Cardozo, J.
On January 14, 1915, Jacob G. Schmid-lapp, a resident of Cincinnati, Ohio, made a deed of trust to the Bankers’ Trust Company, as trustee, transferring shares of stock in New York corporations of the value of $787,191.05. The deed provided that the income should be paid to the grantor during his lifetime, but not after August 10, 1923, at which time his youngest son would attain the age of thirty-five. On the death of the grantor, or on August 10, 1923, if the grantor should then be living, the trustee was directed to divide the principal of the trust fund into two equal parts, and to apply the income of one part to the use of one of
the grantor’s sons during life and the income of the other part to the use of the other son. Upon the death of either son after August 10, 1923, or after the death of the grantor, the principal was to be paid as the son so dying should appoint, and, in default of such appointment, to such persons as would succeed under the laws of Ohio if the son had died intestate, the owner of the fund. Provision was also made for the distribution of the fund in other contingencies. The grantor reserved the right to control and direct all investments and reinvestments. He also reserved the right at any time during the continuance of the trusts to “ modify or alter in any manner, or revoke in whole or in part this* indenture, or any or all of the trusts then existing and the limitations and estates and interest in property hereby created and provided for subsequent to such trusts.”
A transfer by a non-resident of shares in New York corporations was not taxable, even though testamentary, ■under the Transfer Tax Law of New York as it stood in 1915. In May, 1919, however, the law was changed. A tax was then imposed upon the transfer of “ shares of stock of corporations organized under the laws of this state * * * made by a non-resident ” by will or by intestate law or “ by deed, grant, bargain, sale or gift made in contemplation of the death of the grantor, vendor or donor or intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment at or after such ’death ” (Tax Law [Cons. Laws, ch. 60], § 220, subd. 4, as amended by L. 1919, ch. 626, in effect May 14, 1919). The grantor, Jacob G. Schmidlapp, died December 18, 1919. The question is whether the transfer to the trustee for the benefit of the sons and of the ultimate remaindermen is subject to the tax.
If the deed of trust had been delivered after the amendment of 1919, the answer would be free from doubt. It would then be unimportant whether the grant did or did not contain a power to revoke. With or without such a power, the transfer would be taxable
as a gift to take effect in possession or enjoyment upon the death of the grantor.
(Matter of Brandrefh,
169 N. Y. 437, 442;
Matter of Cornell,
170 N. Y. 423;
Matter of Keeney,
194 N. Y. 281, 285). This deed, however, was delivered in January, 1915, more than four years before the amendment was adopted. The problem, therefore, is not solved by characterizing the gift as one to take effect in possession or enjoyment upon death. All this it may be, and still the gift will be immune if in substance, and not in form merely, it was made before the statute
(Matter of Pell,
171 N. Y. 48;
Matter of Craig,
97 App. Div. 289; 181 N. Y. 551). The tax is a charge upon the creation of the right. It is not a charge upon fruition in enjoyment or possession. We must fix the point of time at which creation was effective.
The legislature has said that in the solution of this problem heed shall be given, not to names, but to realities. By subdivision 5 of section 220 the tax is imposed “ when any such person - or corporation becomes beneficially entitled, in possession or expectancy, to any property or the income thereof by any such transfer whether made before or after the passage of this chapter.” That provision came into the statute in 1892, and has been kept there unchanged through all the subsequent revisions. Its meaning was considered in
Matter of Seaman
(147 N. Y. 69, 77). We refused to lay a charge upon remainders, whether vested or contingent, if the will creating them had become effective through the death of the testator before the passage of the statute. Our view was that the remaindermen in such circumstances were already
“
beneficially entitled ” to an interest in expectancy. The statute in our reading of it was aimed at transfers of another order. We said that where a deed had been delivered to take effect in possession or enjoyment upon death, with the reservation to the donor during life, not only of the right to use, but of the power to revoke, a gift so made was placed by this provision
of the statute “ on the same footing as one by will ” (147 N. Y. at p. 77). The transfer was
“
to date from the one event which makes it operative and effective.”
“
So much,” we said, “ the legislature certainly intended.” Later cases, both in this court and in the Appellate Divisions, enforce the same view
(Matter of Bostwick,
160 N. Y. 489;
Matter of Dana Co.,
215 N. Y. 461, 463, 464;
Matter of Garcia,
183 App. Div. 712, 716). The statute has been applied to deeds delivered before its passage whenever the use and dominion retained by the grantor were such that the deeds were in substance equivalent to wills.
