This opinion is nonprecedential except as provided by Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 136.01, subd. 1(c).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A25-0875
In Re the Marriage of:
Sarah Lynne Douglass, petitioner, Respondent,
vs.
Joshua Gary Olson, Appellant,
County of Clay, Intervenor.
Filed March 9, 2026 Affirmed Johnson, Judge
Clay County District Court File No. 14-FA-22-1393
Patti J. Jensen, Galstad, Jensen & McCann, P.A., East Grand Forks, Minnesota (for respondent)
Joshua Gary Olson, Northwood, North Dakota (pro se appellant)
Considered and decided by Ede, Presiding Judge; Johnson, Judge; and Harris,
Judge.
NONPRECEDENTIAL OPINION
JOHNSON, Judge
Sarah Lynne Douglass and Joshua Gary Olson are the parents of a seven-year-old
child. Upon the dissolution of their marriage, the district court awarded them joint legal and joint physical custody of the child. Two years later, the district court modified the
judgment and decree by awarding Douglass sole legal and sole physical custody of the
child. We conclude that the district court did not err in its order granting Douglass’s motion
for modification. Therefore, we affirm.
FACTS
Douglass and Olson were married in August 2015. They have one joint child, a boy
who was born in February 2019.
Douglass petitioned for dissolution of the marriage in April 2022. The district court
dissolved the marriage in January 2023. In the judgment and decree, the district court
awarded the parties joint legal and joint physical custody of the child. The district court
also awarded the parties equal amounts of parenting time.
In July 2024, Douglass filed an ex parte motion in which she requested several
forms of relief, including an order granting her temporary sole legal custody and temporary
sole physical custody of the child. Five days later, the district court provisionally denied
the motion but scheduled a motion hearing for six days later and ordered Douglass to serve
the motion on Olson. After the motion hearing, the district court filed a short order in
which it determined that Douglass had established a prima facie case for modification and
scheduled an evidentiary hearing for late November 2024. The district court ordered that,
in the meantime, Douglass would have temporary sole legal custody and temporary sole
physical custody of the child. In addition, the district court ordered that Olson would have
a right to supervised visits with the child once per week, that he must complete mental-
2 health and anger-management assessments, and that he must provide the assessments to
Douglass’s attorney and follow the recommendations.
At the evidentiary hearing, Douglass testified in support of her motion and called
four other witnesses. Douglass testified about the history of her relationship with Olson,
his mental-health history, and her decision to separate from him and seek a divorce. She
testified that she once picked up the child from school after he had been staying with Olson
and saw a mark on the child’s eye, which the child explained by saying that Olson had
punched him. She also testified about the child’s obsession with violent and scary video
games and his general fear after returning to her home after staying at Olson’s home.
Specifically, she testified that the child was afraid to be alone, did not want to sleep alone,
and had “accidents” because he was afraid to use the bathroom.
Douglass’s sister testified that, as she and Douglass’s mother were playing with the
child one day, he said that Olson “punches” him. Douglass’s mother testified in a similar
way about the same statement. Douglass’s mother also testified that she noticed changes
in the child’s behavior after he returned to Douglass’s home after staying at Olson’s home
in that the child exhibited a fear and preoccupation with horror video games. Douglass’s
boyfriend testified that he was concerned about the horror video games at Olson’s home
because the child “would never stop talking about the game” and “was constantly . . .
afraid.” Douglass’s boyfriend also testified that the child once returned to Douglass’s
home from Olson’s home with a bruise on his face. The child’s former daycare provider
testified that Olson had acted aggressively toward her and that she decided to discontinue
being the child’s daycare provider solely because of Olson’s threatening behavior.
3 Olson, who was self-represented, testified in a narrative fashion. He testified that
his relationship with Douglass began to deteriorate soon after Douglass became pregnant
with the child. He testified about his parenting style and the parenting issues about which
he and Douglass disagreed. In responding to Douglass’s evidence that he had physically
abused the child, Olson testified that Douglass previously had denied the existence of
domestic violence and noted that the county’s child-protection department did not take any
action after interviewing him. But Olson did not deny physically abusing the child. Olson
testified that Douglass was trying to alienate him from his son, whom he had seen only five
times since the temporary modification of custody. On cross-examination, Olson admitted
that he allowed the child to watch scary video games. Olson did not call any other
witnesses.
