FILED JUNE 15, 2017 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
In the Matter of the Welfare of ) No. 34725-7-III ) ) F.M.0. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) )
LAWRENCE-BERREY, A.CJ. -This is S.O.'s second appeal from the trial court's
order terminating her parental rights to her son, F .M. 0. In S. 0.' s first appeal, this court
held that S.O. 's due process rights were violated when the trial court found her recurring
incarceration constituted a parental deficiency. In re Welfare of F.MO., 194 Wn. App.
226,229,374 P.3d 273 (2016) (published in part). This was because the Department of
Social and Health Services (DSHS) never gave her notice that her recurring incarceration
was a parental deficiency she needed to defend against at trial. Id. at 232. We, therefore,
remanded for the trial court to reconsider whether termination of the parent-child
relationship was appropriate considering only the deficiencies that S.O. knew were at
issue in the trial. Id. at 227. No. 34725-7-III In re Welfare of F.M 0.
On remand, the trial court again terminated S.O. 's parental rights. S.O. appeals
again, raising five new issues-all of which she could have raised in her first appeal.
Three of the issues S.O. raises do not relate to the proceedings on remand, and we decline
to review them. Her other two arguments essentially challenge the sufficiency of the
evidence supporting the trial court's factual findings at the remand hearing. Because
substantial evidence supports these findings, we affirm the termination order.
FACTS
In August 2012, F.M.0. was born with methamphetamine in his system. S.O. also
tested positive for methamphetamine. 1 DSHS immediately took custody ofF.M.0. and
began dependency proceedings. S.O.'s noted parental deficiencies included her mental
health issues, her substance abuse issues, and her history of domestic violence with
F.M.O.'s father. After a two-year dependency, DSHS initiated termination proceedings.
In its termination petition, DSHS did not expressly allege any particular parental
deficiencies. During the termination trial, after both parties had concluded closing
arguments, the trial court asked about the status of S.O.'s pending criminal charges.
S.O.'s counsel indicated the pending criminal case had not been scheduled for trial, given
that counsel had requested that S.O. be evaluated pursuant to chapter 10.77 RCW. S.O.'s
1 F.M.O.'s father voluntarily relinquished his parental rights.
2 No. 34725-7-III In re Welfare of F.MO.
counsel never requested that a guardian ad litem be appointed in the termination case.
The trial court granted DSHS's petition and terminated S.O.'s parental rights to
F.M.O. In doing so, the court cited four parental deficiencies that prevented F.M.O. from
being safely placed with her: (1) untreated mental illness, (2) untreated substance abuse
issues, (3) a history of domestic violence in her relationships, and (4) periods of
incarceration that inhibited her ability to parent.
S.0. appealed the termination order, raising two issues: (1) she did not receive
constitutionally adequate notice of her parental deficiencies because the termination
petition itself did not notify her of the deficiencies the court relied on, and (2) her trial
counsel rendered ineffective assistance because she did not ask the court to appoint a
guardian ad litem due to her perceived incompetency. See F.MO., 194 Wn. App. at 229.
With respect to S.O. 's first argument, we agreed in part and disagreed in part. We
agreed that before a trial court relies on a parental deficiency as a basis for terminating
parental rights, the parent must have notice that he or she needs to defend against that
deficiency. Id. at 230. However, we rejected S.O. 's argument that the termination
petition itself must allege each parental deficiency that DSHS seeks to prove. Id. Rather,
we held that DSHS can give notice through other means, such as the dependency petition
or through service providers' evaluations. Id. at 231-32.
3 No. 34725-7-III In re Welfare of F.M 0.
Applying these rules, we concluded that DSHS notified S.O. of the first three
parental deficiencies, but never notified her that her recurring incarceration was itself a
parental deficiency she needed to defend against. Id. at 232. Accordingly, this court
remanded the case for the trial court to strike the finding regarding S.O.'s recurring
incarceration, and to reconsider whether termination was appropriate in light of the three
parental deficiencies for which S.O. had adequate notice. Id. at 233.
