IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 15-2092 Filed October 12, 2016
IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF STACEY MARGARET SCHACHTNER AND MICHAEL DALE SCHACHTNER
Upon the Petition of STACEY MARGARET SCHACHTNER, n/k/a STACEY MARGARET HERGENRETER, Petitioner-Appellant,
And Concerning MICHAEL DALE SCHACHTNER, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Humboldt County, Gary L.
McMinimee, Judge.
A former wife appeals the modification of a physical-care arrangement.
AFFIRMED.
Andrew B. Howie of Hudson, Mallaney, Shindler & Anderson, P.C., West
Des Moines, for appellant.
Ryan A. Genest of Culp, Doran & Genest, P.L.C., Des Moines, for
appellee.
Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Doyle and Tabor, JJ. 2
TABOR, Judge.
Stacey Hergenreter appeals the grant of Michael Schachtner’s application
to modify the physical-care arrangement of their teenage son. Finding no cogent
reason to disturb the district court’s ruling, we affirm.
I. Facts and Prior Proceedings
Stacey and Michael were married for nearly eighteen years and have
three sons together. They divorced in 2008. Their two oldest sons have reached
the age of majority. Their youngest, R.S., was thirteen years old at the time of
the modification hearing. The divorce decree provided for joint custody of R.S.,
placed physical care with Stacey, and awarded Michael visitation.
In March 2014, the district court modified Michael’s child support
obligation based on a stipulation by the parties. Shortly after that modification,
Michael learned Stacey planned to relocate to Colorado for her work and to be
closer to family members. In a text message, Stacey told Michael she hoped to
earn more money there and R.S. wanted to move with her to be closer to his
older brother, who attended college in Colorado.
In October 2014, Michael filed an application to modify the decree,
alleging the following changes: (1) Stacey’s relocation to Colorado, (2) her failure
to attend to R.S.’s educational needs in their new location, and (3) Stacey’s
failure to promote a positive relationship between R.S. and Michael. Michael
also asserted he could do a better job than Stacey in addressing R.S.’s needs.
The court held a two-day hearing in September 2015. At the time of the
modification hearing, Stacey had been in Colorado for about sixteen months.
She and R.S. had lived in three different places, having been evicted from their 3
first apartment. Stacey had changed jobs and had enrolled R.S. in two different
school districts. Stacey and Michael both testified, as did Michael’s fiancé Deann
Merris. Michael offered into evidence numerous text messages showcasing
Stacey’s derision toward both him and Merris and revealing Stacey had little
respect for Michael as a father.
The district court issued its modification order in November 2015,
recognizing “the parties have presented a set of circumstances that make for a
very difficult decision when one focuses on what is in the best interests of R.S.”
Ultimately, the court decided Michael had met his burden to show a substantial
and material change in circumstances and he would provide superior care for
R.S. The district court offered the following credibility assessment: “To the extent
that Stacey testified to matters inconsistent with this court’s conclusions, this
court does not find her testimony credible; her answers to questions were often
evasive and on numerous occasions throughout the trial her testimony was
inconsistent with evidence this court found far more believable.” Stacey appeals
the district court’s decision.
II. Standard of Review
We engage in a de novo review of modification proceedings. See In re
Marriage of Hoffman, 867 N.W.2d 26, 32 (Iowa 2015). Although we are free to
reach our own findings of fact, we give weight to the district court’s
determinations, particularly when considering the credibility of witnesses. Id.
The controlling consideration is the child’s best interests. Id. Using that standard
allows us flexibility “to consider unique custody issues on a case-by-case basis.”
Id. (citation omitted). 4
III. Analysis
As the parent seeking modification, Michael was required to establish by a
preponderance of the evidence that conditions since the court entered the decree
had changed so materially and substantially that R.S.’s best interests made it
advisable to request a different physical-care arrangement. See id. The
changed circumstances must not have been contemplated by the court issuing
the decree, they must not be temporary, and they must relate to the child’s
welfare. Id. Michael also faced a second hurdle—to show he could minister
more effectively to R.S.’s needs. See id. After independently reviewing the
record, but deferring to the district court’s credibility determination, we find
sufficient proof to justify switching physical care of R.S. from Stacey to Michael.