At the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing, the district court asked the parties to
submit written closing arguments on or before December 31, 2024, on which date the
matter would be deemed submitted. On April 1, 2025, the district court filed a 19-page
order with findings of fact, conclusions of law, and an order amending the judgment and
decree. The district court found that there had been a significant change in circumstances,
found that the child was endangered by the then-present environment, considered the
twelve statutory best-interests factors, and found that a modification of custody would
serve the child’s best interests. Consequently, the district court granted Douglass’s
modification motion and awarded her sole legal and sole physical custody of the child. The
district court also ordered that Olson could have supervised visits once per week and, after
4 completing the programs recommended by his assessments, the opportunity to transition
to unsupervised visitation in a phased manner. Olson appeals.
DECISION
Olson represents himself on appeal. He filed a brief that raises five issues, which
we will address in the order in which he presents them.
I. Temporary Order
Olson first argues that the district court erred by granting Douglass temporary relief
in July 2024 on the ground that her evidence did not satisfy the statutory requirement that
the child “is in immediate danger of physical harm.” See Minn. Stat. § 518.131, subd. 3(b)
(2024). In response, Douglass argues that the district court’s July 30, 2024 order is not an
appealable order because it was only temporary and was superseded by the district court’s
April 1, 2025 order.
A party may appeal as of right only from a final judgment or from an order
specifically identified in rule 103.03 of the rules of civil appellate procedure. See Minn.
R. Civ. App. P. 103.03; see also id., 1983 cmt. An order modifying child custody is
governed by rule 103.03(g), which allows an appeal from “a final order, decision or
judgment affecting a substantial right made in an administrative or other special
proceeding.” Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 103.03(g); see also Angelos v. Angelos, 367 N.W.2d
518, 519-20 (Minn. 1985). An order is “final” for purposes of rule 103.03(g) if “the matter
is conclusively terminated so far as the court issuing the order is concerned, and the court
anticipates no further action on the matter.” In re Estate of Figliuzzi, 979 N.W.2d 225, 231
(Minn. 2022) (quotations omitted). This court previously has held that an order ruling on
5 a motion for temporary custody of a child is not appealable as of right. Hennepin Cnty. v.
Griffin, 429 N.W.2d 283, 283-84 (Minn. App. 1988). If a temporary order is not appealable
under rule 103.03, it may, in limited circumstances, be reviewable as an “order affecting
the order from which the appeal is taken,” Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 103.04, if the district court
“explicitly used the temporary order for relief as a basis to amend the Judgment and
Decree.” Korf v. Korf, 553 N.W.2d 706, 709 n.1 (Minn. App. 1996).
In this case, the district court’s July 30, 2024 order granting temporary custody to
Douglass did not finally determine either party’s right to custody. The parties’ rights
concerning child custody were finally determined by the district court’s April 1, 2025
order. In light of Figliuzzi and Griffin, the district court’s July 30, 2024 order is not an
appealable order. In addition, the temporary order is not reviewable pursuant to rule 103.04
because the district court merely mentioned the temporary order when reciting the
procedural history but did not rely on the temporary order as a reason to grant Douglass’s
motion. See Korf, 553 N.W.2d at 709 n.1.
Thus, we may not review the merits of the district court’s July 30, 2024 order.
II. Due Process
Olson also argues that, for two reasons, the district court denied him his right to due
process of law.
First, Olson contends that the district court erred by proceeding with the evidentiary
hearing in November 2024 even though he had not received Douglass’s exhibits and was
given only 17 minutes to review her exhibits when they were given to him.
6 This issue was brought to the district court’s attention at the outset of the evidentiary
hearing, when Douglass’s attorney informed the district court that Olson had informed her
that he had not received Douglass’s exhibits. In response to the district court’s inquiry,
Douglass’s attorney stated that she had served Douglass’s exhibits on Olson both by U.S.
mail and by e-mail. Olson explained that he had moved to a new residence and had called
the court administrator’s office to update his address only one day earlier but had not
notified Douglass’s attorney of the change. He also stated that he still owns the property
where he previously resided but had not been there recently to check for mail. In addition,
Olson stated that he did not receive the exhibits by e-mail. Further discussion revealed that
Douglass’s attorney had an incorrect e-mail address on file for Olson.
Douglass’s attorney lent Olson her set of paper copies of Douglass’s exhibits. The
district court called a recess so that Olson could review the exhibits. The recess lasted 17
minutes. When the hearing resumed, the district court asked Olson whether he had had an
opportunity to review all of the exhibits, and he responded in the affirmative. The district
court inquired further whether Olson would object to the introduction of any of Douglass’s
exhibits, and Olson responded in the negative. At the end of the first day of the evidentiary
hearing, Olson asked the district court whether he could introduce additional exhibits to
respond to Douglass’s exhibits, and the district court denied his request. Between the first
and second days of the evidentiary hearing, Douglass’s attorney allowed Olson to take
home her paper copies of Douglass’s exhibits.
