In the Missouri Court of Appeals Western District
IN RE THE MATTER OF: Y.R.H. BY AND THROUGH HER NEXT FRIEND J.N.H., Appellant, WD85773 OPINION FILED: July 25, 2023
v.
M.J.S., Respondent.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri The Honorable Susan E. Long, Judge
Before Division Two: W. Douglas Thomson, Presiding Judge, Cynthia L. Martin, Judge, Thomas N. Chapman, Judge
J.N.H. ("Father") appeals from the trial court's judgment declaring paternity,
establishing child custody, and ordering child support for the parties' minor child
("Child"). Father asserts that the trial court committed error in adopting its own
parenting time schedule to afford M.J.S. ("Mother") and Father with parenting time
during alternating weeks. Father claims that the trial court's finding that alternating weeks of parenting time was in Child's best interests was not supported by substantial
evidence and was against the weight of the evidence. Finding no error, we affirm.
Factual and Procedural History 1
Mother gave birth to Child in 2020 in Jackson County, Missouri. Father has
acknowledged that he is the natural father of Child since her birth, and Father's name was
included on Child's birth certificate.
On August 27, 2021, Father filed a petition seeking to establish paternity, legal
custody, and parenting time pursuant to the Uniform Parentage Act 2 in the Circuit Court
of Jackson County ("Petition"). The Petition stipulated that he is Child's natural father,
alleged that it is in Child's best interests for Mother and Father to share joint physical and
legal custody of Child, and asked the trial court to find Father's proposed parenting plan 3
to be in Child's best interests. Mother filed an answer on October 26, 2021 ("Answer"),
in which she indicated that she did not agree with Father's proposed parenting plan and
attached her own as an exhibit. Mother's parenting plan also proposed joint legal and
physical custody, but proposed that Father have parenting time with Child every other
weekend from 7 p.m. on Friday to 7 p.m. on Sunday, with Mother to have parenting time
with Child at all other times.
1 We view the facts in the light most favorable to the trial court's judgment. Fessler v. McGovern, 524 S.W.3d 208, 210 n.2 (Mo. App. W.D. 2017). 2 Sections 210.817 to 219.854. All statutory references are to RSMo 2016 as supplemented through August 27, 2021, unless otherwise indicated. 3 The legal file does not include a proposed parenting plan attached to the Petition. 2 The parties participated in court ordered mediation prior to trial. The mediator
created a memorandum of understanding ("Memorandum of Understanding") based on
the parties' discussions, which Mother filed with the trial court. The Memorandum of
Understanding suggested that Father and Mother had agreed they would share joint legal
and physical custody of Child; that Child would continue to attend a daycare in
Columbia, Missouri; that Father would have parenting time every other weekend from 8
a.m. on Saturday to either the start time for daycare or school, or 6 p.m. on Monday; and
that Father would pay $400 monthly in child support. Father contested that he agreed to
the terms set forth in the Memorandum of Understanding.
During a bench trial on August 29, 2022, Father appeared, but Mother did not. 4
Father testified that, sometime after filing his Petition, he moved to St. Louis, Missouri
and began working for Bi-State Metro, a public transit agency, as an electrician. Father
further testified that Mother lived in Columbia, Missouri, where she worked for U.S.
Bank. Father testified that he had been transporting Child back and forth from his home
to Columbia because Mother did not have a working vehicle. Father requested that the
trial court adopt his proposed parenting plan, a copy of which was entered into evidence
as Exhibit 3. 5 Exhibit 3 proposed that Mother and Father share joint legal and physical
custody of Child, and that Mother have parenting time every other weekend from Friday
4 Father's attorney informed the trial court that he had received an email from Mother shortly before the trial began that indicated Mother could not attend the trial because she had a fever, and Child had an earache. 5 Although Exhibit 3 is titled "Proposed Parenting Plan and Settlement Agreement," Father's attorney indicated at trial that Father and Mother had not reached a settlement. 3 at 9 a.m. to Sunday at 3:00 p.m. Father testified that he had familial support in the St.
Louis area that would allow Child to have stability and a relationship with cousins.
Father further testified that he had secured child care at the Third Presbyterian Baptist
Church.
Father's father ("Grandfather") and Grandfather's long-term partner
("Grandfather's Partner") also testified at trial. Grandfather confirmed that Father had a
strong and stable familial support system in St. Louis, and testified that he had been
assisting Father in transporting Child from Mother's home in Columbia to Father's home
in St. Louis. Grandfather's Partner testified that Father had a loving relationship with
Child.
