IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 14-0096 Filed July 16, 2014
IN RE THE MATTER OF S.L., Alleged to Be Seriously Mentally Impaired,
S.L., Respondent-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Mary E. Howes,
Judge.
A person who has been involuntarily hospitalized appeals the district
court’s decision to continue her placement. AFFIRMED.
Patricia A. Rolfstad, Davenport, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Gretchen Witte Kraemer, Assistant
Attorney General, Michael J. Walton, County Attorney, and Robert Cusack,
Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.
Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Doyle and Mullins, JJ. 2
MULLINS, J.
S.L. appeals the district court’s decision affirming the hospitalization
referee’s decision to continue her placement in a residential care center. She
asserts on appeal the court erred in finding clear and convincing evidence she
was a danger to herself or others and erred in not finding there was a less
restrictive placement. Because we find sufficient evidence to support the district
court’s decision, we affirm the placement decision.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
S.L. was hospitalized in November of 2012 following her diagnosis of
schizoaffective disorder with acute psychosis. S.L. had assaulted a police officer
who had come to her apartment. She had been isolating herself and denying
access to those who were concerned for her safety. She had delusional thinking
and was paranoid, especially about food. The hospitalization referee found she
had impaired judgment and little insight into her condition, she was refusing
medication, and she was resistive to treatment. Because of her resistance to
treatment and refusal to take medication, outpatient treatment was not an option,
and she was hospitalized to stabilize her condition. In December 2012, pursuant
to a doctor’s report, S.L. was released to outpatient treatment.
However, in February 2013 she was again hospitalized after she refused
to take her medication. The hospitalization referee found S.L. was resistive to
taking her medication and was not successful at outpatient treatment. She was
transferred in March of 2013 to the Mental Health Institute (MHI) for long-term
inpatient care. The doctor’s report following her transfer indicated she continued 3
to remain paranoid and very suspicious. She claimed her family was out to get
her because she had an estate worth millions of dollars. She claimed the family
was interested in killing her so they can get money from the estate. The report
noted she was incapable of independent living.
In April of 2013, MHI reported S.L. had reached maximum benefits of
hospitalization and asked for her to be transferred to Penn Center 1 for
supervision and care as she was still in need of full-time custody but unlikely to
benefit from further hospitalization. The court ordered the transfer in May of
2013. The treating physician at Penn Center reported in October of 2013 that
S.L.’s condition remained unchanged and she needed the present level of care to
maintain safety and medication compliance. The court thereby ordered
continued custodial care.
In November 2013, S.L. requested a placement hearing pursuant to Iowa
Code section 229.14A (2013). The hospitalization referee subsequently entered
an order following a hearing, which stated S.L. had poor insight into her illness
and does not feel she needs medication. The referee noted the doctor testified
that if S.L. left the facility the doctor believed she would stop taking her
medication. The doctor stated that if S.L. would take an injectable form of
medication for approximately three months, S.L. may be able to leave Penn
Center and live independently. The court continued the placement at Penn
Center, concluding that this placement provided the best treatment option for
1 Penn Center is a residential care center with twenty-four hour supervision. Nurses dispense medication. Daily activities are provided. 4
S.L.’s mental health problems and outpatient treatment was not an option due to
her medication compliance problems.
S.L. appealed this decision to the district court. After a de novo hearing
during which the court took the telephone testimony of the treating physician and
heard testimony from S.L.’s son, the court affirmed the placement order in
December 2013. She has appealed, claiming there is no evidence to support
that she is a danger to herself or others and that there is a less restrictive
placement option.
II. Scope and Standard of Review.
Our review of the district court’s decision in commitment cases is for errors
at law. In re B.B., 826 N.W.2d 425, 428 (Iowa 2013). The court’s findings of fact
are binding on us if supported by substantial evidence. In re J.P., 574 N.W.2d
340, 342 (Iowa 1998). “In a placement hearing, the court shall determine a
placement for the respondent in accordance with the requirements of section
229.23,[2] taking into consideration the evidence presented by all the parties.”
Iowa Code § 229.14A.
III. Substantial Evidence Analysis.
In order to be found to be seriously mentally impaired so as to justify
involuntary commitment, a “person must first be found to be ‘afflicted with a
mental illness,’ and consequently ‘to lack sufficient judgment to make responsible
decisions with respect to his or her hospitalization or treatment.’” B.B., 826
N.W.2d at 432 (quoting In re Oseing, 296 N.W.2d 797, 799 (Iowa 1980)). In
2 Iowa Code section 229.23 identifies the rights and privileges of hospitalized persons. 5
addition, “the person had to ‘be likely, if allowed to remain at liberty, to inflict
physical injury on himself or others or to inflict emotional injury on the designated
class of persons’” or to be unable to satisfy the person’s needs for nourishment,
clothing, essential medical care, or shelter so that it is likely that the person will
suffer physical injury, physical debilitation, or death. Id. (citation omitted); see
also Iowa Code § 229.1(17).