With respect to S.O. 's second argument-that counsel rendered ineffective
assistance by not seeking the appointment of a guardian ad litem-we concluded the
record was insufficient to review S.O.'s claim. F.MO., No. 33339-6-III, slip op. at 9, 11
(Wash. Ct. App. May 24, 2016) (publish in part)
http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/333396.pub.pdf. We reasoned that trial counsel's
passing reference to chapter 10.77 RCW-which governs competency, insanity, and
diminished capacity-was insufficient to establish that counsel knew S.0. was
incompetent. Id. at 11-12. We noted the record indicated S.O. was actually competent in
her termination case-she testified, was present throughout trial, and filed a five page
"appeal" challenging the termination order. Id. at 12.
In August 2016, the trial court held a hearing in accordance with this court's
instructions. DSHS argued that S.O. 's two primary parental deficiencies were her
4 No. 34725-7-III In re Welfare of F.M 0.
untreated mental illness and untreated substance abuse issues, and that the rest of her
ancillary deficiencies stemmed from these two underlying problems. DSHS further
argued that S.O. failed to remedy these deficiencies and asked the court to again terminate
her parental rights to F .M.0.
S.O.'s counsel agreed that the purpose of the remand hearing was for the court to
consider whether termination was appropriate in light of the parental deficiencies for
which S.O. had notice, and that the hearing was not for relitigating the termination trial.
Counsel agreed to sign the new termination order as to form.
The trial court generally reaffirmed its prior findings. It found that S.O.'s
"primary current deficiencies that prevent[ ed] the child from being safely placed with her
[were] untreated mental illness, untreated substance abuse issues, and a history of
domestic violence in her relationships." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 5. The trial court
concluded that in light of these deficiencies, termination of S.O. 's parental rights was
appropriate. The trial court entered a new termination order that was substantively
identical to the first one, but the court struck its prior finding that S.O. 's recurring
incarceration constituted a parental deficiency. S.O. timely appealed from the new
termination order.
i I No. 34725-7-III In re Welfare of F.M 0.
ANALYSIS
A. LAW OF THE CASE DOCTRINE
In this second appeal, S.O. raises arguments she did not raise in her first appeal.
She argues (1) the trial court erred when it relied on her history of domestic violence
relationships as a basis for terminating her parental rights, (2) the trial court failed to
make adequate written findings reflecting its consideration of the incarcerated parents'
statute, (3) DSHS failed to show a connection between her mental illnesses and her
inability to parent, (4) DSHS failed to offer or provide her all necessary services because
it did not provide her services while she was incarcerated, and (5) DSHS failed to prove
under RCW 13.34.180(l)(e) that little likelihood existed that conditions would be
remedied so F.M.O. could be returned to her in the near future. 2
S.O. could have raised all of these issues in her first appeal. A party generally may
not raise issues in a second appeal that were or could have been raised in the first appeal.
State v. Sauve, 100 Wn.2d 84, 87, 666 P.2d 894 (1983); State v. Jacobsen, 78 Wn.2d 491,
2 In her first appeal, S.O. assigned error to the trial court's findings that DSHS offered or provided all necessary services under RCW 13 .34.180( 1)( d), and that little likelihood existed that conditions would be remedied in the near future under RCW 13.34.180(1)(e). See No. 33339-6-III, Br. of Appellant at 1-2; F.MO., 194 Wn. App. 226. However, she only assigned error to these findings to support her main contention that "the termination petition did not identify any alleged parental deficiencies." No. 33339-6-III, Br. of Appellant at 4.
6 No. 34725-7-III In re Welfare ofF.MO.
493, 477 P.2d 1 (1970); State v. Fort, 190 Wn. App. 202, 233, 360 P.3d 820 (2015),
review denied, 185 Wn.2d 1011, 368 P.3d 171 (2016); State v. Mandanas, 163 Wn. App.
