FILED JANUARY 3, 2017 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
In the Matter of the Parental Rights to ) No. 34105-4-111 ) (consolidated with M.S. ) No. 34106-2-111) ) ) In the Matter of the Parental Rights to ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) J.S. )
PENNELL, J. - C.S. appeals the termination of his parental rights, arguing he
received ineffective assistance of counsel. We affirm.
FACTS
C.S.'s two children were placed in dependency proceedings due to concerns over
substance abuse, domestic violence, criminal history, mental health, and inappropriate
supervision. 1 C.S. was ordered to undergo a psychological evaluation, an anger
1 The mother's parental rights were terminated by default and are not at issue in this appeal. No. 34105-4-III; 34106-2-III In re Parental Rights to MS. and J.S.
management and domestic violence evaluation, drug and alcohol screening (including
urinalysis monitoring), family therapy, and a parenting evaluation. Although C.S. made
attempts at complying with services over the course of approximately 19 months, he was
largely unsuccessful.
A termination hearing was held in late 2015. Various service providers testified,
including a psychologist, domestic violence treatment specialist, probation officer,
chemical dependency professionals, family therapist, social worker, and court appointed
special advocate (CASA). During testimony from the therapist, social worker and CASA,
the State elicited hearsay statements made by C.S.'s children, recounting instances of
abuse. The State also elicited testimony from the family therapist that she found
allegations of abuse by C.S.'s older child to be "very credible." 1 Report of Proceedings
(RP) (Dec. 16, 2015) at 159. In addition, the State's witnesses generally testified that
C.S. had failed to progress in services and that termination would be in the children's best
interests. The trial court ultimately agreed with this assessment and entered an order
terminating C.S's parental rights. C.S. appeals.
ANALYSIS
C.S. challenges the adequacy of the evidence produced at his termination trial. He
claims the State impermissibly introduced hearsay evidence as well as testimony from the
2 No. 34105-4-111; 34106-2-111 In re Parental Rights to MS. and J.S.
family therapist that his oldest child's abuse allegations were "very credible." 1 RP (Dec.
16, 2015) at 159. He also argues the State repeatedly engaged in improper leading
questions. C.S.'s attorney did not object to any of the aforementioned errors at trial.
Accordingly, the merits ofC.S.'s arguments on appeal tum on whether the failure to
object constituted ineffective assistance of counsel.
Washington law guarantees the right to counsel in termination proceedings.
RCW 13.34.090(2); In re Dependency of Grove, 127 Wn.2d 221, 232, 897 P.2d 1252
(1995). An ineffective assistance of counsel claim may be raised for the first time on
appeal. State v. Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d 856, 862, 215 P .3d 177 (2009). Such claims are
reviewed de novo. State v. Sutherby, 165 Wn.2d 870, 883, 204 P.3d 916 (2009).
To demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, C.S. must make two showings:
(1) counsel's performance was deficient, and (2) counsel's errors were serious enough to
prejudice the defendant. State v. Thomas, 109 Wn.2d 222, 225-26, 743 P.2d 816 (1987);
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). 2
Under the deficiency prong, counsel's conduct is not considered deficient if it can be
2 The parties have suggested that there are two different tests for an ineffective assistance claim stemming from a termination hearing. One is the Strickland standard. The other standard is from In re Moseley, 34 Wn. App. 179, 184-85, 660 P.2d 315 (1983). Any difference is largely immaterial. In re Welfare ofJ.M, 130 Wn. App. 912, 922, 125 P .3d 245 (2005).
3 No. 34105-4-III; 34106-2-III In re Parental Rights to MS. and J.S.
characterized as legitimate trial strategy. Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d at 863. There is a strong
presumption that counsel's conduct fell within a wide range of a reasonable professional
assistance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. An appellant can rebut this presumption by
showing counsel's performance cannot be explained by any legitimate trial strategy.
State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 33-34, 246 P.3d 1260 (2011). Under the prejudice prong,
an appellant must show "there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's deficient
performance, the outcome of the proceedings would have been different." Kyllo, 166
Wn.2d at 862.
Child hearsay and family therapist comment
C.S. contends his counsel was deficient for failing to object to certain alleged
hearsay testimony and an alleged improper comment by the family therapist. He argues
the resulting prejudice was the trial court entering a termination order that is not
supported by substantial evidence of abuse of M.S. and J.S. We disagree.
First, none of C.S.'s counsel's conduct can be characterized as deficient.
