Ketcham, S.
document is offered for probate after the death of three persons whose signatures appear as witnesses, at the end thereof, after the signature of the alleged testatrix. The instrument was made and witnessed on May 1, 1894, and is in all respects in the form of a will. There is no attestation clause, except that, immediately above the names of the witnesses, the word “ witnesses ” is written.
[164]*164The handwriting of the decedent and all the subscribing witnesses in the signatures referred to is established. It is affirmatively shown that, at the time of the transaction, the decedent was competent to make a will and was under no restraint. ■
The instrument was written by the husband of the decedent. He was allowed by the contestant to testify that his own will, also in his handwriting, was made at the same time when his wife’s will was made; that his will was signed in the presence of the witnesses, the same witnesses who attested the paper propounded as the wife’s will; that these persons signed as witnesses to his will, in his presence and at his request, and that, at the time when he signed it, he decared it to be his last will and testament.
Each instrument contains a general and absolute devise, in one case by the husband to the wife, and, in the other, by the wife to the husband, with substantially the same provisions in the event of the death of the devisee before the death of the testator.
The husband was present when the decedent signed the paper propounded. Ho lawyer was then present. The husband, upon interrogation by the contestant, testifies that he consulted his wife when he was drawing the will (meaning the propounded paper), that she was perfectly agreeable, that he talked it over with her and that it was perfectly satisfactory to her.
When asked by the contestant’s counsel, “ Did Mrs. Abel say anything when she signed her name to the paper?” the husband answers, “ I don’t remember, but I suppose she did say something.”
When the instruments were signed, the wife owned the house in which she and her husband had lived for twenty-seven years. It was worth about $7,000, and she had personal estate worth about $1,000 more. The husband’s estate was of the value of about $55,000. When the house was purchased, in 1867, there was a mortgage on it for $7,000, which the husband had paid [165]*165off with his own money before the papers in question were made.
The contestant was permitted to prove, without objection, that the wife once, after the execution of her alleged will, said that the house was hers to do what she wanted with and that it was her husband’s present to her; and that she frequently, both before and after the making of the paper in question, declared her intention that the house was to go to her brother and his wife.
It' also appears that the wife, at least once, signed a paper without reading it, upon the request of her husband and his assurance that it was all right. The wife lived for fourteen years after signing the propounded instrument, and the husband testifies that, after her death, he found the paper in her private box, as he supposes. Both husband and wife were advanced in years when the two papers were signed; they had been married about fifty-five years; they were childless and they lived in affection and concord.
In case of the death of all of the subscribing witnesses to a written will, as well as in many other instances mentioned in the statute, where their testimony is not available or is hostile to the fact of the will, “ the will may nevertheless be established, upon proof of the handwriting of the testator, and of the subscribing witnesses, and also of such other circumstances, as would be sufficient to prove the will upon the trial of an action.” Oode Oiv. Pro., § 2620.
To “ establish ” a will is to make it the subject of such proof and finding as will entitle it to probate. It is in this sense that the word is used in respect to lost and destroyed wills (Obde Oiv. Pro., §§ 1861 et seq., 2621), as well as in the almost daily application of section 2620 to the case where, failing the testimony of the witnesses, the will is admitted by force alone of the attestation clause.
Hence, the will at bar will be established, and its probate [166]*166must follow, if the evidence be found to be of the quality and weight which would, upon the trial of an action, sustain a finding that this was the will of the decedent.
What, then, would happen if, upon a trial in ejectment, before the court without a jury, this will were offered upon this evidence in proof of the plaintiff’s title and cause of action? In such a trial the finding would be, as it is in this case, that the decedent at the time of the transaction was competent to make a will, was not under restraint, was fully aware of the testamentary nature of the instrument which she signed and of its specific tenor and purpose, and was intelligent and deliberate with respect to its execution.
Whether or not, under all the requirements of the statute, the act became a will, it was surrounded by conditions fairly revealed in the evidence which expel suspicion and reduce the case to the single question, whether or not proof of the genuineness of all the signatures upon the propounded paper raises a presumption that all the statutory formalities essential to a valid will were duly observed.
This presumption has always been indulged and has been held to control the question of fact, when not impaired by affirmative evidence or by suggestions of distrust and uncertainty. This rule is stated in many cases; and, while generally its expression has not been strictly essential to the decision, it has been repeated so frequently and so confidently and with such wealth of reasoning that it should now be regarded as authoritative, even if it depended alone upon obiter opinion. Jackson v. La Grange, 19 Johns. 386; Dan v. Brown, 4 Cow. 483; Jackson v. Vickory, 1 Wend. 406; Jauncey v. Thorne, 2 Barb. Ch. 40; Butler v. Benson, 1 Barb. 526.