712, 716, 262 P.3d 522 (2011); State v. Corrado, 94 Wn. App. 228,236, 972 P.2d 515
(1999). This is so even when the issue is constitutional. Fort, 190 Wn. App. at 234;
Mandanas, 163 Wn. App. at 717.
S.O. argues this court has discretion to review these issues under RAP 2.5(c )(1 ).
This rule "provides for review where the trial court has exercised some discretion."
Mandanas, 163 Wn. App. at 716 n.2. The rule provides:
If a trial court decision is otherwise properly before the appellate court, the appellate court may at the instance of a party review and determine the propriety of a decision of the trial court even though a similar decision was not disputed in an earlier review of the same case.
RAP 2.5(c)(l). The condition that the trial court decision be "properly before the
appellate court" refers in part to the requirement that a litigant properly preserve issues
for appellate review. 2A KARL B. TEGLAND, WASHINGTON PRACTICE: RULES PRACTICE
RAP 2.5 at 238 (8th ed. 2014).
Importantly, this rule "' does not revive automatically every issue or decision
which was not raised in an earlier appeal. Only if the trial court, on remand, exercised its
· independent judgment, reviewed and ruled again on such issue does it become an
appealable question."' State v. Wheeler, 183 Wn.2d 71, 78,349 P.3d 820 (2015)
7 No. 34725-7-111 In re Welfare of F.M 0.
(quoting State v. Barberio, 121 Wn.2d 48, 50, 846 P.2d 519 (1993)). Under this rule, a
litigant may not raise new issues in a second appeal that were not reconsidered by the trial
court upon remand. See Wheeler, 183 Wn.2d at 78; Barberio, 121 Wn.2d at 51 (refusing
to allow Barberio to raise a new challenge to an affirmed exceptional sentence not
reconsidered at resentencing); State v. Bailey, 35 Wn. App. 592, 594, 668 P.2d 1285
(1983); 2A TEGLAND, supra, at 238. When a litigant attempts to raise an issue not
reconsidered below, an appellate court has no discretion to consider that issue. See
Wheeler, 183 Wn.2d at 78.
Here, on remand, the trial court considered whether termination of the parent-child
relationship was appropriate considering only the deficiencies that S.O. knew were at
issue in the trial-her untreated mental health issues, her untreated substance abuse
issues, and her history of domestic violence relationships. The trial court exercised its
independent judgment and ruled again that these three deficiencies were a sufficient basis
for finding S.O. unfit to parent. Thus, in this appeal, S.O. may only challenge the
portions of the termination order relating to this decision.
S.O. raises three issues with associated arguments that have nothing to do with the
trial court's exercise of independent judgment on remand. These arguments are: ( 1) the
trial court failed to make adequate written findings relating to its consideration of the
8 No. 34725-7-111 In re Welfare of F.M 0.
incarcerated parents' statute, (2) DSHS failed to prove it offered or provided her all
necessary services under RCW 13. 34 .180( 1)( d) because it did not provide her services
while she was incarcerated, and (3) DSHS failed to prove that conditions would not
improve in the near future under RCW 13.34.180(l)(e). S.O. cannot now raise these
issues for the first time.
However, S.O. raises two issues with associated arguments that are related to the
trial court's exercise of independent judgment on remand. These arguments are: (1) her
history of domestic violence relationships was an improper basis for terminating her
parental rights, and (2) DSHS failed to prove a connection between her mental illness and
her inability to parent. Although S.O. did not raise either of these issues at the remand
hearing, they are essentially challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the
trial court's renewed factual findings. See In re Dependency of D.L.B., 186 Wn.2d 103,
123, 376 P.3d 1099 (2016). For this reason, we will consider these two issues. In
reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence for both findings, we are mindful of the
requirement that the clear, cogent, and convincing standard of proof required by RCW
13.34.190(1)(a)(i) is more substantial than in ordinary civil cases in which proof need
only be by a preponderance. Id. at 116.
