FILED CCHJRT OF APPEALS DIVISIONTT 2 f4 AUG -- 5 AM 10 : 140 STATE OF WASHINGTON BY
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
In re the Matter of the Parentage of No. 44546 -8 -II
A.M.C.
GREGORIO J. MERINO GONZALEZ,
Petitioner,
v.
SOCORRO CONTRERAS SALDIVAR, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Respondent.
JOHANSON, C. J. — . This case involves the efforts of Gregorio J. Merino Gonzalez
1 Merino) to disestablish himself as the father of A.M.C. Merino appeals from the superior
court' s denial of his motion to revise the court commissioner' s order. The court commissioner' s
order denied Merino' s disestablishment petition and denied Merino' s motion to order genetic
Merino that ( 1) he was defrauded into believing he was A. M.C.' s father, ( 2) testing. argues
genetic testing was in the best interests of the child, and ( 3) the superior court' s denial infringed on A.M.C.' s due process rights. We reject his claims. We hold that there was no fraud, and
1 We refer to A.M. C., a minor, by his initials to protect his privacy. No. 44546 -8 - II
therefore, Merino' s claims are time barred. We further hold that A.M.C.' s due process rights are
not at issue in this action. Accordingly, we affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Because the record in this case is sealed, we recite the facts only as necessary to the
analysis. A.M.C.' s mother, Socorro Contreras Saldivar ( Contreras), ended one relationship and .
began a new relationship with Merino. Soon after, Contreras learned that she was pregnant and
informed Merino. Merino did not ask who the father was, and at no time during Contreras' s
pregnancy did the couple discuss A.M.C.' s parentage. When A.M. C. was born, Merino
voluntarily signed an affidavit of paternity. A valid acknowledgment of paternity was filed on
January 3, 2012.
In February, Contreras told Merino that he was not A.M.C.' s father. Nevertheless,
Merino took no action until August 28, 2012, when he filed a petition challenging his prior
acknowledgment of paternity. He alleged that he had signed the acknowledgment on the basis of
fraud.
On December 13, 2012, Merino moved to rescind his acknowledgment of paternity,
dismiss himself as the alleged father, and remove himself from A.M.C.' s birth certificate. A
court commissioner denied Merino' s motions. Merino moved to revise the court commissioner' s
order, and the Superior Court denied the motion for revision. This appeal timely followed.
ANALYSIS
Merino argues that he is exempt from the 60 -day statutory time bar because Contreras
obtained his acknowledgment of paternity through fraud —she knew that there was another
possible father and did not disclose that information to Merino. The State argues that Merino
failed to prove fraud by clear and convincing evidence. We agree with the State and hold that
2 No. 44546 -8 -II
Merino failed to prove the existence of any representation of existing fact, therefore his fraud
claim fails and the time bar controls.2
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND RULES OF LAW
This case primarily involves interpreting the Uniform Parentage Act of 2002 ( UPA), ch.
26. 26 RCW. All analysis as to the meaning of a statute is de novo. In re Parentage of J.M.K.,
155 Wn.2d 374, 386, 119 P. 3d 840 ( 2005). This case also involves an allegation of civil fraud.
The party claiming fraud has the burden of proving every element of fraud by clear and
convincing evidence. Beckendorfv. Beckendorf, 76 Wn.2d 457, 462, 457 P. 2d 603 ( 1969).
The UPA controls all actions to establish or disestablish paternity in Washington. The
UPA allows a man to become the " acknowledged father" of a child by signing an
acknowledgment of paternity. RCW 26. 26. 011( 1), . 300. Once an acknowledged father is
established, he only has a limited time to rescind the acknowledgment of paternity or otherwise
challenge the paternity of the child. RCW 26. 26. 540. An acknowledged father must commence
any proceeding seeking to rescind the acknowledgment or denial or challenge the paternity of
the child" within the time limits described in RCW 26. 26. 330 or . 335. RCW 26. 26. 540( 1)
emphasis added). Normally, an acknowledged father has 60 days from the date his
acknowledgment of paternity became effective to commence the court proceeding. RCW
26. 26. 330( 1)( a). After that time has passed, an acknowledged father may only challenge his
acknowledgment of paternity "[ o] n the basis of fraud, duress, or material mistake of fact" and
within four years after the acknowledgment is filed. RCW 26. 26. 335( 1)( a), ( b).