The ground for the proposition stated in these authorities is that all things which the testator and the witnesses have done are presumed to have been done with ceremony and with solemnity. Either they have done an idle and abortive thing or their [167]*167signatures have been made with all the purpose and the observance which would accompany and make manifest a complete and efficacious act.
If against this presumption no fact appears which either affirmatively shows their act to have been aimless or casts doubt upon its regularity and efficacy, the law must conclude that the act was orderly, intelligent and effective.
It is only by resort to these principles that the law lays hold -of the attestation clause as a means of proof in the case grown to be familiar to the profession. Matter of Sizer, 129 App. Div. 7, and cases cited.
This clause has no statutory dignity. It is a mere certificate by the witnesses which, without ritualistic authority, has grown into the practice of good draftsmen. It is no proof of the matters therein stated. Neither under any general rule of evidence nor under any regulation specifically applicable to wills could this clause be offered in evidence as a direct means of proving that the things therein said to have been done were in truth done.
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Ketcham, S.
document is offered for probate after the death of three persons whose signatures appear as witnesses, at the end thereof, after the signature of the alleged testatrix. The instrument was made and witnessed on May 1, 1894, and is in all respects in the form of a will. There is no attestation clause, except that, immediately above the names of the witnesses, the word “ witnesses ” is written.
[164]*164The handwriting of the decedent and all the subscribing witnesses in the signatures referred to is established. It is affirmatively shown that, at the time of the transaction, the decedent was competent to make a will and was under no restraint. ■
The instrument was written by the husband of the decedent. He was allowed by the contestant to testify that his own will, also in his handwriting, was made at the same time when his wife’s will was made; that his will was signed in the presence of the witnesses, the same witnesses who attested the paper propounded as the wife’s will; that these persons signed as witnesses to his will, in his presence and at his request, and that, at the time when he signed it, he decared it to be his last will and testament.
Each instrument contains a general and absolute devise, in one case by the husband to the wife, and, in the other, by the wife to the husband, with substantially the same provisions in the event of the death of the devisee before the death of the testator.
The husband was present when the decedent signed the paper propounded. Ho lawyer was then present. The husband, upon interrogation by the contestant, testifies that he consulted his wife when he was drawing the will (meaning the propounded paper), that she was perfectly agreeable, that he talked it over with her and that it was perfectly satisfactory to her.
When asked by the contestant’s counsel, “ Did Mrs. Abel say anything when she signed her name to the paper?” the husband answers, “ I don’t remember, but I suppose she did say something.”
When the instruments were signed, the wife owned the house in which she and her husband had lived for twenty-seven years. It was worth about $7,000, and she had personal estate worth about $1,000 more. The husband’s estate was of the value of about $55,000. When the house was purchased, in 1867, there was a mortgage on it for $7,000, which the husband had paid [165]*165off with his own money before the papers in question were made.
The contestant was permitted to prove, without objection, that the wife once, after the execution of her alleged will, said that the house was hers to do what she wanted with and that it was her husband’s present to her; and that she frequently, both before and after the making of the paper in question, declared her intention that the house was to go to her brother and his wife.
It' also appears that the wife, at least once, signed a paper without reading it, upon the request of her husband and his assurance that it was all right. The wife lived for fourteen years after signing the propounded instrument, and the husband testifies that, after her death, he found the paper in her private box, as he supposes. Both husband and wife were advanced in years when the two papers were signed; they had been married about fifty-five years; they were childless and they lived in affection and concord.
In case of the death of all of the subscribing witnesses to a written will, as well as in many other instances mentioned in the statute, where their testimony is not available or is hostile to the fact of the will, “ the will may nevertheless be established, upon proof of the handwriting of the testator, and of the subscribing witnesses, and also of such other circumstances, as would be sufficient to prove the will upon the trial of an action.” Oode Oiv. Pro., § 2620.
To “ establish ” a will is to make it the subject of such proof and finding as will entitle it to probate. It is in this sense that the word is used in respect to lost and destroyed wills (Obde Oiv. Pro., §§ 1861 et seq., 2621), as well as in the almost daily application of section 2620 to the case where, failing the testimony of the witnesses, the will is admitted by force alone of the attestation clause.
Hence, the will at bar will be established, and its probate [166]*166must follow, if the evidence be found to be of the quality and weight which would, upon the trial of an action, sustain a finding that this was the will of the decedent.