On appeal S.L. challenges the dangerousness element, arguing there is
insufficient evidence of dangerousness to justify the current placement.3 She
points out that the doctor testified he had no knowledge of her being dangerous
or aggressive while at Penn Center. He only testified to her past history of
aggression but did not testify to any recent specific incidents or overt acts of
aggressive behavior. She also claims there is no evidence to support a
conclusion that she is likely to inflict serious emotional injury on others. Finally,
while she acknowledges the doctor testified he does not believe she is able to
participate in usual activities of daily living such as taking care of herself due to
her severe disorganization, she claims he could give no specific instances of this.
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 14-0096 Filed July 16, 2014
IN RE THE MATTER OF S.L., Alleged to Be Seriously Mentally Impaired,
S.L., Respondent-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Mary E. Howes,
Judge.
A person who has been involuntarily hospitalized appeals the district
court’s decision to continue her placement. AFFIRMED.
Patricia A. Rolfstad, Davenport, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Gretchen Witte Kraemer, Assistant
Attorney General, Michael J. Walton, County Attorney, and Robert Cusack,
Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.
Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Doyle and Mullins, JJ. 2
MULLINS, J.
S.L. appeals the district court’s decision affirming the hospitalization
referee’s decision to continue her placement in a residential care center. She
asserts on appeal the court erred in finding clear and convincing evidence she
was a danger to herself or others and erred in not finding there was a less
restrictive placement. Because we find sufficient evidence to support the district
court’s decision, we affirm the placement decision.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
S.L. was hospitalized in November of 2012 following her diagnosis of
schizoaffective disorder with acute psychosis. S.L. had assaulted a police officer
who had come to her apartment. She had been isolating herself and denying
access to those who were concerned for her safety. She had delusional thinking
and was paranoid, especially about food. The hospitalization referee found she
had impaired judgment and little insight into her condition, she was refusing
medication, and she was resistive to treatment. Because of her resistance to
treatment and refusal to take medication, outpatient treatment was not an option,
and she was hospitalized to stabilize her condition. In December 2012, pursuant
to a doctor’s report, S.L. was released to outpatient treatment.
However, in February 2013 she was again hospitalized after she refused
to take her medication. The hospitalization referee found S.L. was resistive to
taking her medication and was not successful at outpatient treatment. She was
transferred in March of 2013 to the Mental Health Institute (MHI) for long-term
inpatient care. The doctor’s report following her transfer indicated she continued 3
to remain paranoid and very suspicious. She claimed her family was out to get
her because she had an estate worth millions of dollars. She claimed the family
was interested in killing her so they can get money from the estate. The report
noted she was incapable of independent living.
In April of 2013, MHI reported S.L. had reached maximum benefits of
hospitalization and asked for her to be transferred to Penn Center 1 for
supervision and care as she was still in need of full-time custody but unlikely to
benefit from further hospitalization. The court ordered the transfer in May of
2013. The treating physician at Penn Center reported in October of 2013 that
S.L.’s condition remained unchanged and she needed the present level of care to
maintain safety and medication compliance. The court thereby ordered
continued custodial care.
In November 2013, S.L. requested a placement hearing pursuant to Iowa
Code section 229.14A (2013). The hospitalization referee subsequently entered
an order following a hearing, which stated S.L. had poor insight into her illness
and does not feel she needs medication. The referee noted the doctor testified
that if S.L. left the facility the doctor believed she would stop taking her
medication. The doctor stated that if S.L. would take an injectable form of
medication for approximately three months, S.L. may be able to leave Penn
Center and live independently. The court continued the placement at Penn
Center, concluding that this placement provided the best treatment option for
1 Penn Center is a residential care center with twenty-four hour supervision. Nurses dispense medication. Daily activities are provided. 4
S.L.’s mental health problems and outpatient treatment was not an option due to
her medication compliance problems.
S.L. appealed this decision to the district court. After a de novo hearing
during which the court took the telephone testimony of the treating physician and
heard testimony from S.L.’s son, the court affirmed the placement order in
December 2013. She has appealed, claiming there is no evidence to support
that she is a danger to herself or others and that there is a less restrictive
placement option.
II. Scope and Standard of Review.
Our review of the district court’s decision in commitment cases is for errors
at law. In re B.B., 826 N.W.2d 425, 428 (Iowa 2013). The court’s findings of fact
are binding on us if supported by substantial evidence. In re J.P., 574 N.W.2d
340, 342 (Iowa 1998). “In a placement hearing, the court shall determine a
placement for the respondent in accordance with the requirements of section
229.23,[2] taking into consideration the evidence presented by all the parties.”
Iowa Code § 229.14A.
