IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 24-0928 Filed December 4, 2024
IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF NICOLE L. YOUNG AND MATTHEW J. YOUNG
Upon the Petition of NICOLE L. YOUNG, n/k/a NICOLE L. MONSON, Petitioner-Appellant,
And Concerning MATTHEW J. YOUNG, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Patrick A. McElyea,
Judge.
Nicole Monson appeals the district court’s dismissal of her petition to modify
the child custody provisions of the decree dissolving her marriage to Matthew
Young. AFFIRMED.
Eric S. Mail and Eric D. Puryear of Puryear Law P.C., Davenport, for
appellant.
Michael J. McCarthy of McCarthy, Lammers & Hines, LLP, Bettendorf, for
appellee.
Heard by Tabor, C.J., and Ahlers and Sandy, JJ. 2
SANDY, Judge.
Nicole Monson appeals the district court’s dismissal of her petition to modify
the child custody provisions of the decree dissolving her marriage to Matthew
Young. She argues the district court erred by (1) excluding and refusing to
consider evidence arising prior to the entry of the decree; and (2) dismissing her
petition despite sufficient evidence of a substantial change in circumstances.
After our review of the record, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of
Monson’s petition for modification.
I. Background Facts and Procedural Posture.
Nicole and Matthew were married in 2014. Their relationship produced one
daughter, C.Y., born in 2017. Nicole petitioned for dissolution of marriage in March
2021. The district court set a trial date for April 14, 2022. But on April 14, Nicole
and Matthew entered into a settlement agreement resolving contested custody
issues. The settlement agreement was read into the record and verbally approved
by the district court. The agreement provided Nicole and Matthew would have joint
legal custody and physical care of C.Y. Additionally, the agreement provided that
Matthew would pay Nicole child support and maintain health insurance for C.Y.
The agreement did not set the amount of child support. However, a subsequent
district court order set Matthew’s child support obligation at $111.38 per month.
After the settlement agreement was verbally approved by the district court,
counsel for Nicole was directed to draft “the decree” and submit it to the district
court. However, for reasons that are not clear from the record, a draft of the
settlement agreement was not submitted to the district court until August 5. The
district court held a hearing to review the drafted settlement agreement on August 3
10, during which it approved the agreement and “incorporated [it] as this court’s
decree of dissolution of marriage.”
Prior to the district court’s adoption of the settlement agreement, Matthew
was arrested for his alleged involvement in a domestic abuse incident with his new
girlfriend in June 2022.1 After learning of this incident, Nicole filed an emergency
ex parte application for a writ of injunction on June 9. In her application, Nicole
requested that the district court order C.Y. to remain in her care. Nicole also
requested that Matthew only be allowed supervised visitation with C.Y. According
to the allegations in Nicole’s application, Matthew viciously assaulted his new
girlfriend by pinning her to the floor and strangling her to the point of losing
consciousness. Nicole also alleged Matthew threatened to kill his girlfriend and
her children. C.Y. was allegedly present during this incident. The district court
denied Nicole’s application, finding the requirements necessary to issue an
emergency ex parte injunction had not been met.
A few months after the district court entered the dissolution decree, Nicole
filed a petition to modify its custody, visitation, and child support provisions. As the
basis for her petition, Nicole asserted the domestic abuse incident between
Matthew and his girlfriend caused her to fear for the safety and emotional well-
being of C.Y. while she is in Matthew’s care. Additionally, Nicole asserted
“[Matthew] has engaged in a course of conduct harmful to the minor child.” In her
1 From our reading of the record, the alleged domestic abuse appears to have
occurred in Illinois. Charges were brought against Matthew in Illinois, but he was subsequently acquitted. 4
petition, Nicole asked the court to grant her physical care. Nicole later amended
her petition, requesting the district court grant her sole legal custody.
On May 21, 2023, the district court held a combined trial for Nicole’s petition
for modification and contempt action.2 Nicole first called Cathy Veach—Matthew’s
mother—as a witness. During direct examination of Veach, Nicole’s counsel
attempted to question her about the alleged domestic abuse committed by
Matthew in June 2022. The following exchange then took place:
[Counsel for Matthew]: Your Honor, I’m going to object to this line of questioning concerning the June 5th, 2022, incident which predated the date of the entry of the decree and is irrelevant to a substantial change in circumstances. The Court: I would sustain that objection. The decree was entered on August 10th. I note the stipulation I think was filed on August 5th, so we’re looking at August 5th and forward. [Counsel for Nicole]: If it pleases the Court, if I can respond to that objection. One of the issues that’s been present in this case has been a pattern of violence submitted by Mr. Young both before and after various dates in this case. And when the Court is looking at what is likely to continue in the future, those past issues are still probative for that, even if they don’t serve as the actual basis itself. The Court: And I disagree with that. So we’re going to focus on August 5th—I’ll give you August 5th of 2022 and forward.