What, then, would happen if, upon a trial in ejectment, before the court without a jury, this will were offered upon this evidence in proof of the plaintiff’s title and cause of action? In such a trial the finding would be, as it is in this case, that the decedent at the time of the transaction was competent to make a will, was not under restraint, was fully aware of the testamentary nature of the instrument which she signed and of its specific tenor and purpose, and was intelligent and deliberate with respect to its execution.
Whether or not, under all the requirements of the statute, the act became a will, it was surrounded by conditions fairly revealed in the evidence which expel suspicion and reduce the case to the single question, whether or not proof of the genuineness of all the signatures upon the propounded paper raises a presumption that all the statutory formalities essential to a valid will were duly observed.
This presumption has always been indulged and has been held to control the question of fact, when not impaired by affirmative evidence or by suggestions of distrust and uncertainty. This rule is stated in many cases; and, while generally its expression has not been strictly essential to the decision, it has been repeated so frequently and so confidently and with such wealth of reasoning that it should now be regarded as authoritative, even if it depended alone upon obiter opinion. Jackson v. La Grange, 19 Johns. 386; Dan v. Brown, 4 Cow. 483; Jackson v. Vickory, 1 Wend. 406; Jauncey v. Thorne, 2 Barb. Ch. 40; Butler v. Benson, 1 Barb. 526.
The ground for the proposition stated in these authorities is that all things which the testator and the witnesses have done are presumed to have been done with ceremony and with solemnity. Either they have done an idle and abortive thing or their [167]*167signatures have been made with all the purpose and the observance which would accompany and make manifest a complete and efficacious act.
If against this presumption no fact appears which either affirmatively shows their act to have been aimless or casts doubt upon its regularity and efficacy, the law must conclude that the act was orderly, intelligent and effective.
It is only by resort to these principles that the law lays hold -of the attestation clause as a means of proof in the case grown to be familiar to the profession. Matter of Sizer, 129 App. Div. 7, and cases cited.
This clause has no statutory dignity. It is a mere certificate by the witnesses which, without ritualistic authority, has grown into the practice of good draftsmen. It is no proof of the matters therein stated. Neither under any general rule of evidence nor under any regulation specifically applicable to wills could this clause be offered in evidence as a direct means of proving that the things therein said to have been done were in truth done.
-Its utmost value is only that, in a transaction which for its accuracy and perfection requires the parties thereto to do certain things, the witnesses seem at the time to have said that these things were done. From the mere naked fact that the witnesses then apparently said that the requirements of the statute were regarded, we assume, first, that they knew and considered the statements contained in the attestation clause and, second, that upon that assumption maybe based the further one ■that their certificate was not only intelligent but correct. From these two assumptions it is customary to conclude that the circumstances generally justify the result that the will was duly published and attested.
Is this anything except the application of the presumption that the witnesses, in signing the attestation clause, must have done so with all the circumstance which ordinarily should ac[168]*168company the act of faithful witnesses ? Is there any difference between the legal inference which is drawn from the attestation clause and the like deduction which the proponent seeks to draw from the mere signing of the propounded paper, without an attestation clause ?
The weight of evidence which provokes the presumption may differ in the two cases, but it is impossible to see any difference-in character. In one instance it is inferred that signatures to a statement in writing were made with all the accompaniments of regularity; in the other, that signatures at the end of a paper of a testamentary nature were made under like conditions.
In holding that prima facie witnesses who have signed their names at the end of a will, after the testator’s name, have witnessed and heard the publication and request which properly attend the making of a will, we but apply to an act, the necessary components of which are defined by statute, the same methods which are freely resorted to with regard to an act. which is not the subject of statutory recognition or direction.
Indeed, there is an attestation clause upon the paper in question, in the word “ witnesses.” Those who signed their names, thereunder have attested: “ We have witnessed the act of Mary E. Abel which she has performed in signing the foregoing instrument, and we have signed our names in attestation of that fact.”
The evidence in this case being wholly consonant with testamentary intention, the fairness of the transaction and freedom from restraint, we are forced to the conclusion, upon the mere-appearance and genuineness of the signatures, that the will was accompanied by all which goes to make up a valid and efficient execution and publication.
The precise question which this will presents was before the late Surrogate Fitzgerald and was determined in favor of probate. Matter of Oliver, 13 Misc. Rep. 466; It does not clearly appear from the opinion, but inquiry in the office where ther [169]*169will is recorded discloses, that there was no attestation clause' upon the instrument which Judge Fitzgerald considered; and1 it is impossible to distinguish the facts there presented.
There must be the usual decree of probate.
Probate decreed.