9 No. 34725-7-III In re Welfare of F.MO.
B. S.0.'S HISTORY OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE RELATIONSHIPS AS A PARENTAL DEFICIENCY
S.O. argues that her history of domestic violence relationships was an improper
basis for terminating her parental rights. Specifically, she argues the trial court
impermissibly determined that her status as a domestic violence victim was a parental
deficiency. She also argues F.M.0. never lived with her, so he never experienced any
domestic violence trauma. Finally, she argues she was not in a domestic violence
relationship at the time of the termination trial.
The controlling case on this issue is D.L.B., 186 Wn.2d 103. In that case, the trial
court terminated the mother's parental rights, and found in the termination order that:
( 1) the mother had a long-standing pattern of maintaining relationships with abusers,
despite the risks that this posed for herself and her child; (2) before participating in
domestic violence classes, she maintained two such relationships; (3) she misrepresented
crucial aspects of these relationships to DSHS; (4) she currently lived with a man who
had committed domestic violence assaults between 1988 and 2010; (5) she hid her
relationship with this man from DSHS, even though she planned to move her child into
his home; and (6) these facts damaged her credibility and indicated her inability to put
into practice what was taught/discussed in her domestic violence programs. Id. at 124-25.
10 No. 34725-7-III In re Welfare of F.MO.
On appeal, the mother cited RCW 26.44.020(16) and argued that the risk that her
child might be exposed to domestic violence was not a parental deficiency. Id. at 123.
She also argued there was no evidence her current partner had perpetrated domestic
violence against her. Id. at 124.
Our Supreme Court rejected the mother's arguments. Id. The court agreed that
being a victim of domestic violence is not a parental deficiency. Id. However, the court
concluded that the trial court never made a finding to that effect. Id. The court reasoned
that "[n]othing in the trial court's conclusions amount[ed] to a ruling that domestic
violence victimization is a parental deficiency." Id. at 125. The court further reasoned
that the trial court's concerns about domestic violence reflected its reasonable doubt that
the mother would protect her child from violence if she regained custody. Id. "Those
doubts stemmed in significant part from credibility assessments that are the province of
the trial court." Id.
The D.L.B. court then addressed the mother's argument that there was no evidence
her current partner had perpetrated domestic violence against her. Id. The court
characterized this argument as asking it to rule, as a matter of law, "that her current
relationship could not sustain any concerns about domestic violence unless the
11 No. 34725-7-III In re Welfare of F.MO.
Department proved her boyfriend had perpetrated violence against [her]." Id. The court
held that it would not restrict the trial court's discretion in this way. Id.
In this case, at the remand hearing, the trial court found that S.O.'s history of
domestic violence in her relationships prevented F.M.O. from being safely placed with
her. The court found that her failure to address this deficiency rendered her unfit to
parent. Substantial evidence supports this finding.
The Child Protective Services (CPS) investigator testified that in 2006, CPS
removed one of S.O. 's other children from her care because S.O. and the child's father
both had warrants relating to domestic violence charges. He testified that in 2009, this
child was again removed after S.O. failed to appear on domestic violence charges. He
testified that in 2010, CPS investigated S.O. for neglect, and was concerned about
domestic violence. He testified that based on his investigations of S.O. over the years, it
was clear she was caught in a domestic violence cycle.
The CPS investigator further testified that domestic violence services, such as
counseling and advocacy, can teach victims how to respond to domestic violence
situations, how to remove themselves from these living situations, and how to protect
their children from further violence. He testified that a child living in a home with
domestic violence poses a risk of harm to the child. In light of S.O.'s history of domestic
12 No. 34725-7-III In re Welfare of F.MO.
violence relationships, DSHS recommended and the court ordered S.O. to participate in
domestic violence services. S.O. never complied with these services.
Citing RCW 26.44.020(16), S.O. argues that the trial court impermissibly
determined that her status as a domestic violence victim was a parental deficiency.