At the conclusion of the evidence, the trial court orally found that it was in Child's
best interests to adopt Father's proposed parenting plan. The trial court directed Father's
attorney to prepare a judgment. Father's attorney submitted a proposed judgment on
September 26, 2022. 6
Three days later, on September 29, 2022, the trial court entered a judgment and
order of paternity, child custody, child support, and necessities ("Judgment"). The
Judgment found that Father is Child's natural father and concluded that it was in Child's
best interests for Mother and Father to share joint legal and physical custody, consistent
with the position that had been taken by Father in his Petition and at trial, and by
Mother's filings. However, the Judgment did not adopt either Father's or Mother's
The proposed judgment is not included in the legal file, but the docket sheet 6
indicates that it was submitted to the trial court on September 26, 2022. 4 proposed parenting time plan. Instead, the Judgment found that a parenting plan prepared
by the trial court ("trial court's parenting plan") and incorporated in full in the Judgment
was in Child's best interests. The trial court's parenting plan provided that "[C]hild shall
alternate weeks with each parent from Sunday at 3 p.m. to the following Sunday at 3
p.m.," and that Father would continue transporting Child between homes until Mother has
a licensed vehicle, at which time Father and Mother would exchange Child at a
designated location between their respective homes.
Father appeals.
Standard of Review
We review all court-tried cases, including a judgment in a paternity action,
pursuant to the standard outlined in Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30 (Mo. banc 1976).
Taylor v. Francis, 620 S.W.3d 308, 311 (Mo. App. W.D. 2021). We will affirm the trial
court's judgment unless there is no substantial evidence to support it, it is against the
weight of the evidence, or it erroneously declares or applies the law. Id. (citing Murphy,
536 S.W.2d at 32). A no-substantial-evidence challenge and an against-the-weight-of-
the-evidence challenge are distinct theories of relief that are proved differently. T.G. v.
D.W.H., 648 S.W.3d 42, 48 (Mo. App. E.D. 2022).
A claim that there was no substantial evidence to support the judgment is an
assertion that "there is no evidence in the record tending to prove a fact that is necessary
to sustain the [trial] court's judgment as a matter of law." Ivie v. Smith, 439 S.W.3d 189,
200 (Mo. banc 2014). "When reviewing whether the [trial] court's judgment is supported
by substantial evidence, [we] view the evidence in the light most favorable to the [trial]
5 court's judgment and defer to the [trial] court's credibility determinations." Id. We
disregard all contrary evidence and inferences. Id.
An against-the-weight challenge, on the other hand, presupposes that there is
sufficient evidence to support the trial court's judgment and concerns the persuasive value
of the evidence. Id. at 205. A trial court's decision is against the weight of the evidence
"only if the [trial] court could not have reasonably found, from the record at trial, the
existence of a fact that is necessary to sustain the judgment." Id. at 206 (emphasis
added). If the evidence supports two reasonable but different conclusions, we will not
reverse the judgment because we are obligated to defer to the trial court's assessment of
conflicting evidence and credibility, given its superior position to evaluate the evidence
presented at trial. Id.
Analysis
Father challenges the Judgment in two points on appeal, both of which focus on
the trial court's finding that alternating parenting time with Child on a weekly basis is in
Child's best interests. In his first point on appeal, Father asserts that the Judgment's
finding that alternating parenting time with Child on a weekly basis is in Child's best
interests was against the weight of the evidence ("Point One"). Father's second point on
appeal asserts that the Judgment's finding that alternating parenting time with Child on a
weekly basis is in Child's best interests is unsupported by substantial evidence ("Point
Two"). Because an against-the-weight-of-the-evidence challenge presupposes that there
is sufficient evidence to support the judgment, we begin by addressing Point Two.
6 Before doing so, however, it is helpful to note that Father does not argue that the
trial court was forbidden from adopting a parenting plan of its own despite orally stating
on the record that it intended to adopt Father's proposed parenting plan. See Saunders v.
Bowersox, 179 S.W.3d 288, 294 (Mo. App. S.D. 2005) (holding that written judgment
controls in a civil case, and trial court's oral statements made in ruling an issue are
generally disregarded as they are not a part of the judgment). Nor does Father contend
that the trial court had no authority to adopt a parenting plan of its own in lieu of a
parenting plan proposed by one of the parties. See Hall v. Hall, 336 S.W.3d 188, 194-95
(Mo. App. W.D. 2011) (observing that the trial court rejected the proposed parenting
plans of father, mother and guardian ad litem, and instead adopted its own parenting
plan). Finally, Father does not contend that the trial court committed reversible error by
failing to make sufficient findings regarding its rejection of the parties' proposed
parenting plans in lieu of the adoption of its own. Cf. Hall, 336 S.W.3d at 194-95 (where
judgment failed to identify factors which led trial court to adopt its own parenting plan
after rejecting the parties' proposed parenting plans in violation of section 452.375.6).