We think the principle of these decisions is applicable here. The sons never became beneficially entitled either in possession or in expectancy to any right in this property that was capable of enforcement against the will of the grantor. The transaction in that respect was ambulatory to the same extent as if it had been strictly testamentary. Nothing to the contrary is found in a fine of cases where a power of revocation stood alone, unaccompanied by other elements of ownership and dominion
(Matter of Masury,
28 App. Div. 580; 159 N. Y. 532;
Matter of Bowers,
195 App. Div. 548; 231 N. Y. 613;
Matter of Carnegie,
203 App. Div. 91; 236 N. Y. 517;
Matter of Miller,
236 N. Y. 290). The distinction is between a gift which clothes the donee with a right of present enjoyment, though subject to revocation at the will of the donor, and one where the donor reserves to himself not only the power to revoke, but also enjoyment during life, so that no beneficial right enforcible against him exists until his death. In the one class of cases, the law in force at the delivery of the deed, and in the other the law in force at death, is the measure of the right to tax.
The statute is assailed as a denial of
“
due process.” The assault, we think, must fail. A gift by deed of trust to take effect in enjoyment upon the death of the donor, with the reservation of intermediate use, and with com-
píete power of revocation, approaches so nearly to a gift by will that the legislature may declare their substantial identity for the purpose of taxation
(Matter of Dows,
167 N. Y. 227;
Orr
v.
Gilman,
183 U. S. 278;
Matter of Delano,
176 N. Y. 486;
Chanler
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Cardozo, J.
On January 14, 1915, Jacob G. Schmid-lapp, a resident of Cincinnati, Ohio, made a deed of trust to the Bankers’ Trust Company, as trustee, transferring shares of stock in New York corporations of the value of $787,191.05. The deed provided that the income should be paid to the grantor during his lifetime, but not after August 10, 1923, at which time his youngest son would attain the age of thirty-five. On the death of the grantor, or on August 10, 1923, if the grantor should then be living, the trustee was directed to divide the principal of the trust fund into two equal parts, and to apply the income of one part to the use of one of
the grantor’s sons during life and the income of the other part to the use of the other son. Upon the death of either son after August 10, 1923, or after the death of the grantor, the principal was to be paid as the son so dying should appoint, and, in default of such appointment, to such persons as would succeed under the laws of Ohio if the son had died intestate, the owner of the fund. Provision was also made for the distribution of the fund in other contingencies. The grantor reserved the right to control and direct all investments and reinvestments. He also reserved the right at any time during the continuance of the trusts to “ modify or alter in any manner, or revoke in whole or in part this* indenture, or any or all of the trusts then existing and the limitations and estates and interest in property hereby created and provided for subsequent to such trusts.”
A transfer by a non-resident of shares in New York corporations was not taxable, even though testamentary, ■under the Transfer Tax Law of New York as it stood in 1915. In May, 1919, however, the law was changed. A tax was then imposed upon the transfer of “ shares of stock of corporations organized under the laws of this state * * * made by a non-resident ” by will or by intestate law or “ by deed, grant, bargain, sale or gift made in contemplation of the death of the grantor, vendor or donor or intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment at or after such ’death ” (Tax Law [Cons. Laws, ch. 60], § 220, subd. 4, as amended by L. 1919, ch. 626, in effect May 14, 1919). The grantor, Jacob G. Schmidlapp, died December 18, 1919. The question is whether the transfer to the trustee for the benefit of the sons and of the ultimate remaindermen is subject to the tax.
If the deed of trust had been delivered after the amendment of 1919, the answer would be free from doubt. It would then be unimportant whether the grant did or did not contain a power to revoke. With or without such a power, the transfer would be taxable
as a gift to take effect in possession or enjoyment upon the death of the grantor.
(Matter of Brandrefh,
169 N. Y. 437, 442;
Matter of Cornell,
170 N. Y. 423;
Matter of Keeney,
194 N. Y. 281, 285). This deed, however, was delivered in January, 1915, more than four years before the amendment was adopted. The problem, therefore, is not solved by characterizing the gift as one to take effect in possession or enjoyment upon death. All this it may be, and still the gift will be immune if in substance, and not in form merely, it was made before the statute
(Matter of Pell,
171 N. Y. 48;
Matter of Craig,
97 App. Div. 289; 181 N. Y. 551). The tax is a charge upon the creation of the right. It is not a charge upon fruition in enjoyment or possession. We must fix the point of time at which creation was effective.