A. Material and Substantial Change in Circumstances
As a preliminary matter, Stacey contends we “must measure the
substantial change in circumstances from the date of the last court action,
March 27, 2014, the date when the court entered the decree modifying Michael’s
child support.” This contention misinterprets long-standing Iowa case law.
Michael must show “a material and substantial change in circumstances since
the date of the original decree, or of any subsequent intervening proceeding
which considered the situation and rights of the parties upon an application for
the same relief.” See Shepard v. Gerholdt, 60 N.W.2d 547, 549 (Iowa 1953).
The March 2014 child support order did not address an application concerning
custody or physical care of R.S. Accordingly, our benchmark for determining a
substantial and material change is from the original decree. 5
Michael cites three reasons for modification. First, he argues Stacey’s
out-of-state move and her ensuing instability marks a material and substantial
change in circumstances: “Since moving to the State of Colorado, she has
resided in three different residences, held two different jobs, and enrolled her
child in two different schools.” Meanwhile, Michael has remained in the same
home where R.S. resided during the marriage and has maintained the same
employment. Second, Michael contends R.S. has “suffered academically” since
he was placed in Stacey’s physical care. Third, Michael points to Stacey’s
hostility toward him and her efforts to undermine his relationship with R.S.
We agree Stacey’s move to Colorado and the concomitant upheaval in
residences and educational settings for R.S. should be considered a substantial
change in circumstances. See Iowa Code § 598.21D (2013) (stating if a parent
awarded physical care “is relocating the residence of the minor child to a location
which is one hundred fifty miles or more from the residence of the minor child at
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 15-2092 Filed October 12, 2016
IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF STACEY MARGARET SCHACHTNER AND MICHAEL DALE SCHACHTNER
Upon the Petition of STACEY MARGARET SCHACHTNER, n/k/a STACEY MARGARET HERGENRETER, Petitioner-Appellant,
And Concerning MICHAEL DALE SCHACHTNER, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Humboldt County, Gary L.
McMinimee, Judge.
A former wife appeals the modification of a physical-care arrangement.
AFFIRMED.
Andrew B. Howie of Hudson, Mallaney, Shindler & Anderson, P.C., West
Des Moines, for appellant.
Ryan A. Genest of Culp, Doran & Genest, P.L.C., Des Moines, for
appellee.
Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Doyle and Tabor, JJ. 2
TABOR, Judge.
Stacey Hergenreter appeals the grant of Michael Schachtner’s application
to modify the physical-care arrangement of their teenage son. Finding no cogent
reason to disturb the district court’s ruling, we affirm.
I. Facts and Prior Proceedings
Stacey and Michael were married for nearly eighteen years and have
three sons together. They divorced in 2008. Their two oldest sons have reached
the age of majority. Their youngest, R.S., was thirteen years old at the time of
the modification hearing. The divorce decree provided for joint custody of R.S.,
placed physical care with Stacey, and awarded Michael visitation.
In March 2014, the district court modified Michael’s child support
obligation based on a stipulation by the parties. Shortly after that modification,
Michael learned Stacey planned to relocate to Colorado for her work and to be
closer to family members. In a text message, Stacey told Michael she hoped to
earn more money there and R.S. wanted to move with her to be closer to his
older brother, who attended college in Colorado.
In October 2014, Michael filed an application to modify the decree,
alleging the following changes: (1) Stacey’s relocation to Colorado, (2) her failure
to attend to R.S.’s educational needs in their new location, and (3) Stacey’s
failure to promote a positive relationship between R.S. and Michael. Michael
also asserted he could do a better job than Stacey in addressing R.S.’s needs.
The court held a two-day hearing in September 2015. At the time of the
modification hearing, Stacey had been in Colorado for about sixteen months.