A similar due-process argument was made in In re Welfare of Child of T.M.A.,
11 N.W.3d 346 (Minn. App. 2024), in which a parent in a permanency proceeding
7 requested a continuance of the trial because an opposing party had served multiple motions
on him only one day before trial and on the day of trial. Id. at 361. The district court
denied the motion. Id. This court rejected the parent’s due-process argument for various
reasons, including the parent’s inability to show that the denial of a continuance prejudiced
him “in the preparation or presentation of [his] case so as to materially affect the outcome
of the trial.” Id. at 362 (quoting In re Welfare of Children of G.A.H., 998 N.W.2d 222, 238
(Minn. 2023)).
Unlike the appellant in T.M.A., Olson did not request a continuance, either on the
first day of the evidentiary hearing or on the second day, after having had an evening to
review Douglass’s exhibits. By not requesting a continuance in the district court, Olson
has forfeited his argument that the district court erred by not continuing the evidentiary
hearing. See Thiele v. Stich, 425 N.W.2d 580, 582 (Minn. 1988).
In any event, any such argument would be without merit because Olson’s untimely
receipt of Douglass’s exhibits is attributable, in substantial part, to his own failure to inform
Douglass’s attorney of his change of address. The district court assigned him responsibility
for that problem by stating, “The fact that you don’t check your mail there, . . . that’s on
you.” Furthermore, Olson makes no attempt to explain in his principal brief how he was
prejudiced. In his reply brief, he asserts generally that he “could have” taken several steps
if he had received Douglass’s exhibits before the hearing, such as calling character
witnesses, obtaining testimony concerning the child’s behavior at school when the parties
had joint custody, and gathering evidence concerning his employment and stability and
Douglass’s unemployment and instability. But he does not describe the potential evidence
8 with specificity or fully explain what it might have proved. Thus, he has not demonstrated
that the absence of a continuance prejudiced him “in the preparation or presentation of [his]
case so as to materially affect the outcome of the trial.” See T.M.A., 11 N.W.3d at 362
(quotation omitted) (applying de novo standard of review).
Second, Olson contends that the district court erred by scheduling the evidentiary
hearing for a date approximately four months after the temporary order, during which time
he was separated from his son except for five weekly supervised visits. Again, it appears
that Olson did not ask the district court to schedule the evidentiary hearing for an earlier
date and did not object to the scheduling order after it was filed. By not requesting an
earlier evidentiary hearing in the district court, Olson has forfeited his argument that the
district court erred by scheduling the evidentiary hearing for a date in November 2024. See
Thiele, 425 N.W.2d at 582.
Thus, Olson has not established a violation of his right to due process.
III. Modification of Custody
Olson next argues that the district court erred by ordering a modification of custody
on the ground that Douglass’s evidence “failed to meet the standards for modification under
Minnesota law.”
The district court found that modification is warranted under Minnesota Statutes
section 518.18(d)(iv), which allows a district court to modify a custody order if “a change
has occurred in the circumstances of the child or the parties and that the modification is
necessary to serve the best interests of the child” and if “the child’s present environment
endangers the child’s physical or emotional health or impairs the child’s emotional
9 development and the harm likely to be caused by a change of environment is outweighed
by the advantage of a change to the child.” Minn. Stat. § 518.18(d)(iv) (2024); see also
Christensen v. Healey, 913 N.W.2d 437, 440-41 (Minn. 2018).
Olson contends that the district court erred by finding endangerment on the ground
that “the only evidence of [his] alleged abuse” of the child was contained in two exhibits
that are equivocal in nature: a photograph of the child and a report prepared by the county’s
child-protection office, which did not find maltreatment. In response, Douglass contends
that Olson omits mention of other evidence supporting the district court’s findings.
Specifically, Douglass contends that the district court’s finding of endangerment is
supported by evidence that, during the joint-custody time period, the child was given
several diagnoses requiring specialized services, which Olson initially did not accept;
evidence that the child’s daycare provider discontinued services because of Olson’s
aggressive conduct, which disrupted the child’s stability; evidence that the child stated
multiple times that he was being physically abused by Olson; and evidence that Olson
exposed the child to video games that caused him to be excessively fearful.
Douglass accurately describes facts that were admitted into evidence. Douglass and
two other witnesses testified that the child said that Olson punched him. Both Douglass
and her boyfriend testified that the child had a bruise on his face after staying at Olson’s
home. Douglass and three other witnesses testified that the child was exposed to horror
video games at Olson’s home and exhibited fearful behavior afterward. Olson did not deny
punching the child, admitted to exposing the child to horror video games, and admitted that
he disagreed with the child’s autism diagnosis for several months after it was made. The
10 child’s former daycare provider testified that she stopped caring for the child because Olson
acted aggressively toward her.