Nor could Father successfully raise this argument on appeal as he failed to challenge the
sufficiency of the trial court's required statutory findings in a Rule 78.07(c) motion to
amend the judgment. See Wennihan v. Wennihan, 452 S.W.3d 723, 736 (Mo. App. W.D.
2015) (holding that mother's failure to file a Rule 78.07(c) motion to amend the judgment
to challenge trial court's failure to make detailed findings about why it rejected the
parties' proposed parenting plans in lieu of adopting its own preserved nothing for
7 appellate review). Instead, Father's complaints on appeal are limited to whether there is
evidentiary support in the record for the trial court's parenting plan.
In Point Two, Father asserts that, because the only evidence presented at trial
concerning the best interests of the child was his evidence, including his proposed
parenting plan (Exhibit 3), there was no evidence from which the trial court could have
concluded that a parenting plan that alternated weeks of parenting time was in Child's
best interests. We disagree.
The Judgment expressly referred to Father's and Mother's proposed parenting
plans. Though Mother did not attend the trial, she did file an answer to Father's Petition
and attached her own proposed parenting plan. In addition, Mother submitted the
Memorandum of Understanding prepared by the mediator after the parties participated in
court-ordered mediation. The evidence before the trial court was not, therefore, limited
to Father's trial testimony and exhibits. See, e.g., K.O. Real Estate, LLC v. O'Toole, 291
S.W.3d 780, 789 (Mo. App. E.D. 2009) (recognizing that, pursuant to Rule 55.12, an
exhibit to a pleading is part of the pleading for all purposes).
Based on the evidence properly before the trial court, the trial court found that
Father and Mother "have exhibited the ability and willingness to perform their functions
as Mother and Father for the needs of [Child]," and that "[d]uring the pendency of this
action there has been a physical distance between Mother and Father's home yet the
parents have worked together to make sure the child spent time with each parent and had
her needs met, despite the absence of a Court order." The trial court also found that
"[b]oth parents have taken steps to make sure the child has a relationship with both
8 parents." And the trial court found that Child "was adjusted to her current daycare and at
her home with each parent." In addressing the parenting plans proposed by the parties,
the trial court noted that each parent proposed a plan for Child to be with that parent
during the week, and with the other parent on alternating weekends. The trial court found
that neither plan "provide[d] either parent with any period of extended time with [Child]."
Finally, the trial court found that Child was only two years old and not of an age to
express her wishes with respect to the time spent with her parents.
Based on these findings, the trial court found that Child "shall alternate weeks
with each parent from Sunday at 3 p.m. to the following Sunday at 3 p.m.," and further
found that its parenting plan was in the best interest of Child. The trial court further
found that "[d]ue to the amount of time [Child] will spend with each parent . . . it is just
and appropriate that neither parent pay child support to the other."
By adopting a parenting plan that allowed Child to spend a week with each parent
before going to the other parent's home, the trial court maximized the time Child spent
with each parent without increasing the burden of transporting Child between homes.
Accordingly, we conclude that the Judgment's adoption of the weekly rotating parenting
plan is supported by substantial evidence.
Father relies heavily on Carlton v. Walters, 294 S.W.3d 513 (Mo. App. S.D.
2009), to support his position that the trial court's adoption of its own parenting plan was
not supported by substantial evidence. However, Carlton is readily distinguishable on its
facts.
9 In Carlton, mother and father lived in different states following mother's
relocation. Id. at 515. In moving to modify the previously entered parenting plan,
mother proposed a new parenting plan for the parties' school-age child that would give
mother parenting time during the school year, with father having parenting time on
certain weekends, and alternating weeks of parenting time during the summer months.
Id. at 515. Father's proposed parenting plan was the mirror image of mother's proposed
parenting time. Id. at 515-16. The trial court rejected both parents' proposed parenting
plans and instead found that the child's best interests would be served by rotating
parenting time annually so that the child would change school districts every year. Id. at
516.
The father appealed, and argued that the trial court's finding that alternating
parenting time on an annual basis was in the child's best interests was not supported by
substantial evidence. Id. at 518. Our Southern District held that because "there was no
mention during the trial of the possibility of an annual rotation schedule and,
consequently, no evidence as to the possible effects such a plan might or might not have
upon [the child]," the judgment was not supported by substantial evidence. Id.
Father argues that Carlton compels the same outcome here, as neither party
requested an alternating week parenting time arrangement and no testimony about the
impact of such an arrangement on Child was elicited. We disagree. Carlton does not
stand for the proposition that a trial court ordered parenting plan that has not been
expressly discussed in the evidence is not supported by substantial evidence as a matter
of law. Instead, Carlton focused on whether the trial court had evidence before it to
10 support the trial court's conclusion that a highly unusual annually rotating parenting plan
would be in the child's best interests, given that it would require the school age child to
transfer between a Missouri school and an Arkansas school every year despite the
absence of any evidence regarding "the compatibility of the two school systems or the
ability of [Child] to navigate two different academic curricula." 294 S.W.3d at 519.