However, as in D.L.B., the trial court here never found that S.O.'s status as a victim of
domestic violence was a parental deficiency. Rather, the trial court found that her history
of domestic violence relationships "prevent[ ed] the child from being safely placed with
her." CP at 5. As in D.L.B., this finding reflected the trial court's reasonable doubt that
S.O. would protect F.M.0. from violence if she regained custody, given that she never
participated in domestic violence services.
S.O. also argues that F.M.O. never directly experienced any domestic violence
trauma, and that she was not in a domestic violence relationship at the time of the
termination trial. Again, these arguments are inconsistent with our Supreme Court's
decision in D.L.B., which held that a trial court can reasonably be concerned about a
mother's history of domestic violence relationships without proof that she was currently
in one. See D.L.B., 186 Wn.2d at 125. Likewise, here, the trial court was reasonably
concerned about S.O. 's history of domestic violence relationships, given her history of
having her other child removed for this reason, DSHS' s recommendation for domestic
13 No. 34725-7-III In re Welfare of F.M 0.
violence services, and S.0. 's failure to engage in those services. The trial court's concern
was valid even though F.M.O. never directly experienced the domestic violence and S.O.
was not in a domestic violence relationship at the time of the termination trial.
Accordingly, substantial evidence supports the trial court's factual findings that
S.O.'s history of domestic violence relationships prevented F.M.0. from being safely
placed with her, and her failure to address this deficiency rendered her unfit to parent.
C. CONNECTION BETWEEN S.0.'S MENTAL ILLNESSES AND ABILITY TO PARENT
S.O. argues substantial evidence does not support the trial court's finding that her
untreated mental illnesses constituted a parental deficiency. Specifically, she contends
DSHS failed to show a connection between her mental illnesses and her ability to parent.
"[M]ental illness is not, in and of itself, proof that a parent is unfit or incapable."
In re Dependency ofT.L.G., 126 Wn. App. 181, 203, 108 P.3d 156 (2005). "The court
must examine the relationship between the mental condition and parenting ability." Id.
"[C]hildren may not be removed from their homes merely because their parents are
mentally ill." Id. However, individuals who suffer from mental illness may still have
their parental rights terminated if they are unfit to parent. Id.; In re Welfare ofHS., 94
Wn. App. 511,528,973 P.2d 474 (1999).
14 No. 34725-7-III In re Welfare of F.MO.
At the remand hearing, the trial court found that S.O. suffered from untreated
mental illness, that her mental illness prevented F.M.O. from being safely placed with
her, and that her mental illness rendered her unfit to parent. Substantial evidence supports
this finding.
Shortly after F.M.0. was born, he was removed from S.O.'s care because he had
methamphetamine in his system. At trial, the mental health professional testified that
S.O. had been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder, an impulse control disorder,
and amphetamine dependence. The mental health professional testified she had
recommended mental health services and chemical dependency treatment.
The CPS investigator testified that S.O. 's untreated mental illnesses impaired her
ability to parent and protect her children. He testified that S.O. would be labile and very
hostile at times, but would be calmer at other times. During one visit, S.O. became angry,
which led to the visit being terminated and the police being called.
However, the same mental health professional who described S.O.'s diagnoses and
recommended mental health services testified she could not determine if a correlation
existed between S.O. 's illnesses and S.O. 's parenting abilities. Nevertheless, comparing
the CPS investigator's clear opinion with the mental health professional's inconclusive
opinion, the trial court was within its discretion to give greater weight to the
15 No. 34725-7-111 In re Welfare of F.MO.
investigator's clear opinion. We determine that substantial evidence supports the trial
court's finding that S.O. 's untreated mental illnesses prevented F .M.O. from being safely
placed with S.O., and that S.0. 's failure to address this deficiency rendered her unfit to
parent.
Affirmed.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
<. w.tS.-1.,'\._. ~t ( r<.. Lawrence-Berrey, A.CJ.
WE CONCUR: