land. The Natural Resources Board’s Act 250 Rules define “[t]ract of land” as “one or more physically contiguous parcels of land owned or controlled by the same person.” Act 250 Rules, Rule 2(C)(12), Code of Vt. Rules 12 004 060, https://act250.vermont.gov/sites/act250/files/ documents/2015%20Adopted%20Rules.pdf [https://perma.cc/SC3E-QEN3]. Further, under our precedents, the terms “parcel” and “lot” are used interchangeably, see, e.g., Wilcox v. Manchester Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 159 Vt. 193, 194-95, 616 A.2d 1137, 1138 (1992), or are 2 parties filed cross motions for summary judgment. The Environmental Division granted
summary judgment to the Trust, holding that the project was located on a single tract or on
multiple “contiguous” tracts of land and therefore met the definition of a priority housing project
in § 6001(35). This appeal followed.
¶ 4. We review motions for summary judgment de novo and apply the same standard
as the trial court. Gordon v. Bd. of Civ. Auth. for Morristown, 2006 VT 94, ¶ 4, 180 Vt. 299,
910 A.2d 836. Summary judgment is appropriate where “there is no genuine issue as to any
material fact, and [the moving party] is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id.; V.R.C.P.
56(a).
¶ 5. When interpreting a statute, “our primary goal is to give effect to the legislative
intent” and to do so “we first look to the plain meaning of the statute.” In re Vill. Assocs. Act
250 Land Use Permit, 2010 VT 42A, ¶ 9, 188 Vt. 113, 998 A.2d 712. “The words of a statute
are not to be read in isolation, however, but rather in the context and structure of the statute as a
whole.” In re Vt. Verde Antique Int’l, Inc. 174 Vt. 208, 211-12, 811 A.2d 181, 184 (2002).
“[T]his Court will not excerpt a phrase and follow what purports to be its literal reading without
considering the provision as a whole.” TD Banknorth, N.A. v. Dep’t of Taxes, 2008 VT 120,
¶ 15, 185 Vt. 45, 967 A.2d 1148 (quotation omitted). Further, “in construing land use
regulations any uncertainty must be decided in favor of the property owner.” In re Vitale, 151
Vt. 580, 584, 563 A.2d 613, 616 (1989).
¶ 6. A priority housing project is defined as a “discrete project located on a single tract
or multiple contiguous tracts of land that consists exclusively of mixed income housing . . . and
is located entirely within a . . . designated neighborhood development area.” 10 V.S.A.
§ 6001(35). Priority housing projects with fewer than fifty units are exempt from Act 250
referred to as incorporating each other, see, e.g., In re Weeks, 167 Vt. 551, 553, 712 A.2d 907, 909 (1998). Therefore, the definition of “contiguous” is dispositive in an analysis of the lots as either a single tract or multiple contiguous tracts. 3 review in a municipality with a population of less than 6000. Id. §§ 6081(p),
6001(3)(A)(iv)(I)(dd). The parties agree that the project is discrete, consists of fewer than fifty
units of mixed-income housing, is located within a designated neighborhood-development area,
and is in a municipality with a population of less than 6000. The sole issue before this Court is
whether the two lots planned for the project are “contiguous,” as required by the statute.
Neighbors argue that the project is not exempt from Act 250 review because the road between
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NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@vtcourts.gov or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109 State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be made before this opinion goes to press.
2024 VT 73
No. 24-AP-079
In re Windham Windsor Housing Trust JO Appeal Supreme Court (Deborah Lazar & Laura Campbell, Appellants) On Appeal from Superior Court, Environmental Division
October Term, 2024
Thomas S. Durkin, J.
Harold B. Stevens of Stevens Law Office, Stowe, for Appellants.
Peter G. Raymond of Sheehey Furlong & Behm P.C., Burlington, for Appellee Windham & Windsor Housing Trust.
Charity R. Clark, Attorney General, and Melanie Kehne, Assistant Attorney General, Montpelier, for Appellee Vermont Natural Resources Board.
PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Eaton, Carroll, Cohen and Waples, JJ.
¶ 1. EATON, J. This case concerns plans for a twenty-five-unit mixed-income
residential housing-development project in Putney, Vermont. Neighbors, Laura Campbell and
Deborah Lazar, appeal from an Environmental Division decision concluding that the project is a
priority housing project as defined in 10 V.S.A § 6001(35) and therefore is exempt from Act 250
review pursuant to 10 V.S.A § 6081(p). We affirm.
¶ 2. The record provides the following undisputed facts. Windham & Windsor
Housing Trust proposed building a twenty-five-unit mixed-income residential development on
two of three lots that it owns in downtown Putney. The project proposal centered on one lot where the Trust planned to build two multi-family buildings with a total of twenty-five units of
mixed-income housing and a twenty-five-space parking lot. Nineteen of the twenty-five planned
units were covenant restricted to meet affordability requirements for rental housing under 10
V.S.A. § 6001(29)(B). Directly across Alice Holway Drive, a class-three town road, the Trust
planned to build a fifteen-space overflow-parking area for the units. A crosswalk was included
to provide pedestrian access from the lot to be used for the housing units to the lot for the
overflow-parking area. The third lot would remain a community-garden space.