Shortly after the objection was sustained, the district court permitted Nicole’s
counsel to make an offer of proof concerning the alleged domestic abuse incident
of June 2022. During the offer of proof Veach stated, “I know that they were next
door with their neighbors, and there was a little bit—there was some drinking and
[Matthew’s girlfriend] was asked to leave, and she didn’t want to leave. She was
2 Nicole also filed two applications for rule to show cause. The first application alleged Matthew failed to maintain medical insurance for C.Y. pursuant to the terms of the dissolution decree. This dispute was settled by the parties. The second application alleged Matthew frequently failed to make his child support payments on time and in the full amounts. 5
trying to get back into his house. That’s the story I heard.” Veach denied any
knowledge of Matthew punching or strangling his girlfriend. When asked why
Matthew was arrested for involvement in the incident in June 2022, Veach replied:
The police didn’t—they acted like they had to do it, but not—they told me not to worry. They said, [d]on’t worry. We have to do this because she’s being upset. And so I took the child. The child was next door with the neighbors and I’m not sure when she went there . . . .
After Veach finished testifying, Nicole’s counsel attempted to call Matthew’s
girlfriend to testify. However, before Matthew’s girlfriend was called as a witness,
the following exchange occurred:
The Court: Well, let’s see. Is all the information related to [Matthew’s girlfriend] pre-decree? [Counsel for Nicole]: It is post-trial and settlement date prejudgment entering decree date. The Court: Then I’m going to make the same ruling. You can make an offer of proof, if you want to. I would give you latitude to do a professional statement since you’ve articulated that she has some anxiety about being in here. Or we can have everybody excused and you can make an offer of proof on the record, if you want to, but I agree with counsel that the date of the decree is when it was entered. If you had a trial in April and the judge entered the decree in August, that would be the date of the decree. So information prior to that is not relevant. The case law is very clear on that with a modification. So, however you want to handle it as far as an offer of proof goes, but I’m certainly not going to consider evidence that happened before the decree was entered in a modification.
During the ensuing offer of proof, Matthew’s girlfriend testified as follows:
Okay. There was a birthday party next door and he was drinking a lot. And [C.Y.] was there because it was like a kid’s birthday party, and I ended up having to watch her quite a bit. I went back to his house because I wasn’t feeling well. It was really warm that day, and I had a few glasses of sangria. And so I went to bed for a little bit and I got sick. And that’s when we started having a fight and he became very aggressive. And I was trying to leave with my things that I had brought and he was preventing me from leaving with them. And the last time I tried to pull my items away, he took them on the counter and then he pushed me on to the ground. And at that point 6
before I could get back up, he pinned me down on my arms and legs with his arms and legs. And then he started to strangle me. And I was trying to scream and I couldn’t. And I almost started to black out and he was laughing. And then he stood up and I told him I was going to tell you everything that happened. And he laughed and threatened to kill me and my kids.
Following this offer of proof, Nicole called Mackenzie Jones to testify. Jones has
been C.Y.’s therapist since July 2022. Jones stated her concerns regarding
Matthew’s ability to care for C.Y. “surround the history of domestic violence in the
home that has been reported to me by [C.Y.].” When asked what C.Y. had told
her about Matthew’s alleged history of domestic abuse, Jones stated, “[she] shared
that she witnessed Dad and a friend attacking each other. And then she described
that this has happened again in the past and that she sometimes gets—she puts
her body in between them and she kind of, you know, showed me what she did.”
On cross-examination, Jones disclosed she reported C.Y.’s allegations. But she
admitted, “[t]he report that I made was unfounded.”