2 Because we hold that Merino' s action was time barred, we do not reach his arguments on the merits. However, we briefly raise and dismiss Merino' s constitutional issues.
3 No. 44546 -8 - II
II. TIME BAR / FRAUD
Merino admits that he did not commence this proceeding within the 60 -day time bar of
RCW 26. 26. 330. Indeed, while his acknowledgment of paternity became effective on January 3,
2012, he did not challenge his paternity acknowledgment until August 28, 2012. Instead he
argues that his paternity acknowledgment was obtained through Contreras' s fraud and, thus, his
action was timely under RCW 26. 26. 335( 1)( a). For the following reasons, we disagree.
As the State correctly points out, civil fraud has nine elements: "`( 1) representation of an
existing fact; ( 2) materiality; ( 3) falsity; ( 4) the speaker' s knowledge of its falsity; ( 5) intent of
the speaker that it should be acted upon by the plaintiff; (6) plaintiff s ignorance of its falsity; ( 7)
plaintiff' s reliance on the truth of the representation; ( 8) plaintiff' s right to rely upon it; and ( 9)
damages suffered by the plaintiff. '' Adams v. King County, 164 Wn.2d 640, 662, 192 P. 3d 891
2008) ( quoting Stiley v. Block, 130 Wn.2d 486, 505, 925 P. 2d 194 ( 1996)). Each element must
be proven by clear and convincing evidence. Beckendorf, 76 Wn.2d at 462. The absence of any
element of fraud is fatal to recovery. Puget Sound Nat' l Bank v. McMahon, 53 Wn.2d 51, 54,
330 P. 2d 559 ( 1958). Because Merino is challenging his paternity acknowledgment, it is his
burden to prove fraud. RCW 26. 26. 335( 2). And because Merino cannot prove the first
element— representation of an existing fact —we reject his fraud claim without analyzing the
remaining elements.
III. REPRESENTATION OF AN EXISTING FACT
Generally, fraud requires an affirmative representation. Silence as to a material, fact does
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FILED CCHJRT OF APPEALS DIVISIONTT 2 f4 AUG -- 5 AM 10 : 140 STATE OF WASHINGTON BY
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
In re the Matter of the Parentage of No. 44546 -8 -II
A.M.C.
GREGORIO J. MERINO GONZALEZ,
Petitioner,
v.
SOCORRO CONTRERAS SALDIVAR, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Respondent.
JOHANSON, C. J. — . This case involves the efforts of Gregorio J. Merino Gonzalez
1 Merino) to disestablish himself as the father of A.M.C. Merino appeals from the superior
court' s denial of his motion to revise the court commissioner' s order. The court commissioner' s
order denied Merino' s disestablishment petition and denied Merino' s motion to order genetic
Merino that ( 1) he was defrauded into believing he was A. M.C.' s father, ( 2) testing. argues
genetic testing was in the best interests of the child, and ( 3) the superior court' s denial infringed on A.M.C.' s due process rights. We reject his claims. We hold that there was no fraud, and
1 We refer to A.M. C., a minor, by his initials to protect his privacy. No. 44546 -8 - II
therefore, Merino' s claims are time barred. We further hold that A.M.C.' s due process rights are
not at issue in this action. Accordingly, we affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Because the record in this case is sealed, we recite the facts only as necessary to the
analysis. A.M.C.' s mother, Socorro Contreras Saldivar ( Contreras), ended one relationship and .
began a new relationship with Merino. Soon after, Contreras learned that she was pregnant and
informed Merino. Merino did not ask who the father was, and at no time during Contreras' s
pregnancy did the couple discuss A.M.C.' s parentage. When A.M. C. was born, Merino
voluntarily signed an affidavit of paternity. A valid acknowledgment of paternity was filed on
January 3, 2012.
In February, Contreras told Merino that he was not A.M.C.' s father. Nevertheless,
Merino took no action until August 28, 2012, when he filed a petition challenging his prior
acknowledgment of paternity. He alleged that he had signed the acknowledgment on the basis of
fraud.
On December 13, 2012, Merino moved to rescind his acknowledgment of paternity,
dismiss himself as the alleged father, and remove himself from A.M.C.' s birth certificate. A
court commissioner denied Merino' s motions. Merino moved to revise the court commissioner' s
order, and the Superior Court denied the motion for revision. This appeal timely followed.