¶ 3. In March 2022, the Trust applied for and was granted a conditional-use permit for
the project by the Town of Putney Developmental Review Board. Neighbors appealed the
permit to the Environmental Division, and that court affirmed, concluding that the road between
the lots did not prevent the project from being permitted under zoning as a single planned
residential development. This Court affirmed the Environmental Division’s decision in July
2023. In re Windham & Windsor Hous. Tr., No. 23-AP-080, 2023 WL 4699440 (Vt. July 21,
2023) (unpub. mem.) [https://perma.cc/6L7G-WUQ2]. In September 2023, the District
Coordinator for the District 2 Environmental Commission issued an opinion that the project did
not require an Act 250 permit because it was exempt under 10 V.S.A. § 6081(p) as a priority
housing project. Neighbors appealed that jurisdictional opinion to the Environmental Division,
arguing that the project did not meet the definition of a priority housing project because it was
not located on a single tract or multiple contiguous tracts of land as required by statute. The
The question before the Court is whether the project is exempt from Act 250 review when it was planned for two lots separated by a road. The project could be exempt from review as either a “single tract” or “multiple contiguous tracts” of land. 10 V.S.A. § 6001(35). We do not reach the question of whether the two lots are a single tract of land or multiple tracts of land. The Natural Resources Board’s Act 250 Rules define “[t]ract of land” as “one or more physically contiguous parcels of land owned or controlled by the same person.” Act 250 Rules, Rule 2(C)(12), Code of Vt. Rules 12 004 060, https://act250.vermont.gov/sites/act250/files/ documents/2015%20Adopted%20Rules.pdf [https://perma.cc/SC3E-QEN3]. Further, under our precedents, the terms “parcel” and “lot” are used interchangeably, see, e.g., Wilcox v. Manchester Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 159 Vt. 193, 194-95, 616 A.2d 1137, 1138 (1992), or are 2 parties filed cross motions for summary judgment. The Environmental Division granted
summary judgment to the Trust, holding that the project was located on a single tract or on
multiple “contiguous” tracts of land and therefore met the definition of a priority housing project
in § 6001(35). This appeal followed.
¶ 4. We review motions for summary judgment de novo and apply the same standard
as the trial court. Gordon v. Bd. of Civ. Auth. for Morristown, 2006 VT 94, ¶ 4, 180 Vt. 299,
910 A.2d 836. Summary judgment is appropriate where “there is no genuine issue as to any
material fact, and [the moving party] is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id.; V.R.C.P.
56(a).
¶ 5. When interpreting a statute, “our primary goal is to give effect to the legislative
intent” and to do so “we first look to the plain meaning of the statute.” In re Vill. Assocs. Act
250 Land Use Permit, 2010 VT 42A, ¶ 9, 188 Vt. 113, 998 A.2d 712. “The words of a statute
are not to be read in isolation, however, but rather in the context and structure of the statute as a
whole.” In re Vt. Verde Antique Int’l, Inc. 174 Vt. 208, 211-12, 811 A.2d 181, 184 (2002).
“[T]his Court will not excerpt a phrase and follow what purports to be its literal reading without
considering the provision as a whole.” TD Banknorth, N.A. v. Dep’t of Taxes, 2008 VT 120,
¶ 15, 185 Vt. 45, 967 A.2d 1148 (quotation omitted). Further, “in construing land use
regulations any uncertainty must be decided in favor of the property owner.” In re Vitale, 151
Vt. 580, 584, 563 A.2d 613, 616 (1989).
¶ 6. A priority housing project is defined as a “discrete project located on a single tract
or multiple contiguous tracts of land that consists exclusively of mixed income housing . . . and
is located entirely within a . . . designated neighborhood development area.” 10 V.S.A.
§ 6001(35). Priority housing projects with fewer than fifty units are exempt from Act 250
referred to as incorporating each other, see, e.g., In re Weeks, 167 Vt. 551, 553, 712 A.2d 907, 909 (1998). Therefore, the definition of “contiguous” is dispositive in an analysis of the lots as either a single tract or multiple contiguous tracts. 3 review in a municipality with a population of less than 6000. Id. §§ 6081(p),
6001(3)(A)(iv)(I)(dd). The parties agree that the project is discrete, consists of fewer than fifty
units of mixed-income housing, is located within a designated neighborhood-development area,
and is in a municipality with a population of less than 6000. The sole issue before this Court is
whether the two lots planned for the project are “contiguous,” as required by the statute.
Neighbors argue that the project is not exempt from Act 250 review because the road between
the two lots disrupts the contiguity requirement in § 6001(35). We conclude that the project
meets the statutory requirements.
¶ 7. Although § 6001 does not define the term “contiguous,” our prior cases provide
some guidance. In Route 4 Associates v. Town of Sherburne Planning Commission, we
recognized that the meaning of the term “contiguous” can differ depending on the legislative
intent. 154 Vt. 461, 462-64, 578 A.2d 112, 113-14 (1990) (stating that contiguous can have both
“narrow” and “looser” meanings.). The narrowest meaning of “contiguous” is “being in actual
contact: touching along a boundary or at a point.” Id. at 462, 578 A.2d at 113 (quotation
omitted). Whereas, under a looser meaning, two lots do not need to literally touch to be
contiguous. Id. at 463, 578 A.2d at 113. For example, under a looser meaning, a public road
does not always break contiguity. Id. (first citing In re Est. of Thomas, 134 N.W.2d 237, 241
(Neb. 1965) (recognizing that two tracts of land separated by public highway were “contiguous”
when both were used as same farm); and then citing Town of Lyons v. City of Lake Geneva, 202
N.W.2d 228, 231 (Wis. 1972) (holding land was “contiguous” to city when road ran between
land and city limits)). A narrower meaning of contiguous is typically the “primary” meaning,
whereas a “looser meaning is applied only where the contractual or legislative intent, or the
nature of the subject under consideration, indicate that such an application is appropriate.” Id. at
463, 578 A.2d at 113, see also Forrett v. Stone, 2021 VT 17, ¶ 14, 214 Vt. 283, 256 A.3d 585
4 (per curiam) (explaining when there is doubt, ambiguity, or more than one reasonable meaning
of statute’s wording, we look to legislative intent.)
¶ 8. Consequently, in Route 4 Associates, the legislative purpose and common sense
were integral to determining how the word “contiguous” should be interpreted in the context of
the zoning ordinance at issue. In that case, the zoning ordinance required a minimum “[t]otal
contiguous area” of five acres for a planned unit development. Route 4 Assocs., 154 Vt. at 464,
578 A.2d at 114. In the context of that zoning-ordinance requirement, we held that the term
“contiguous” should be construed in a narrow sense because using a looser meaning would
undercut the Legislature’s reasons for requiring larger areas for planned unit developments. Id.
at 462, 578 A.2d at 113. However, we also specifically differentiated the two noncontiguous lots
at issue in Route 4 Associates—which were separated by over 22,000 square feet of private
property—from two lots separated merely by a road. Id. at 464, 578 A.2d at 114 (distinguishing
Bd. of Comm’rs of O’Hara v. Hakim, 339 A.2d 905, 908 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1975)).
¶ 9. We apply that same analysis here. In 10 V.S.A. § 6000, the Legislature
articulated the purposes of Act 250, including to “protect and conserve the environment of the
State . . . while supporting equitable access to infrastructure, including housing.” The
Legislature also indicated that Act 250 aimed to support the goals of 24 V.S.A. § 4302(c), which
encourage “[i]ntensive residential development” to create “an adequate supply of . . . homes.”
24 V.S.A. § 4302(c)(1)(A); id. § 4348a(a)(9). The priority-housing-project exemption furthers
these goals by encouraging projects that incorporate low-income housing by removing Act 250
regulatory burdens for proportionately smaller projects in designated neighborhood-development
areas while requiring Act 250 review for larger projects with potentially larger environmental
impacts. See 10 V.S.A. § 6001(35). Consequently, when interpreting the use of “contiguous” in
§ 6001(35), we do so with that legislative purpose in mind. In that context, and in contrast to the
outcome in Route 4 Associates, a looser definition of “contiguous” aligns with the legislative
5 intent because using the narrowest definition would frustrate the statute’s purpose by
disincentivizing the construction of affordable housing, while providing no clear corresponding
environmental protection or conservation benefits.
¶ 10. A reading of the statute as a whole also demonstrates that the Legislature did not
intend roads to be determinative in interpreting how lots relate to one another. For example,
§ 6001(23) defines two parties as “adjoining property owners” even if their “two properties are
separated only by a . . . public highway.” Similarly, § 6001(31)(A) does not allow a farm to be
considered two “farms” for compost production requirements if a road runs through it: “a
federal, State, or municipal highway or road shall not be determined to divide tracts of land that
are otherwise physically contiguous.” Therefore, a looser interpretation of “contiguous” under
the priority-housing-project exemption also maintains a cohesive understanding of how lots
relate to each other throughout the statute.
¶ 11. Furthermore, a factual analysis of the project itself demonstrates that the lots are
treated as contiguous in other relevant arenas. The lots are under common ownership. They will
be connected by a crosswalk and both lots are to be used in connection with the same housing
project. The lots are separated only by the town road. Importantly, the town of Putney treats the
lots as a single tax parcel. Finally, the project is considered a single planned residential
development for zoning purposes. See In re Windham & Windsor Hous. Tr., 2023 WL 4699440,
at *3.
¶ 12. In conclusion, the legislative purpose, the statute’s context, common sense, and
our policy to construe land-use regulations in favor of the property owner leads us to the
conclusion that the word “contiguous” should be construed in a looser sense under the priority-
housing-project exemption as applied to these facts. See 10 V.S.A. § 6000; Vitale, 151 Vt. at
584, 563 A.2d at 616. Consequently, the Trust’s housing project is appropriately considered to
6 be located on a single tract or multiple contiguous tracts of land and, therefore, is a priority
housing project under 10 V.S.A. § 6001(35) and is exempt from Act 250 review.
Affirmed.
FOR THE COURT:
Associate Justice