Nicole testified last at the trial. During direct examination, her counsel
asked her, “[d]id events occur that caused you significant concern between the
date that we settled the case, read it into the record and had it verbally approved
by the judge, and then the judge formally entering a decree?” Opposing counsel
objected:
[Counsel for Matthew]: Objection. It’s irrelevant as to the date of the settlement discussion leading up to the decree. [Counsel for Nicole]: We reached settlement in this courtroom. It was read into the record. It was verbally approved by the judge, and I can ask her whether that occurred or not. [Counsel for Matthew]: I believe the only thing that’s relevant, Your Honor, is the date of the decree. I believe that’s been the ruling of the Court so far. The Court: It is the ruling of the Court. I will allow counsel to ask the question of did something happen that gave you cause for 7
concern, but, counsel, we’re not getting into—between April 14th and August 5th is still pre-decree, okay. And so August 5th, 2022 and forward is what’s relevant for my consideration as to whether or not there’s been a substantial change in circumstances.
The district court then permitted Nicole’s counsel to make another offer of proof
concerning the alleged domestic abuse incident in June 2022. After the offer proof
concluded, Nicole resumed her testimony. Nicole disclosed that she has
experienced difficulties with Matthew during drop-offs. She described one incident
during a drop-off of C.Y. in which Matthew placed his hands on her vehicle and
yelled at her as she and C.Y. drove away. She also indicated she has repeatedly
tried to set boundaries for communication with Matthew, but that such attempts
have been unsuccessful.
After Nicole rested, Matthew moved to dismiss the petition for modification
and the contempt action. The district court granted those motions. The district
court explained its reasoning for the dismissal of the petition for modification by
stating, “I’m not seeing a preponderance of the evidence that there’s been some
big permanent substantial change in circumstances that leads me to believe that
we need to change the decree.” The district court further continued, “[a]nd as far
the contempt, I’m not seeing beyond a reasonable doubt . . . that there was a willful
violation.”3
Nicole now appeals.
3 In her brief, Nicole also argues the district court erred in dismissing her contempt
action. But she fails to cite any authority or expand on this argument. Thus, we find this issue has been waived. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.903(2)(a)(8); see also Phone Connection, Inc. v. Harbst, 494 N.W.2d 445, 449 (Iowa Ct. App. 1992) (noting failure to argue or to cite authority in support of an issue may be deemed waiver of that issue). 8
II. Standard of Review
“Petitions to modify the physical care provisions of a divorce decree lie in
equity.” In re Marriage of Hoffman, 867 N.W.2d 26, 32 (Iowa 2015). Accordingly,
our review is de novo. Id.; Iowa R. App. P. 6.907. “In a de novo review the
appellate court makes findings of fact anew; however, when considering the
credibility of witnesses the court gives weight to the findings of the trial court, but
is not bound by them.” In re Marriage of Udelhofen, 444 N.W.2d 473, 474 (Iowa
1989).
A district court’s decision to exclude or admit evidence is reviewed for an
abuse of discretion. State v. Russell, 893 N.W.2d 307, 314 (Iowa 2017).
III. Analysis
A. Exclusion of Evidence Prior to Entry of Decree
The first error Nicole assigns to the district court is that it improperly
excluded evidence of Matthew’s alleged domestic abuse of his girlfriend in June
2022. Because this incident occurred prior to the entry of the decree, the district
court found it was irrelevant for purposes of assessing whether a substantial
change in circumstances had occurred on a petition for modification. Nicole claims
the district court erred in making such a ruling because Iowa case law permits
district courts to consider pre-decree evidence in limited circumstances. We
disagree with Nicole’s argument for the following reasons.
The parent seeking modification bears the burden of proving by a
preponderance of the evidence that(1) “conditions since the decree was entered
have so materially and substantially changed that the children’s best interests
make it expedient to make the requested change”; and (2) they have the “ability to 9
minister more effectively to the children’s well being.” In re Marriage of Frederici,