Here, in stark contrast, Child is only two, and was found to be well-adapted in both of her
parents' homes. Though the trial court's parenting plan alternates Child between Father
and Mother weekly, the only meaningful impact is a positive one, as the effect is to
roughly equalize the amount of time Child spends with each parent. Unlike the
circumstances in Carlton, there were no consequences to Child by the adoption of a
weekly rotating parenting schedule that were unexplored by the evidence.
Point Two is denied.
Because we conclude that the Judgment's finding that an every-other-week
parenting schedule is in Child's best interests was supported by substantial evidence, we
move to Point One to consider Father's assertion that the same finding was against the
weight of the evidence. "The against-the-weight-of-the-evidence standard serves only as
a check on a [trial] court's potential abuse of power in weighing the evidence, and [we]
will reverse only in rare cases, when [we] ha[ve] a firm belief that the decree or judgment
is wrong." Trueblood v. Mulvihill, 563 S.W.3d 172, 178 (Mo. App. W.D. 2018) (quoting
Ivie, 439 S.W.3d at 206). To raise an against-the-weight-of-the-evidence challenge, an
appellant must do each of the following:
11 (1) identify a challenged factual proposition necessary to sustain the judgment; (2) identify all of the favorable evidence supporting that position; (3) identify contrary evidence, subject to the trial court's credibility determinations, explicit or implicit; and (4) prove in light of the whole record that the supporting evidence, when considered along with the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, is so lacking in probative value that the trier of fact could not reasonably believe the proposition.
Sporleder v. Sporleder, 655 S.W.3d 1, 14 (Mo. App. W.D. 2022) (quoting Hopkins v.
Hopkins, 449 S.W.3d 793, 802 (Mo. App. W.D. 2014)).
As we already explained, substantial evidence supported the Judgment's finding
that a weekly rotating parenting schedule was in Child's best interest. However, Father
points to three facts established by the evidence that are contrary to the Judgment's
conclusion that a weekly rotating parenting schedule is in Child's best interest: (1)
Father's testimony that his proposed parenting plan, which allowed Mother to have
parenting time with Child every other weekend from Friday to Sunday, fit his work
schedule; (2) Father's testimony that his proposed parenting plan was intended to give
Child a stable life in St. Louis; and (3) Father's testimony about Mother's inability to
provide transportation for Child. This evidence does not persuade us that the trial court's
finding that an alternating week parenting plan is in Child's best interests is against the
weight of the evidence.
Grandfather's testimony established that Father worked Sunday to Wednesday
every week, and that Grandfather had been transporting and would continue to transport
Child on Sundays between St. Louis and Columbia until Mother had a means for
transporting Child to and from a designated exchange point. Father's proposed parenting
schedule provided that Child be with Mother every other weekend from Friday at 9 a.m.
12 to Sunday at 3 p.m., so that during every two-week period, Father would drive Child
from St. Louis to Columbia once on a Friday morning and Grandfather would drive Child
from Columbia to St. Louis on a Sunday afternoon. The parenting schedule adopted by
the Judgment, however, provided that Child would rotate between the Mother's and
Father's homes weekly at 3 p.m. on Sundays. During every two-week period, therefore,
Grandfather would drive Child between St. Louis and Columbia two times. Under either
Father's proposed parenting schedule or the schedule adopted in the Judgment, the time
spent transporting Child is the same. The only difference is that, due to Father's work
schedule, he would be working when Child needed transportation on Sunday between her
parents' respective homes. Because Grandfather testified that he would continue assisting
Father in transporting Child on Sundays when Father was working and was willing to
continue transporting Child between St. Louis and Columbia until Mother secured a
means of transportation, we are not persuaded that the trial court's conclusion that an
every-other-week parenting schedule was in Child's best interest was wrong.
Moreover, given that the parenting schedule adopted by the trial court gave Child
equal time with Father and Mother, evidence that it was the intention of Father's
parenting plan to give Child a stable life in St. Louis does not lead us to conclude that the
trial court was wrong in concluding that Child's best interest is served by alternating
weeks between Mother's home in Columbia and Father's home in St. Louis. The
evidence at trial established that Child is well adjusted to both of her parents' homes, so
adopting a parenting plan that allowed Child to spend extended time in both homes was
not against the weight of the evidence.
13 Point One is denied.
Conclusion
The Judgment is affirmed.
__________________________________ Cynthia L. Martin, Judge
All concur