ANALYSIS
Merino argues that he is exempt from the 60 -day statutory time bar because Contreras
obtained his acknowledgment of paternity through fraud —she knew that there was another
possible father and did not disclose that information to Merino. The State argues that Merino
failed to prove fraud by clear and convincing evidence. We agree with the State and hold that
2 No. 44546 -8 -II
Merino failed to prove the existence of any representation of existing fact, therefore his fraud
claim fails and the time bar controls.2
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND RULES OF LAW
This case primarily involves interpreting the Uniform Parentage Act of 2002 ( UPA), ch.
26. 26 RCW. All analysis as to the meaning of a statute is de novo. In re Parentage of J.M.K.,
155 Wn.2d 374, 386, 119 P. 3d 840 ( 2005). This case also involves an allegation of civil fraud.
The party claiming fraud has the burden of proving every element of fraud by clear and
convincing evidence. Beckendorfv. Beckendorf, 76 Wn.2d 457, 462, 457 P. 2d 603 ( 1969).
The UPA controls all actions to establish or disestablish paternity in Washington. The
UPA allows a man to become the " acknowledged father" of a child by signing an
acknowledgment of paternity. RCW 26. 26. 011( 1), . 300. Once an acknowledged father is
established, he only has a limited time to rescind the acknowledgment of paternity or otherwise
challenge the paternity of the child. RCW 26. 26. 540. An acknowledged father must commence
any proceeding seeking to rescind the acknowledgment or denial or challenge the paternity of
the child" within the time limits described in RCW 26. 26. 330 or . 335. RCW 26. 26. 540( 1)
emphasis added). Normally, an acknowledged father has 60 days from the date his
acknowledgment of paternity became effective to commence the court proceeding. RCW
26. 26. 330( 1)( a). After that time has passed, an acknowledged father may only challenge his
acknowledgment of paternity "[ o] n the basis of fraud, duress, or material mistake of fact" and
within four years after the acknowledgment is filed. RCW 26. 26. 335( 1)( a), ( b).
2 Because we hold that Merino' s action was time barred, we do not reach his arguments on the merits. However, we briefly raise and dismiss Merino' s constitutional issues.
3 No. 44546 -8 - II
II. TIME BAR / FRAUD
Merino admits that he did not commence this proceeding within the 60 -day time bar of
RCW 26. 26. 330. Indeed, while his acknowledgment of paternity became effective on January 3,
2012, he did not challenge his paternity acknowledgment until August 28, 2012. Instead he
argues that his paternity acknowledgment was obtained through Contreras' s fraud and, thus, his
action was timely under RCW 26. 26. 335( 1)( a). For the following reasons, we disagree.
As the State correctly points out, civil fraud has nine elements: "`( 1) representation of an
existing fact; ( 2) materiality; ( 3) falsity; ( 4) the speaker' s knowledge of its falsity; ( 5) intent of
the speaker that it should be acted upon by the plaintiff; (6) plaintiff s ignorance of its falsity; ( 7)
plaintiff' s reliance on the truth of the representation; ( 8) plaintiff' s right to rely upon it; and ( 9)
damages suffered by the plaintiff. '' Adams v. King County, 164 Wn.2d 640, 662, 192 P. 3d 891
2008) ( quoting Stiley v. Block, 130 Wn.2d 486, 505, 925 P. 2d 194 ( 1996)). Each element must
be proven by clear and convincing evidence. Beckendorf, 76 Wn.2d at 462. The absence of any
element of fraud is fatal to recovery. Puget Sound Nat' l Bank v. McMahon, 53 Wn.2d 51, 54,
330 P. 2d 559 ( 1958). Because Merino is challenging his paternity acknowledgment, it is his
burden to prove fraud. RCW 26. 26. 335( 2). And because Merino cannot prove the first
element— representation of an existing fact —we reject his fraud claim without analyzing the
remaining elements.
III. REPRESENTATION OF AN EXISTING FACT
Generally, fraud requires an affirmative representation. Silence as to a material, fact does
not constitute fraud unless the alleged defrauder is under a special duty to disclose. Kaas v.