338 N.W.2d 156, 158 (Iowa 1983) (emphasis added).
The case law is clear that our district courts generally must only consider
circumstances since the entry of a decree on a petition for modification. See In re
Marriage of Harris, 877 N.W.2d 434, 440 (Iowa 2016) (noting a party seeking a
modification of a dissolution decree’s custody provisions must demonstrate a
“substantial change in circumstances after the decree was entered.”); see also In
re Marriage of Jones, 653 N.W.2d 589, 594 (Iowa 2002) (“The decree, not the
stipulation, determines what rights the parties have.”). Nicole does not dispute that
this is an accurate statement of the law. The alleged domestic abuse incident
involving Matthew and his girlfriend occurred in early June 2022—nearly two
months before the dissolution decree was entered by the district court.4 Thus,
evidence of Matthew’s alleged involvement in a domestic abuse incident with his
girlfriend in June 2022 was not relevant in determining whether a substantial
change in circumstances had occurred since the entry of the decree. See In re
4 We note Nicole argues she could not have resisted the settlement agreement
based on Matthew’s alleged domestic abuse in June 2022 because the parties had entered into an enforceable settlement agreement in April 2022. She argues that if she attempted to bring to the district court’s attention the allegations of Matthew’s domestic abuse, she would have been met with a motion to enforce filed by Matthew. We find this argument unconvincing. Generally, we agree that a party to a settlement agreement has no legal right to repudiate it. In re Marriage of Briddle, 756 N.W.2d 35, 40 (Iowa 2008). “Such stipulations are entitled ‘to all of the sanctity of an ordinary contract if supported by legal consideration.’” In re Marriage of Ask, 551 N.W.2d 643, 646 (Iowa 1996) (citation omitted). However, district courts are only to enforce a settlement agreement in dissolution cases involving custody of children if the “district court determines the settlement will not adversely affect the best interests of the parties’ children.” In re Marriage of Handeland, 564 N.W.2d 445, 446 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997). Nicole’s argument on this point prematurely assumes she would not have succeeded in resisting enforcement of the settlement agreement. 10
Ziegler, No. 05-9011, 2006 WL 623685, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 15, 2006) (noting
a father’s pre-decree behavior was not relevant to establishing a substantial
change in circumstances).
While Iowa case law does establish an exception to the general rule of
considering only evidence post-entry of the decree for a petition for modification,
the requirements of that exception have not been met here. In Mears v. Mears our
supreme court stated:
[I]f the parties knew of some fact at time of original decree or at time of a subsequent intervening proceeding which considered modification of child support provisions of such decree but the decretal court did not know of such fact, and this fact is being now advanced as a basis for modification, then that fact, if sufficient to cause a subsequent material change in circumstances, would be grounds for a modification.
213 N.W.2d 511, 515 (Iowa 1973). Thus, two requirements must be met before
this exception can be applied. First, the decretal court must not have known of the
fact at the time the original decree was entered. Second, the fact must be sufficient
to cause a material change in circumstances. Neither requirement has been met
here.
The record establishes the district court was aware of the domestic abuse
allegations concerning Matthew. Nicole filed an emergency ex parte injunction
application which included graphic details of the abuse Matthew allegedly
perpetrated on his new girlfriend. That application was filed almost immediately
after the alleged domestic abuse incident occurred, which was nearly two months
prior to the entry of the decree. The district court considered the application for
the ex parte injunction and denied it because it found the requirements for an
injunction had not been met. From this, we find the allegations of Matthew’s 11
alleged domestic abuse were well within the district court’s knowledge at the time
the decree was entered. See in re Marriage of Freiberg, No. 19-0092, 2020 WL
109589, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 9, 2020) (noting that the fact a court did not
mention a fact does not mean the court was unaware of it).
Additionally, based on the limited record before us, we find the alleged
domestic abuse committed by Matthew is not sufficient to cause a substantial
change in circumstances. Domestic abuse is clearly an issue that can harmfully
impact a child in myriad ways. In no way do we minimize the evils of domestic
abuse. But even when viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Nicole,
Matthew’s alleged domestic abuse appears to be an isolated incident allegedly
perpetrated against somebody other than Nicole herself. The Court uses the word
“allegedly” intentionally. Matthew was acquitted. Even so, we have previously
held that an isolated domestic abuse incident involving a father and his new
girlfriend does not amount to a substantial change in circumstance sufficient to
modify a decree. See In re Marriage of Cohrs, No. 03-0442, 2004 WL 433800, at
*2 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 10, 2004) (“We agree with the district court that the domestic
abuse shown by the evidence consisted of isolated incidents insufficient to
demonstrate a substantial change in circumstances.”).
While we are troubled by Jones’s testimony that C.Y. reported to her
witnessing violence committed by Matthew and that she attempted to intervene,
Jones admitted she reported C.Y.’s allegations and they were determined to be 12
unfounded.5 From the record, domestic abuse does not appear to be a pattern of
behavior by Matthew. See In re Marriage of Walters, 575 N.W.2d 739, 741 (Iowa
1998) (noting a substantial change in circumstances must be “permanent or
continuous”).