Decisions on whether and when to object fall firmly within trial strategy. State v.
Johnston, 143 Wn. App. 1, 19, 177 P.3d 1127 (2007). C.S. has not met the high burden
of showing how his counsel's decisions to refrain from objecting to alleged hearsay were
not part of a legitimate legal strategy. See Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d at 863; Strickland, 466 U.S.
4 No. 34105-4-III; 34106-2-III In re Parental Rights to MS. and J.S.
at 689. As the State points out, there are a number of plausible reasons why counsel
abstained from objecting. The record contains substantial evidence of C.S.'s issues with
criminality, substance abuse, domestic abuse, child abuse, and mental health problems.
Counsel may not have objected in order to deemphasize testimony about C.S.'s past poor
choices and behaviors, or it may have been to avoid drawing attention to cumulative
evidence of abuse and other issues. This is especially true in light of how the record
confirms that C.S.'s counsel effectively cross-examined the State's witnesses throughout
the hearing, argued against objections by the State, and tried to emphasize moments when
C.S. was compliant with services and expressed love for his children.
Even if C.S. could establish deficient performance, he cannot establish prejudice.
When a claim of deficiency is based on counsel's failure to object, a defendant must show
that the objection likely would have been sustained to establish prejudice. State v.
McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322,337 n.4, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995). Here, the children's
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FILED JANUARY 3, 2017 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
In the Matter of the Parental Rights to ) No. 34105-4-111 ) (consolidated with M.S. ) No. 34106-2-111) ) ) In the Matter of the Parental Rights to ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) J.S. )
PENNELL, J. - C.S. appeals the termination of his parental rights, arguing he
received ineffective assistance of counsel. We affirm.
FACTS
C.S.'s two children were placed in dependency proceedings due to concerns over
substance abuse, domestic violence, criminal history, mental health, and inappropriate
supervision. 1 C.S. was ordered to undergo a psychological evaluation, an anger
1 The mother's parental rights were terminated by default and are not at issue in this appeal. No. 34105-4-III; 34106-2-III In re Parental Rights to MS. and J.S.
management and domestic violence evaluation, drug and alcohol screening (including
urinalysis monitoring), family therapy, and a parenting evaluation. Although C.S. made
attempts at complying with services over the course of approximately 19 months, he was
largely unsuccessful.
A termination hearing was held in late 2015. Various service providers testified,
including a psychologist, domestic violence treatment specialist, probation officer,
chemical dependency professionals, family therapist, social worker, and court appointed
special advocate (CASA). During testimony from the therapist, social worker and CASA,
the State elicited hearsay statements made by C.S.'s children, recounting instances of
abuse. The State also elicited testimony from the family therapist that she found
allegations of abuse by C.S.'s older child to be "very credible." 1 Report of Proceedings
(RP) (Dec. 16, 2015) at 159. In addition, the State's witnesses generally testified that
C.S. had failed to progress in services and that termination would be in the children's best
interests. The trial court ultimately agreed with this assessment and entered an order
terminating C.S's parental rights. C.S. appeals.
ANALYSIS
C.S. challenges the adequacy of the evidence produced at his termination trial. He
claims the State impermissibly introduced hearsay evidence as well as testimony from the
2 No. 34105-4-111; 34106-2-111 In re Parental Rights to MS. and J.S.
family therapist that his oldest child's abuse allegations were "very credible." 1 RP (Dec.
16, 2015) at 159. He also argues the State repeatedly engaged in improper leading
questions. C.S.'s attorney did not object to any of the aforementioned errors at trial.
Accordingly, the merits ofC.S.'s arguments on appeal tum on whether the failure to
object constituted ineffective assistance of counsel.
Washington law guarantees the right to counsel in termination proceedings.
RCW 13.34.090(2); In re Dependency of Grove, 127 Wn.2d 221, 232, 897 P.2d 1252
(1995). An ineffective assistance of counsel claim may be raised for the first time on
appeal. State v. Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d 856, 862, 215 P .3d 177 (2009). Such claims are
reviewed de novo. State v. Sutherby, 165 Wn.2d 870, 883, 204 P.3d 916 (2009).
To demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, C.S. must make two showings:
(1) counsel's performance was deficient, and (2) counsel's errors were serious enough to
prejudice the defendant. State v. Thomas, 109 Wn.2d 222, 225-26, 743 P.2d 816 (1987);
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). 2
Under the deficiency prong, counsel's conduct is not considered deficient if it can be
2 The parties have suggested that there are two different tests for an ineffective assistance claim stemming from a termination hearing. One is the Strickland standard. The other standard is from In re Moseley, 34 Wn. App. 179, 184-85, 660 P.2d 315 (1983). Any difference is largely immaterial. In re Welfare ofJ.M, 130 Wn. App. 912, 922, 125 P .3d 245 (2005).
3 No. 34105-4-III; 34106-2-III In re Parental Rights to MS. and J.S.
characterized as legitimate trial strategy. Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d at 863. There is a strong
presumption that counsel's conduct fell within a wide range of a reasonable professional
assistance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. An appellant can rebut this presumption by
showing counsel's performance cannot be explained by any legitimate trial strategy.
State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 33-34, 246 P.3d 1260 (2011). Under the prejudice prong,
an appellant must show "there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's deficient
performance, the outcome of the proceedings would have been different." Kyllo, 166
Wn.2d at 862.
Child hearsay and family therapist comment
C.S. contends his counsel was deficient for failing to object to certain alleged
hearsay testimony and an alleged improper comment by the family therapist. He argues
the resulting prejudice was the trial court entering a termination order that is not
supported by substantial evidence of abuse of M.S. and J.S. We disagree.
First, none of C.S.'s counsel's conduct can be characterized as deficient.
Decisions on whether and when to object fall firmly within trial strategy. State v.
Johnston, 143 Wn. App. 1, 19, 177 P.3d 1127 (2007). C.S. has not met the high burden
of showing how his counsel's decisions to refrain from objecting to alleged hearsay were
not part of a legitimate legal strategy. See Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d at 863; Strickland, 466 U.S.
4 No. 34105-4-III; 34106-2-III In re Parental Rights to MS. and J.S.
at 689. As the State points out, there are a number of plausible reasons why counsel
abstained from objecting. The record contains substantial evidence of C.S.'s issues with
criminality, substance abuse, domestic abuse, child abuse, and mental health problems.
Counsel may not have objected in order to deemphasize testimony about C.S.'s past poor
choices and behaviors, or it may have been to avoid drawing attention to cumulative
evidence of abuse and other issues. This is especially true in light of how the record
confirms that C.S.'s counsel effectively cross-examined the State's witnesses throughout
the hearing, argued against objections by the State, and tried to emphasize moments when
C.S. was compliant with services and expressed love for his children.
Even if C.S. could establish deficient performance, he cannot establish prejudice.
When a claim of deficiency is based on counsel's failure to object, a defendant must show
that the objection likely would have been sustained to establish prejudice. State v.
McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322,337 n.4, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995). Here, the children's
statements regarding abuse to the family therapist and social worker would appear to fall
under ER 803(a)(4). Thus, the statements would likely have been admitted into evidence
even if counsel had objected. Although similar statements by the children to the CASA
and C.S.'s sister would not qualify for admission under ER 803(a)(4), such statements
were cumulative and, therefore, not prejudicial.
5 No. 34105-4-111; 34106-2-111 In re Parental Rights to MS. and JS.
The only troubling aspect of the testimony complained ofby C.S. was the family
therapist's testimony that she believed C.S. 'solder child. This comment was
inappropriate. However, when viewed in the context of the State's overwhelming
evidence in support of termination, this error was not prejudicial and does not warrant
reversal. See In re Pers. Restraint of Davis, 152 Wn.2d 647,698, 101 P.3d 1 (2004).
Leading questions
C.S. points to several specific instances in the record where leading questions were
allegedly used and his counsel did not object. C.S. fails to show reversible error.
Although State's counsel appears to have walked many of the witnesses through their
testimony with leading questions, C.S. cannot show defense counsel's decisions on
objections was not tactical, in that it reduced the risk of open-ended questions eliciting
further harmful details. It would take an extreme case for the State's use of leading
questions to justify reversal of a trial court decision. See State v. Madison, 53 Wn. App.
754, 763, 770 P.2d 662 (1989). This is not such a case. The trial court was presented
with substantial evidence in support of its findings. There is no reason to think that the
form of the State's questions impaired the witnesses' abilities to provide truthful,
independent testimony. Viewed as a whole, the record confirms C.S. received a fair trial,
as required by due process.
6 No. 34105-4-III; 34106-2-III In re Parental Rights to MS. and J.S.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we affirm the orders of the trial court.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
Pennell, J. WE CONCUR:
Lawrence-Berrey, J. j