III. Substantial Evidence Analysis.
In order to be found to be seriously mentally impaired so as to justify
involuntary commitment, a “person must first be found to be ‘afflicted with a
mental illness,’ and consequently ‘to lack sufficient judgment to make responsible
decisions with respect to his or her hospitalization or treatment.’” B.B., 826
N.W.2d at 432 (quoting In re Oseing, 296 N.W.2d 797, 799 (Iowa 1980)). In
2 Iowa Code section 229.23 identifies the rights and privileges of hospitalized persons. 5
addition, “the person had to ‘be likely, if allowed to remain at liberty, to inflict
physical injury on himself or others or to inflict emotional injury on the designated
class of persons’” or to be unable to satisfy the person’s needs for nourishment,
clothing, essential medical care, or shelter so that it is likely that the person will
suffer physical injury, physical debilitation, or death. Id. (citation omitted); see
also Iowa Code § 229.1(17).
On appeal S.L. challenges the dangerousness element, arguing there is
insufficient evidence of dangerousness to justify the current placement.3 She
points out that the doctor testified he had no knowledge of her being dangerous
or aggressive while at Penn Center. He only testified to her past history of
aggression but did not testify to any recent specific incidents or overt acts of
aggressive behavior. She also claims there is no evidence to support a
conclusion that she is likely to inflict serious emotional injury on others. Finally,
while she acknowledges the doctor testified he does not believe she is able to
participate in usual activities of daily living such as taking care of herself due to
her severe disorganization, she claims he could give no specific instances of this.
In addition, she asserts there is no evidence the doctor’s concerns would cause
her physical injury, physical debilitation, or death. She points to her son’s
testimony that she had been able to take care of herself while at Penn Center
and had previously lived independently. She claims her disorganization should
not require her freedom to be restricted and with family support she could live
independently.
3 Iowa Code sections 229.31 and 229.37 provide the means for challenging a patient’s current status of serious mental impairment. 6
Her treating physician at Penn Center testified that since being at the
Penn Center S.L. “continues to have minimal insight into her disorder.” The
facility switched to liquid medication when she refused to take her pills, so that
the medication “could not be cheeked.” She stopped taking her medication
entirely throughout the month of September insisting instead to take only “holistic
methods.” “S.L. continued to be very honest in terms of stating she would not
take her medications upon discharge.” The doctor recounted that at the
November hearing, his plan was for her to switch to injectable medications so
that she could be stable on her medication for at least three months but S.L.
refused to allow that to happen. The doctor stated she continues to be focused
on the death of her husband and feels that her children are keeping a large
financial estate from her, which is not evidenced by the records. She had also
stated that her children wanted to kill her to get the money and that she is the
victim of the court and banking systems. She also thinks medication is bad
primarily because of its association with red dye. The doctor stated that S.L. has
told him she is ruled by Dr. Jesus and does not need medication.
The doctor’s assessment was that she needed to be on injectable
medication as the only way to have a successful transition back into the
community, because without medication she will be a constant revolving door to
and from institutions and perhaps even jail. It was his opinion she needed to stay
at Penn Center until she is agreeable to taking the injectable medications so that
they can initiate stability. There were not any “less restrictive placement options”
for S.L. at the time of the hearing. The doctor maintained that if she were 7
released on an outpatient basis at that point, she would be a danger to herself or
others. The doctor admitted S.L. had not been physically aggressive at Penn
Center but stated she had been in the past. Because of S.L.’s severe
disorganization, the doctor did not believe she would be able to “participate in
usual activities of daily living, such as taking care of herself” in terms of normal
hygiene, and clothing. The doctor reiterated that her history has a tendency to
repeat itself especially if she is not going to take her medication.
S.L. has a history of noncompliance with medication, including the more
recent refusal to take medication a few months before the district court hearing.
The doctor stated that until S.L. is stabilized on injectable medication and agrees
to continue taking the medication, she would once again be unable to take care
of herself due to her severe disorganization and would repeat her aggressive
tendencies. While the testimony of S.L.’s son could support a different
conclusion, we do not find it persuasive. The son admitted to visiting his mother
at Penn Center “a couple of times,” and he had no knowledge of how she came
to be hospitalized because he “wasn’t around all the time” then.
Pursuant to section 229.14A, the district court considered the evidence
presented by the parties regarding appropriate placement and determined
placement should remain at Penn Center. The district court’s findings of fact are
supported by substantial evidence.
We next turn to S.L.’s claim that Penn Center is not the least restrictive
placement option for her. A prior attempt at outpatient treatment lasted only a
few months from December 2012 to February 2013 when S.L. once again 8
refused to take her medication. The doctor indicated he would be agreeable to
allowing outpatient treatment so long as S.L. would agree to receive her
medication via an injection to ensure she was taking it and for her to be stabilized
on it for three months before she could be released. The doctor asserted
injectable medication was the only way for S.L. to have a successful transition
back into the community. We also conclude substantial evidence supports the
court’s findings that continued treatment at Penn Center is the least restrictive
placement option for S.L. at this time.
Because we find substantial evidence supports the district court’s order
affirming the judicial hospitalization referee’s decision, we affirm the placement
order.
AFFIRMED.