Lastly, we note our case law has strongly encouraged district courts in
equity actions to receive evidence subject to objections. See In re Marriage of
Anderson, 509 N.W.2d 138, 142 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993) (“The trial court should have
received objections to evidence but not ruled on the objections and allowed the
evidence in the record.”). And we strongly encourage our district courts to continue
to follow this approach. But a decision by a district court to exclude evidence in an
equity action does not automatically amount to an abuse of discretion. See Kellen
v. Pottebaum, No. 18-1034, 2019 WL 2371924, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. June 5, 2019)
(finding district court did not abuse its discretion by excluding evidence in equity
action). Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s decision
to exclude evidence of Matthew’s alleged domestic abuse incident with his
girlfriend in June 2022.
B. Substantial Change in Circumstances
Nicole next argues that, even if the district court properly excluded evidence
concerning the alleged domestic abuse committed by Matthew in June 2022, there
“were sufficient facts to show a substantial change in circumstances since the entry
of the decree to justify modification.” Nicole points to the testimony of Jones, in
5 We also note that Matthew’s girlfriend testified during an offer of proof that C.Y.
was in the living room of the home while the alleged abuse occurred. But she could not confirm whether C.Y. witnessed the alleged domestic abuse. 13
which she testified C.Y. had reported to her witnessing violence committed by
Matthew on a “friend.” Nicole also highlights Jones’s testimony that witnessing
violence can be especially harmful for children. Thus, she argues the district court
erred in dismissing her petition. We disagree.
As we previously stated, a party seeking to modify the child custody
provisions of a dissolution decree must show by a preponderance of the evidence
that (1) conditions since entry of the decree have so materially and substantially
changed that it is in the child’s best interest to make the requested change; and
(2) she has the ability to minister more effectively to the child’s wellbeing. Federici,
338 N.W.2d at 158. “[O]nce custody of children has been fixed it should be
disturbed only for the most cogent reasons.” In re Marriage of Hoffman, 867
N.W.2d 26, 32 (Iowa 2015) (citation omitted). “These principles clearly place a
heavy burden on a parent requesting a modification.” Id. “Our primary
consideration is not what is best for the parents but rather ‘what is best for the
child.’” In re Marriage of Kisting, 6 N.W.3d 326, 332 (Iowa Ct. App. 2024) (citation
omitted).
Applying these principles, we cannot find Nicole has established a
substantial change in circumstances warranting a modification of the child custody
provisions of the decree. While Nicole points out Jones—C.Y.’s therapist—
testified that C.Y. told her she had previously witnessed Matthew attacking a
“friend,” Jones later admitted she reported C.Y.’s allegations and that such
allegations were unfounded. Unsubstantiated allegations are not sufficient to
establish a substantial change in circumstances. See In re Marriage of Nicholson,
No. 10-0909, 2011 WL 414997, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 9, 2011) (finding 14
unfounded allegation made by the father that the child’s mother abused the child
was insufficient to establish a substantial change in circumstances).
Additionally, we find Nicole did not meet her burden to prove she can
minister more effectively to the wellbeing of C.Y. The evidence Nicole presented
at trial almost exclusively focused on the alleged domestic abuse committed by
Matthew. Nicole presented scant evidence to establish she possesses the ability
to minister more effectively to the child’s needs. In re Marriage of Dore,
No. 19-0478, 2019 WL 4297881, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Sep. 11, 2019) (denying a
father’s petition for modification because he did not produce evidence establishing
he had the ability to better minister to the wellbeing of the child).
Because Nicole did not sufficiently establish a substantial change in
circumstances and that she possesses the superior ability to minister to the needs
of the child, we conclude the district court properly dismissed her petition.
C. Appellate Attorney Fees
Finally, Matthew requests that we award him appellate attorney fees.
Appellate attorney fees are awarded upon the sound discretion of this court and
are not a matter of right. In re Marriage of Okland, 699 N.W.2d 260, 270 (Iowa
2005). When we analyze whether to exercise this discretion, “we consider ‘the
needs of the party seeking the award, the ability of the other party to pay, and the
relative merits of the appeal.” In re Marriage of McDermott, 827 N.W.2d 671, 687
(Iowa 2013) (citation omitted). After considering these factors, we decline to award
Matthew appellate attorney fees. 15
IV. Conclusion
In sum, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Nicole’s petition for
modification to the child custody provisions of the dissolution decree, finding (1) the
district court did abuse its discretion in excluding pre-decree evidence; and (2) the
district court properly dismissed her petition because she failed to establish a
substantial change in circumstances and that she could minister more effectively
to the child’s needs. Lastly, we decline Matthew’s request for appellate attorney
fees.
AFFIRMED.