An appellate court reviews an order modifying custody by considering whether the
district court “abused its discretion by making findings unsupported by the evidence or by
improperly applying the law.” Goldman v. Greenwood, 748 N.W.2d 279, 284 (Minn.
2008) (quotation omitted). In doing so, we may “set aside a district court’s findings of fact
only if clearly erroneous.” Id. Findings of fact are clearly erroneous only if “they are
manifestly contrary to the weight of the evidence or not reasonably supported by the
evidence as a whole.” In re Civil Commitment of Kenney, 963 N.W.2d 214, 221 (Minn.
2021) (quotation omitted). Importantly, clear-error review does not permit an appellate
court to engage in fact-finding, reweigh the evidence, make credibility determinations, or
reconcile conflicting evidence. Id. at 221-22. “Consequently, an appellate court need not
‘go into an extended discussion of the evidence to prove or demonstrate the correctness of
the findings of the trial court.’” Id. at 222 (quoting Meiners v. Kennedy, 20 N.W.2d 539,
540 (Minn. 1945)).
Rather, because the factfinder has “the primary responsibility of determining the fact issues” and the “advantage” of observing the witnesses in “view of all the circumstances surrounding the entire proceeding,” an appellate court’s “duty is fully performed” after it has fairly considered all the evidence and has determined that the evidence reasonably supports the decision.
Id. (quoting State ex rel. Peterson v. Bentley, 71 N.W.2d 780, 786 (Minn. 1955)).
In essence, Olson asks this court to reweigh the evidence in his favor. But that
would be inconsistent with our clear-error standard of review. See id. at 221. To the extent
11 that the district court’s finding of endangerment is based on credibility determinations, we
have no basis for disagreement. See id. at 221-22. We conclude that the findings of fact
challenged by Olson are not clearly erroneous.
Thus, the district court did not err in its finding of endangerment.
IV. Timeliness of Final Order
Olson also argues that the district court erred by not filing its April 1, 2025 order
within 90 days.
By statute, “all motions and matters submitted to a judge for a decision in trial . . .
shall be disposed of and the decision filed with the court administrator within 90 days after
such submission.” Minn. Stat. § 546.27, subd. 1(a) (2024). This requirement is “designed
‘merely to secure order, uniformity, system and dispatch in public business.’” Garvey v.
Garvey, 390 N.W.2d 33, 35 (Minn. App. 1986) (quoting Wenger v. Wenger, 274 N.W. 517,
518 (Minn. 1937)). An order filed more than 90 days after submission does not necessarily
require a remedy, especially if there is no “showing of prejudice.” County of Washington
v. TMT Land V, LLC, 791 N.W.2d 132, 137-38 (Minn. App. 2010).
In this case, the evidentiary hearing occurred on November 26 and 27, 2024. At the
conclusion of the second day, the district court asked the parties to file written closing
arguments by December 31, 2024, and stated that “then the matter will be under advisement
for the court’s consideration.” The district court filed its order on April 1, 2025, which is
one day after the 90-day deadline. Olson has not identified any prejudice arising from the
one-day delay. See id.
12 Thus, the district court did not commit reversible error by filing the order on April
1, 2025.
V. Enforcement of Temporary Order
Olson last argues that the district court erred by not enforcing his right to parenting
time under the temporary order.
In response, Douglass argues that Olson forfeited this argument because he did not
file a motion to enforce the temporary order or a motion to hold Douglass in contempt.
Because Olson did not ask the district court to enforce his right to parenting time under the
temporary order, the argument is forfeited. See Thiele, 425 N.W.2d at 582.
To the extent that Olson expressed concern about Douglass’s compliance with the
temporary order in his testimony at the evidentiary hearing, it appears that the district court
did not find his concerns to be valid. In discussing the seventh best-interests factor, the
district court found that Olson engaged in only five weekly supervised visits, was a no-
show for two scheduled visits, and “declined almost all of Ms. Douglass’s attempts to
schedule visits.” The district court’s findings on this issue are supported by evidence in
the record.
Olson asserts, in a conclusory way, that the district court’s non-enforcement of the
temporary order “demonstrates judicial bias.” It may be presumed that “a judge has
discharged her duties properly.” Hannon v. State, 752 N.W.2d 518, 522 (Minn. 2008).
Adverse rulings, by themselves, do not demonstrate judicial bias. Id. Rather, bias must be
established in light of the record as a whole. Id. The record as a whole does not indicate
that the district court judge failed to discharge her duties in an unbiased manner.
13 Thus, the district court did not err by not enforcing Olson’s right to parenting time
under the temporary order.
Affirmed.