She and R.S. had lived in three different places, having been evicted from their 3
first apartment. Stacey had changed jobs and had enrolled R.S. in two different
school districts. Stacey and Michael both testified, as did Michael’s fiancé Deann
Merris. Michael offered into evidence numerous text messages showcasing
Stacey’s derision toward both him and Merris and revealing Stacey had little
respect for Michael as a father.
The district court issued its modification order in November 2015,
recognizing “the parties have presented a set of circumstances that make for a
very difficult decision when one focuses on what is in the best interests of R.S.”
Ultimately, the court decided Michael had met his burden to show a substantial
and material change in circumstances and he would provide superior care for
R.S. The district court offered the following credibility assessment: “To the extent
that Stacey testified to matters inconsistent with this court’s conclusions, this
court does not find her testimony credible; her answers to questions were often
evasive and on numerous occasions throughout the trial her testimony was
inconsistent with evidence this court found far more believable.” Stacey appeals
the district court’s decision.
II. Standard of Review
We engage in a de novo review of modification proceedings. See In re
Marriage of Hoffman, 867 N.W.2d 26, 32 (Iowa 2015). Although we are free to
reach our own findings of fact, we give weight to the district court’s
determinations, particularly when considering the credibility of witnesses. Id.
The controlling consideration is the child’s best interests. Id. Using that standard
allows us flexibility “to consider unique custody issues on a case-by-case basis.”
Id. (citation omitted). 4
III. Analysis
As the parent seeking modification, Michael was required to establish by a
preponderance of the evidence that conditions since the court entered the decree
had changed so materially and substantially that R.S.’s best interests made it
advisable to request a different physical-care arrangement. See id. The
changed circumstances must not have been contemplated by the court issuing
the decree, they must not be temporary, and they must relate to the child’s
welfare. Id. Michael also faced a second hurdle—to show he could minister
more effectively to R.S.’s needs. See id. After independently reviewing the
record, but deferring to the district court’s credibility determination, we find
sufficient proof to justify switching physical care of R.S. from Stacey to Michael.
A. Material and Substantial Change in Circumstances
As a preliminary matter, Stacey contends we “must measure the
substantial change in circumstances from the date of the last court action,
March 27, 2014, the date when the court entered the decree modifying Michael’s
child support.” This contention misinterprets long-standing Iowa case law.
Michael must show “a material and substantial change in circumstances since
the date of the original decree, or of any subsequent intervening proceeding
which considered the situation and rights of the parties upon an application for
the same relief.” See Shepard v. Gerholdt, 60 N.W.2d 547, 549 (Iowa 1953).
The March 2014 child support order did not address an application concerning
custody or physical care of R.S. Accordingly, our benchmark for determining a
substantial and material change is from the original decree. 5
Michael cites three reasons for modification. First, he argues Stacey’s
out-of-state move and her ensuing instability marks a material and substantial
change in circumstances: “Since moving to the State of Colorado, she has
resided in three different residences, held two different jobs, and enrolled her
child in two different schools.” Meanwhile, Michael has remained in the same
home where R.S. resided during the marriage and has maintained the same
employment. Second, Michael contends R.S. has “suffered academically” since
he was placed in Stacey’s physical care. Third, Michael points to Stacey’s
hostility toward him and her efforts to undermine his relationship with R.S.
We agree Stacey’s move to Colorado and the concomitant upheaval in
residences and educational settings for R.S. should be considered a substantial
change in circumstances. See Iowa Code § 598.21D (2013) (stating if a parent
awarded physical care “is relocating the residence of the minor child to a location
which is one hundred fifty miles or more from the residence of the minor child at
the time that custody was awarded, the court may consider the relocation a
substantial change in circumstances”); see also In re Marriage of Frederici, 338
N.W.2d 156, 160 (Iowa 1983) (directing trial courts to consider custodial parent’s
reason for moving, distance, comparative advantages and disadvantages of the
new environment, and impact on the child). We also agree Stacey’s continued
incivility toward Michael and her failure to promote a positive bond between R.S.
and his father warrants modification of the physical-care arrangement. See
Melchiori v. Kooi, 644 N.W.2d 365, 368 (Iowa Ct. App. 2002) (“Discord between
parents that has a disruptive effect on children’s lives has been held to be a
substantial change of circumstance that warrants a modification of the decree.”). 6
B. Superior Ability to Minister to Child’s Needs
Stacey contests the district court’s conclusion that Michael would be the
superior physical-care parent for R.S. She emphasizes her historical role as the
children’s primary caregiver during the marriage and R.S.’s expressed
preference to live with her. She also points to instances of domestic violence
committed by Michael before the divorce.