Privette, 12 Wn. App. 142, 147, 529 P. 2d 23 ( 1974); Farmers' State Bank ofNewport v. Lamon,
132 Wash. 369, 372, 231 P. 952 ( 1925). Such a duty to disclose may arise by statute. Kaas, 12
4 No. 44546 -8 -II
Wn. App. at 149 -50. More generally, a duty to disclose may be found when the parties have a
relationship "` in which confidence is reposed, and in which dominion and influence resulting
from such confidence may be exercised by one person over another. "' Salter v. Heiser, 36
Wn.2d 536, 550, 219 P. 2d 574 ( 1950) ( quoting Zimmerman v. Bitner, 79 Md. 115, 28 A. 820,
821 ( 1894)). For example, silence may constitute a fraudulent misrepresentation when the
parties have a fiduciary relationship. Liebergesell v. Evans, 93 Wn.2d 881, 889 -90, 613 P. 2d
1170 ( 1980). Another example of a duty to disclose arises where one party relies on the other
s superior knowledge or experience. Boonstra v. Norton, Inc., 64 Wn.2d 621, 625, Stevens - party'
393 P. 2d 287 ( 1964).
Here, the record reveals no affirmative representation by Contreras that Merino was the
father. Indeed, at no time during Contreras' s pregnancy did the couple discuss who A.M.C.' s
father might be. Rather, Merino argues that Contreras committed fraud when she failed to reveal
that there was another potential father. But no Washington authority establishes a duty to reveal
one' s sexual history. Nor can such a duty be inferred from the special nature of Merino and
Contreras' s relationship. It is true that Merino and Contreras were not arm' s length actors; their
romantic relationship may have given them cause to trust each other to an extent. But the sealed
record clearly shows that it was Merino, not Contreras, who held the knowledge and influence in the relationship. While only Contreras could know with certainty whether there was another
possible father, Merino had much more life experience and experience with pregnancy than did
Contreras. The balance of power in the relationship strongly favored Merino, and Contreras was
under no duty to make special disclosures to him. Merino could not prove by clear and
convincing evidence that Contreras represented an existing fact. No. 44546 -8 -II
Because a plaintiff must prove all of the elements of fraud, Merino' s failure to prove an
affirmative representation of an existing fact means that his fraud claim fails at the outset. We
do not reach the remaining elements of fraud. We hold that Merino' s petition to disestablish
paternity is time barred, and we do not reach the merits of Merino' s petition.
IV. SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS
Merino argues that the court' s adjudication of paternity deprived A.M. C. of his
fundamental right to an accurate determination of paternity" and deprived the other potential
father of parental rights. Br. of Appellant at 14. The State argues that Merino cannot raise the
rights of the same .child he is attempting to disown. We agree with the State' s position, but for a
different reason — the disestablishment of paternity does not implicate the rights of nonparties.
First, it is unlikely that. Merino has standing to raise the issue of the other potential
father' s constitutional rights. See City of Seattle v. Montana, 129 Wn.2d 583, 598, 919 P. 2d
1218 ( 1996) ( citing Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601, 610, 93 S. Ct. 2908, 37 L. Ed. 2d 830
1973)). Second, a different division of this court has rejected the argument that a petition to
disestablish paternity implicates the child' s due process rights. In re Parentage of C.S., 134 Wn.
App. 141, 152, 139 P. 3d 366. (2006). This is because the child is not a party and may bring his
own action to establish his father' s identity at any time. Parentage of C.S , 134 Wn. App. at 152
citing RCW 26. 26. 505, . 530( 1)).
6 No. 44546 -8 -II
As in Parentage of C.S., A.M. C. is not a party to this action. If A.M.C.' s true father is
3 found, A.M. C. is free to bring an action to establish parentage. The statute of limitations binds
only parties " other than the child." RCW 26. 26. 540( 2). A.M.C.' s due process rights are not at
issue and we reject Merino' s constitutional arguments. We affirm.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2. 06. 040, it is so ordered.
We concur:
3 RCW may be bound by a " determination of parentage" in A child certain circumstances.
26. 26. 630( 2). But this action is not a determination of parentage. That term is defined by the statute as " the establishment of the parent -child relationship by the signing of a valid acknowledgment of paternity under RCW 26.26. 300 through 26. 26. 375 or adjudication by the court." RCW 26. 26. 011( 7). An action to disestablish paternity does not implicate RCW 26. 26. 630. 7