The legislature has said that in the solution of this problem heed shall be given, not to names, but to realities. By subdivision 5 of section 220 the tax is imposed “ when any such person - or corporation becomes beneficially entitled, in possession or expectancy, to any property or the income thereof by any such transfer whether made before or after the passage of this chapter.” That provision came into the statute in 1892, and has been kept there unchanged through all the subsequent revisions. Its meaning was considered in
Matter of Seaman
(147 N. Y. 69, 77). We refused to lay a charge upon remainders, whether vested or contingent, if the will creating them had become effective through the death of the testator before the passage of the statute. Our view was that the remaindermen in such circumstances were already
“
beneficially entitled ” to an interest in expectancy. The statute in our reading of it was aimed at transfers of another order. We said that where a deed had been delivered to take effect in possession or enjoyment upon death, with the reservation to the donor during life, not only of the right to use, but of the power to revoke, a gift so made was placed by this provision
of the statute “ on the same footing as one by will ” (147 N. Y. at p. 77). The transfer was
“
to date from the one event which makes it operative and effective.”
“
So much,” we said, “ the legislature certainly intended.” Later cases, both in this court and in the Appellate Divisions, enforce the same view
(Matter of Bostwick,
160 N. Y. 489;
Matter of Dana Co.,
215 N. Y. 461, 463, 464;
Matter of Garcia,
183 App. Div. 712, 716). The statute has been applied to deeds delivered before its passage whenever the use and dominion retained by the grantor were such that the deeds were in substance equivalent to wills.
We think the principle of these decisions is applicable here. The sons never became beneficially entitled either in possession or in expectancy to any right in this property that was capable of enforcement against the will of the grantor. The transaction in that respect was ambulatory to the same extent as if it had been strictly testamentary. Nothing to the contrary is found in a fine of cases where a power of revocation stood alone, unaccompanied by other elements of ownership and dominion
(Matter of Masury,
28 App. Div. 580; 159 N. Y. 532;
Matter of Bowers,
195 App. Div. 548; 231 N. Y. 613;
Matter of Carnegie,
203 App. Div. 91; 236 N. Y. 517;
Matter of Miller,
236 N. Y. 290). The distinction is between a gift which clothes the donee with a right of present enjoyment, though subject to revocation at the will of the donor, and one where the donor reserves to himself not only the power to revoke, but also enjoyment during life, so that no beneficial right enforcible against him exists until his death. In the one class of cases, the law in force at the delivery of the deed, and in the other the law in force at death, is the measure of the right to tax.
The statute is assailed as a denial of
“
due process.” The assault, we think, must fail. A gift by deed of trust to take effect in enjoyment upon the death of the donor, with the reservation of intermediate use, and with com-
píete power of revocation, approaches so nearly to a gift by will that the legislature may declare their substantial identity for the purpose of taxation
(Matter of Dows,
167 N. Y. 227;
Orr
v.
Gilman,
183 U. S. 278;
Matter of Delano,
176 N. Y. 486;
Chanler
v.
Kelsey,
205 U. S. 466). The execution of such a deed is ineffective to clothe the donee with any right enforcible against the resistance either of the donor himself or of his personal representatives until' the deed has been followed by death and the election to leave it unrevoked. Until then, any right that is acquired is imperfect and inchoate. The operative events that fill out the measure or content of a right are in a very real sense the events that fix the moment of its creation. We find nothing hostile to this view in
Matter of Pell
(171 N. Y. 48);
Matter of Craig
(97 App. Div. 289; 181 N. Y. 551);
Shwab
v.
Doyle
(258 U. S. 529);
Union Trust Co. of San Francisco
v.
Wardell
(258 U. S. 537), and
Levy
v.
Wardell
(258 U. S. 542). In
Matter of Pell
the remainder had completely vested before the statute was enacted. In
Matter of Craig
the remainder was contingent, but the contingency was not dependent on the will of the donor, and the right as against him was already perfect and complete. The cases in the Supreme Court are similar to the
Pell
case, and the court was at pains to point out that the deeds were not subject to a power of revocation (258 U. S. at 544). We think this conveyance was so far ambulatory until the death of the donor that rights acquired under it might be taxed as if acquired under a will.
Some point is made that the reservation of income during the life of the grantor was coupled with a direction that if he lived until August 10, 1923, the reservation should then end. In a possible contingency, therefore, the sons’ enjoyment of the income might have begun while the grantor was yet in being. We think this feature is insufficient to take the case out of the rule laid down in the cases of
Seaman, Bostwick
and
Dana.
The
grantor did
not
live until August 10, 1923, and if he had, he might even then have revoked or modified the trust. We are to view the sequence of events in the order of the actual rather than the possible. The transfer, as events have shaped it, was ambulatory during life, and the fullness of finality came to it only upon death.
The order should be affirmed with costs.
Hiscock, Ch. J., Hogan, Pound, Crane and Andrews, JJ., concur; McLaughlin, J., not sitting.
Order affirmed.