Tyack, Judge.
Shortly before 8:00 a.m. on August 9, 1994, Terry Lane was parked at the side of a road, bending down or standing between his vehicle and an attached “stump grinder.” Lane was fatally injured when an automobile driven by sixteen-year-old Jacob A. Vermaaten struck the stump grinder, crushing Lane bétween the grinder and his vehicle. As a result of the accident, a complaint was filed in the Juvenile Branch of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic Relations, charging Jacob with being a delinquent minor for having committed the offense of vehicular homicide.
Following an adjudicatory hearing and viewing of the scene of the accident, the referee rendered a report in which she found that the state had proved beyond a reasonable doubt the elements of vehicular homicide. Accordingly, the referee recommended that the court find Jacob to be a delinquent minor.
Defense counsel timely filed objections to the report and recommendation of the referee. By agreement of the parties, the objections were submitted on briefs to the trial judge. Pursuant to a decision and entry filed April 1,1996, the trial court overruled the objections and adopted the referee’s report and recommendation.
Jacob Vermaaten, appellant, has timely appealed, assigning three errors for our consideration:
“Assignment of Error No. I:
The trial court erred in convicting the appellant because the evidence failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant’s conduct constituted a substantial lapse of due care, an essential element of the offense.
“Assignment of Error No. II:
The trial court erred in allowing appellant’s statement into evidence while he was under arrest and when the police interrogated appellant without having advised appellant of his
Miranda
rights.
“Assignment of Error No. Ill:
The trial court erred in allowing Sgt. Wayt to testify as an expert accident reconstructionist when he was unqualified to testify as to how the accident occurred and when he admitted he was unqualified as an accident reconstructionist.”
The elements of vehicular homicide, a misdemeanor of the first degree if committed by an adult, are set forth in R.C. 2908.07 as follows:
“(A) No person, while operating or participating in the operation of a motor vehicle * * * shall
negligently
cause the death of another.” (Emphasis added.)
As distinguished from tort law defining negligence as the failure to exercise ordinary care, for purposes of the culpable mental state for
criminal
conduct, “negligence” is defined as follows:
“A person acts negligently when,
became of a substantial lapse from due care,
he fails to perceive or avoid a risk that his conduct may cause a certain result or may be of a certain nature. A person is negligent with respect to circumstances when, because of a substantial lapse from due care, he fails to perceive or avoid a risk that such circumstances may exist.” (Emphasis added.) R.C. 2901.22(D).
Thus, the question presented by the first assignment of error is whether the trial court erred in concluding that the evidence was sufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant’s conduct constituted a “substantial” lapse from due care. For the reasons which follow, we find that the evidence, in most respects undisputed, was insufficient to support that conclusion.
The evidence presented at the adjudicatory hearing established the following. The night before the accident, appellant and several of his friends went to a wooded area with the intention of camping. When the temperature became too cold to sleep outside in their sleeping bags, appellant and one friend, Scott Field,
decided to sleep in appellant’s car. The other boys left for their homes. Scott Field estimated that he and appellant were awake until 1:00 or 2:00 a.m.
Appellant and Scott awoke between 7:30 and 8:00 the following morning and soon left to go to a friend’s house. In Scott’s opinion, appellant did not seem tired that morning. Scott testified that he was asleep in the passenger seat of appellant’s car both before and at the time of the collision.
The record establishes that appellant was traveling north on a residential street, Buenos Aires Boulevard. The impact occurred at a point where the street inclined upward and then crested and dipped somewhat. The record suggests that the incline would not markedly obstruct a driver’s northward view.
Dale Thompson, a resident of the neighborhood in which the accident occurred, testified regarding his limited knowledge of the accident. Thompson had seen the decedent working near the stump grinder in front of a neighbor’s house. The weather conditions were “perfect” — sunny, clear and dry. Thompson testified that the decedent was parked near the curb, without any lights, reflectors, flags, traffic cones, or “men at work” signs. In Thompson’s opinion, there was sufficient room for an automobile to pass the decedent’s parked vehicle.
Neither Scott Field nor Dale Thompson testified as to precisely how the accident occurred. Both were alerted to the crash by the sound of the impact.
The state emphasizes the well-established general rule that the determination of whether a lapse of due care is substantial is a question for the trier of fact.
State v. Ovens
(1974), 44 Ohio App.2d 428, 73 O.O.2d 540, 339 N.E.2d 853. However, notwithstanding the deference owed a factfinder’s resolution of a disputed fact, this rule does not render a trial court’s factual determinations untouchable. Indeed, the limited power of review in this respect does not restrict an appellate court’s role to such an extent that we are essentially compelled to rubber-stamp such findings.
As the
Ovens
court aptly noted, as have numerous courts since in following
Ovens,
the term “substantial” is a relative, inexact term, which escapes precise definition. Indeed, the word “has been said to be as elusive a word as the English language contains” and is susceptible of various meanings depending on the circumstances.
Id.
at 431, 73 O.O.2d at 542, 339 N.E.2d at 855-856.
Significantly, as alluded to above, the negligence standard required to sustain a criminal conviction contemplates a higher degree of fault than does the standard to sustain an award of civil damages. Of perhaps even greater significance, criminal law, of course, requires a higher degree of proof to sustain a conviction.
There was no allegation here that appellant was reckless; there was no suggestion that appellant was driving under the influence of alcohol or other
drugs, or even slightly exceeding the speed limit. Essential to the prosecution’s case was its theory that a weary appellant
might
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Tyack, Judge.
Shortly before 8:00 a.m. on August 9, 1994, Terry Lane was parked at the side of a road, bending down or standing between his vehicle and an attached “stump grinder.” Lane was fatally injured when an automobile driven by sixteen-year-old Jacob A. Vermaaten struck the stump grinder, crushing Lane bétween the grinder and his vehicle. As a result of the accident, a complaint was filed in the Juvenile Branch of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic Relations, charging Jacob with being a delinquent minor for having committed the offense of vehicular homicide.
Following an adjudicatory hearing and viewing of the scene of the accident, the referee rendered a report in which she found that the state had proved beyond a reasonable doubt the elements of vehicular homicide. Accordingly, the referee recommended that the court find Jacob to be a delinquent minor.
Defense counsel timely filed objections to the report and recommendation of the referee. By agreement of the parties, the objections were submitted on briefs to the trial judge. Pursuant to a decision and entry filed April 1,1996, the trial court overruled the objections and adopted the referee’s report and recommendation.
Jacob Vermaaten, appellant, has timely appealed, assigning three errors for our consideration:
“Assignment of Error No. I:
The trial court erred in convicting the appellant because the evidence failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant’s conduct constituted a substantial lapse of due care, an essential element of the offense.
“Assignment of Error No. II:
The trial court erred in allowing appellant’s statement into evidence while he was under arrest and when the police interrogated appellant without having advised appellant of his
Miranda
rights.
“Assignment of Error No. Ill:
The trial court erred in allowing Sgt. Wayt to testify as an expert accident reconstructionist when he was unqualified to testify as to how the accident occurred and when he admitted he was unqualified as an accident reconstructionist.”
The elements of vehicular homicide, a misdemeanor of the first degree if committed by an adult, are set forth in R.C. 2908.07 as follows:
“(A) No person, while operating or participating in the operation of a motor vehicle * * * shall
negligently
cause the death of another.” (Emphasis added.)
As distinguished from tort law defining negligence as the failure to exercise ordinary care, for purposes of the culpable mental state for
criminal
conduct, “negligence” is defined as follows:
“A person acts negligently when,
became of a substantial lapse from due care,
he fails to perceive or avoid a risk that his conduct may cause a certain result or may be of a certain nature. A person is negligent with respect to circumstances when, because of a substantial lapse from due care, he fails to perceive or avoid a risk that such circumstances may exist.” (Emphasis added.) R.C. 2901.22(D).
Thus, the question presented by the first assignment of error is whether the trial court erred in concluding that the evidence was sufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant’s conduct constituted a “substantial” lapse from due care. For the reasons which follow, we find that the evidence, in most respects undisputed, was insufficient to support that conclusion.
The evidence presented at the adjudicatory hearing established the following. The night before the accident, appellant and several of his friends went to a wooded area with the intention of camping. When the temperature became too cold to sleep outside in their sleeping bags, appellant and one friend, Scott Field,
decided to sleep in appellant’s car. The other boys left for their homes. Scott Field estimated that he and appellant were awake until 1:00 or 2:00 a.m.
Appellant and Scott awoke between 7:30 and 8:00 the following morning and soon left to go to a friend’s house. In Scott’s opinion, appellant did not seem tired that morning. Scott testified that he was asleep in the passenger seat of appellant’s car both before and at the time of the collision.
The record establishes that appellant was traveling north on a residential street, Buenos Aires Boulevard. The impact occurred at a point where the street inclined upward and then crested and dipped somewhat. The record suggests that the incline would not markedly obstruct a driver’s northward view.
Dale Thompson, a resident of the neighborhood in which the accident occurred, testified regarding his limited knowledge of the accident. Thompson had seen the decedent working near the stump grinder in front of a neighbor’s house. The weather conditions were “perfect” — sunny, clear and dry. Thompson testified that the decedent was parked near the curb, without any lights, reflectors, flags, traffic cones, or “men at work” signs. In Thompson’s opinion, there was sufficient room for an automobile to pass the decedent’s parked vehicle.
Neither Scott Field nor Dale Thompson testified as to precisely how the accident occurred. Both were alerted to the crash by the sound of the impact.
The state emphasizes the well-established general rule that the determination of whether a lapse of due care is substantial is a question for the trier of fact.
State v. Ovens
(1974), 44 Ohio App.2d 428, 73 O.O.2d 540, 339 N.E.2d 853. However, notwithstanding the deference owed a factfinder’s resolution of a disputed fact, this rule does not render a trial court’s factual determinations untouchable. Indeed, the limited power of review in this respect does not restrict an appellate court’s role to such an extent that we are essentially compelled to rubber-stamp such findings.
As the
Ovens
court aptly noted, as have numerous courts since in following
Ovens,
the term “substantial” is a relative, inexact term, which escapes precise definition. Indeed, the word “has been said to be as elusive a word as the English language contains” and is susceptible of various meanings depending on the circumstances.
Id.
at 431, 73 O.O.2d at 542, 339 N.E.2d at 855-856.
Significantly, as alluded to above, the negligence standard required to sustain a criminal conviction contemplates a higher degree of fault than does the standard to sustain an award of civil damages. Of perhaps even greater significance, criminal law, of course, requires a higher degree of proof to sustain a conviction.
There was no allegation here that appellant was reckless; there was no suggestion that appellant was driving under the influence of alcohol or other
drugs, or even slightly exceeding the speed limit. Essential to the prosecution’s case was its theory that a weary appellant
might
have fallen asleep at the wheel after a difficult night attempting to sleep in his car. Allowing oneself to fall asleep while driving could indeed constitute criminal negligence. However, the evidence proved only that appellant and his friend likely had a less-than-ideal, arguably brief period of sleep during the night immediately preceding the accident. The evidence did not sufficiently establish that appellant fell asleep at the wheel.
The referee herself noted on the record how agonizingly difficult it was to reach a verdict in this case. We, too, find the circumstances to be tragic for all involved. However, we believe that the referee’s summation of the state of the evidence in this case, a criminal prosecution, speaks volumes as to the lack of reasonable doubt.
There simply was no affirmative showing that appellant’s conduct, the precise details of which are necessarily purely speculative, amounted to a
substantial
lapse from due care. In the absence of such affirmative proof, the trial court analyzed the evidence by employing a mechanism akin to the
res ipsa loquitur
doctrine to reach the following conclusion:
“Accordingly, the Court finds that the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to establish, beyond a reasonable doubt, that
the accident would not have occurred in the absence of a substantial lapse of Defendant’s duty to exercise due care
in driving his vehicle.” (Emphasis added.)
A factfinder is certainly free to draw inferences. However, the trial court here improperly analyzed the state of the evidence. For all practical purposes, the court shifted the burden of proof to the defense on a critical element of the offense; implicit in the trial court’s reasoning is its apparent requirement that appellant prove a negative — that the accident occurred without a substantial lapse of due care on his part. While every traffic fatality is undeniably tragic,
criminal
conduct is not necessarily or presumptively the cause.
For the foregoing reasons, the first assignment of error is sustained.
Our disposition of the first assignment of error renders the second and third assignments of error moot. See App.R. 12.
Having sustained the first assignment of error, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand the cause for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
John C. Young, J., concurs.
Petree, P.J., dissents.