We start by addressing the child’s preference. We give due consideration
to the opinion of R.S., but we do not defer to him. See In re Marriage of
Thielges, 623 N.W.2d 232, 239 (Iowa Ct. App. 2000) (explaining a child’s
preference is entitled to less weight in a modification action than it would have in
the original custody proceeding). At the modification hearing, R.S. made a short
statement over the telephone regarding his preference for living with his mother.
When the district court asked his reasons, the thirteen-year-old replied:
“Because of my dad’s girlfriend. I just don’t like her that much.”
But Michael testified R.S. had a good relationship with Merris and that the
teenager might have suggested otherwise to avoid hurting his mom’s feelings.
Merris—who worked as a teacher’s assistant—testified R.S. was very respectful
but “scared to show his emotions” toward her. Merris also told the court R.S.
would warm up to her after several days of visitation with his dad. On this record,
we decline to reverse the district court’s decision based on the teenager’s
viewpoint.
As for Stacey’s remaining points, we believe they were aptly addressed by
the district court. The court recognized “Stacey has played a substantially
greater role than Michael in R.S.’s life and clearly there is a strong bond between 7
Stacey and R.S.” But the court found a countervailing risk in Stacey’s unabated
hostility toward Michael and her resistance to supporting his relationship with
R.S. The court reasoned:
Because it is the policy of this state to preserve the parental relationships of both parents, it is in R.S.[’s] best interest that his physical care be awarded to Michael. Moreover, it appears that Michael would support Stacey’s relationship with R.S. and would be better able to address R.S.’s educational needs.
On the issue of education, the record indicated R.S. struggled with
attendance and grades while enrolled in middle school both in Iowa and then in
Colorado. The parents disagreed on the source of R.S.’s difficulties. Michael
blamed Stacey for not ensuring R.S. completed homework assignments and
arrived at class on time. Stacey asserted R.S. was bright and liked school but
suffered from anxiety, which led to his academic problems. Like the district court,
we believe R.S. has a better chance of getting back on track academically while
in the physical care of his father, given Michael’s more stable living and
employment situation in Iowa.
Finally, Stacey asserts on appeal that “Michael’s physical assaults” on her
during the marriage and his violation of a no-contact order show he is not the
superior parent. The district court noted the only documentary evidence of
domestic violence offered at the modification hearing was a 1994 conviction for
domestic abuse assault. Michael testified at the hearing that he benefited from
domestic violence intervention programming he was ordered to attend as a result
of that conviction and he believed he had “owned up” to his responsibilities. The
district court opined: “Whatever shortcomings Michael may have had in the past 8
as a husband and father, he now appears genuinely interested in being part of
R.S.’s life, and R.S. is still young enough that that can happen.”
We reach the same conclusions as the district court. The best interests of
a child include “the opportunity for maximum continuous physical and emotional
contact possible with both parents,” and “[r]efusal by one parent to provide this
opportunity without just cause shall be considered harmful to the best interest[s]
of the child.” Iowa Code § 598.1(1). Stacey’s reluctance to support a positive
relationship between R.S. and Michael undermines her assertion she would be
the superior physical-care parent. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s
modification of the decree placing physical care with Michael.
Considering the relative financial positions of the parties and Michael’s
obligation to defend the modification order on appeal, we decline to award
appellate attorney fees. See In re Marriage of Berning, 745 N.W.2d 90, 94 (Iowa
Ct. App. 2007). Each party shall pay half of the costs of the appeal.